1785
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1785(MDCCLXXXV) was acommon year starting on Saturdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Wednesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1785th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 785th year of the2nd millennium,the 85th year of the18th century,and the 6th year of the1780sdecade. As of the start of 1785, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 1
- The Burmese Konbaung Dynasty annexes theMrauk U KingdomofArakan.
- The first issue of theDaily Universal Register,later known asThe Times,is published in London.
- January 7– FrenchmanJean-Pierre Blanchardand AmericanJohn Jeffriestravel fromDover,England toCalais,France in a hydrogen gasballoon,becoming the first to cross theEnglish Channelby air.
- January 11–Richard Henry Leeis elected as President of the U.S. Congress of the Confederation.[1]
- January 20–Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút:InvadingSiameseforces, attempting to exploit the political chaos inVietnam,are ambushed and annihilated at theMekongRiver, by theTây Sơn.
- January 27– TheUniversity of Georgiain the United States is chartered by theGeorgia General Assemblymeeting inSavannah.The first students are admitted inAthens, Georgiain 1801.
- February 9– SirWarren Hastings,who has been governingIndiaon behalf of King George III as the Governor-General of thePresidency of Fort William(laterBritish India), resigns.Sir John Macphersonadministers British India untilGeneral Charles Cornwallisarrives 19 months later.[2]
- February 27– The Confederation Congress votes an $80,000 expense to establish diplomatic relations withMorocco.[3]
- March 7– Scottish geologistJames Huttonfirst presents his landmark work,Theory of the Earth;or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globeto theRoyal Society of Edinburgh.[4]
- GeneralHenry Knoxis appointed as the Confederation Congress's Secretary of War, with added duties as the Secretary of Navy, both functions now of the U.S. Department of Defense.[1]
- March 10
- American engineerJames Rumseysends a letter toGeorge Washingtoninforming of his plans to create a successfulsteamboat.[5]
- Thomas Jeffersonis appointed the new U.S. Minister to France, and Benjamin Franklin's request for permission to return home is accepted.[1]
April–June
[edit]- April 19– The Commonwealth ofMassachusettscedes all of its claimsto territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. The area will become the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin.[6][1]
- April 21– The EmpressCatherine the Greatof theRussian Empireissues the Charter to the Towns, providing for "a coherent, unified system of administration" for new governments organized in Russia.
- April 26–John Adamsis appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, andThomas Jeffersonas ambassador to France.[7]
- April 28– AstronomerWilliam Herschelbegins his second series of surveys of the stars, published in 1789.[8]
- May 10– Ahot air ballooncrashes inTullamore,Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's firstaviation disaster(by 36 days).[9]
- May 20– TheNorthwest Ordinance of 1785,setting the rules for dividing the U.S.Northwest Territory(later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan) into townships of 36 square miles apiece, is passed by the Confederation Congress. Walter G. Robillard and Lane J. Bouman,Clark on Surveying and Boundaries(LexisNexis, 1997) The survey system will later be applied to the continent west of the Mississippi River.[1]
- May 23–Benjamin Franklinreceives a patent forbifocals.
- June 3– TheContinental Navyis disbanded.
- June 15– After several attempts,Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozierand his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon fromBoulogne-sur-Mer,but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes nearWimereuxin the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster.
July–September
[edit]- July 2– DonDiego de Gardoquiarrives in New York City as Spain's first minister to the United States.[1]
- July 6– Thedollar(and a decimal currency system) is unanimously chosen as the money unit for the United States by the Congress of the Confederation.[10]
- July 16– ThePiper-HeidsieckChampagne houseis founded byFlorens-Louis HeidsieckinReims,France.
- August 1– The fleet of French explorerJean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouseleaves Paris for thecircumnavigationof the globe.
- August 15–Cardinal de Rohanis arrested in Paris; theNecklace Affaircomes into the open.
- September 10– TheUnited Statesand the Kingdom ofPrussiasign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.[11]
- September 13
- TheBank of North America,central bank for the Confederation Congress government, loses its charter.[12]
- Benjamin Franklinreturns toPhiladelphiaafter seven years as the U.S. Ambassador toFranceand prepares to take office as the newGovernor of Pennsylvania.[13]
October–December
[edit]- October 5–Vincenzo Lunardiof Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon overScotland.[14]
- October 13
- The first newspaper in British India, the English-languageMadras Courier,is published. It continues publication as a weekly until 1794.[15]
- Francemints newLouis d'orcoins, with the image ofKing Louis XVIon the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image.[16]
- October 17– The Commonwealth of Virginia stops the importation of new African slaves by declaring that "No persons shall henceforth be slaves within this commonwealth, except such as were so on the seventeenth day of October, 1785, and the descendants of the females of them."[17]
- October 18–Benjamin Franklintakes office as the newPresident of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania,at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under theArticles of Confederation.[13]
- November 23–John Hancockof Massachusetts, the former President of the Continental Congress, is selected as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation, but is unable to take office because of illness.[1]
- November 28– TheTreaty of Hopewellis signed between the United States of America and theCherokee Nation.
- December 11– An edict is issued limitingMasonic lodgesthroughout theHoly Roman EmpirebyEmperor Joseph II.With the exception ofVienna,BudapestandPrague,no Empire province may have more than one lodge.[18]
Date unknown
[edit]- TheUniversity of New Brunswickis founded inFredericton,New Brunswick.
- Coal gasis first used forillumination.
- Louis XVI of Francesigns a law that ahandkerchiefmust be square.
- The British government establishes a permanent land force in the Eastern Caribbean, based inBarbados.
- Belfast Academy(laterBelfast Royal Academy) is founded by Rev.James CrombieinBelfast,Northern Ireland.
- Friedrich Heinrich JacobipublishesLetters on the Teachings of Spinoza,and starts thePantheism controversy.
- Napoleon Bonapartebecomes alieutenantin the French artillery.
- Cabinet des Modes,the first fashion magazine, is published in France.
- Mozart's"Haydn" String Quartetsare published, as is his collaboration with Salieri and Cornetti,Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia.
- Charles Adams, John Adams’ son and John Quincy Adams's brother enters Harvard in August, at age 15. A few months later, he starts to drink often and would get into trouble, and was almost expelled from Harvard when he was caught running naked through the Campus while drunk with other boys.
Births
[edit]
- January 4
- Jacob Grimm,German philologist, folklorist, and writer (d.1863)
- Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg(d.1831)
- January 15–William ProutEnglish chemist, physician, and natural theologian (d.1850)
- January 20–Theodor Grotthuss,German-Lithuanian chemist (d.1822)
- February 8–Martín Miguel de GüemesArgentine military leader (d.1821)
- February 10–Claude-Louis Navier,French engineer, physicist (d.1836)
- February 26–Anna Sundström,Swedishchemist(d.1871)
- March 11
- John McLean,American politician,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1861)
- Eleonore Prochaska,German heroine soldier (d.1805)
- March 17–Ellen Hutchins,Irish botanist (d.1815)
- March 27–Louis XVII of France(d.1795)
- April 4–Bettina von Arnim,German poet (d.1859)
- April 26–John James Audubon,French-American naturalist, illustrator (d.1851)
- April 29–Karl Drais,German inventor, creator of a precursor to the bicycle (d.1851)
- May 18–John Wilson,Scottish writer (d.1854)
- May 20–Marcellin Champagnat,French Catholic saint (d.1840)
- May 22–John Hindmarsh,English naval officer, first Governor of South Australia (d.1860)
- July 6–William Jackson Hooker,English botanist (d.1865)
- July 20–Mahmud II,Ottoman sultan (d.1839)
- August 15–Thomas de Quincey,English writer (d.1859)
- August 23–Oliver Hazard Perry,American naval officer (d.1819)
- August 27–Agustín Gamarra,Peruvian general and politician, 10th and 14th President of Peru (d.1841)
- September 27–David Walker,African-American abolitionist (d.1830)
- October 15–José Miguel Carrera,Chilean general, founding father (d.1821)
- October 17–Gunatitanand Swami,born Mulji Sharma, Indian paramahamsa of the Hindu Swaminarayan Sampraday sect (d.1867)
- October 18–Thomas Love Peacock,English satirist (d.1866)
- October 20–George Ormerod,English historian and antiquarian (d.1873)
- November 11–Diponegoro,Javanese Prince (d.1855)
- November 18–David Wilkie,Scottish painter (d.1841)
- November 21–William Beaumont,American physician and surgeon (d.1853)
- November 28–Victor de Broglie,Prime Minister of France (d.1870)
- December 17–Dorothea Lieven,Latvian diplomat, politically active princess (d.1857)
- December 23–Christian Gobrecht,American engraver, designer of theUnited States Seated Liberty coinage(d.1844)
- December 26–Étienne Constantin de Gerlache,1st Prime Minister of Belgium (d.1871)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 3–Baldassare Galuppi,Italian composer (b.1706)[19]
- January 6–Haym Salomon,Polish-Jewish American financier of theAmerican Revolution(b.1740)
- January 19–Jonathan Toup,English classical scholar, critic (b.1713)
- January 23–Matthew Stewart,Scottish mathematician (b.1717)
- February 24–Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 7th Baronet(b.1722)
- February 26–Barbara Erni,Liechtenstein confidence trickster (b.1743)
- March 14–Giovanni Battista Locatelli,Italian opera director (b.1713)
- April 14–William Whitehead,English writer (b.1715)
- April 26–Johan Samuel Augustin,German-Danish astronomical writer, civil servant (b.1715)
- May 8
- Étienne François, duc de Choiseul,French statesman (b.1719)
- Pietro Longhi,Venetian painter (b.1701)
- June 2
- Jean Paul de Gua de Malves,French mathematician (b.1713)
- Gottfried August Homilius,German composer, cantor and organist (b.1714)[20]
- June 30–James Oglethorpe,English general, founder of the state of Georgia (b.1696)
- July 5–Anne Poulett,British politician (b.1711)
- July 6–Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg(b.1711)
- July 9–William Strahan,British politician (b.1715)
- July 12–Louis-René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais,French jurist on the so-called "Brittany affair" (b.1701)
- July 13–Stephen Hopkins,Founding Father of the United States (b.1707)
- July 17–Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland,British duchess (b.1715)
- August 17–Jonathan Trumbull,Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (b.1710)
- August 26–George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville,British soldier, politician (b.1716)
- August 28–Jean-Baptiste Pigalle,French sculptor (b.1714)
- August 31–Pietro Chiari,Italian playwright (b.1712)
- September 19–Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain,Queen consort of Sardinia (b.1729)
- September 30–Johann Jakob Moser,German jurist (b.1701)
- October 4
- David Brearley,delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (b.1703)
- Alexander Runciman,Scottish painter (b.1736)
- November 13–Joaquín Ibarra,Spanish printer (b.1725)
- November 15–César Gabriel de Choiseul,French officer (b.1712)
- November 18–Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans,French soldier, writer (b.1725)
- November 19–Bernard de Bury,French composer (b.1720)
- November 20–James Wright,Governor of Georgia (b.1716)
- November 25–Richard Glover,English poet (b.1712)
- December 6–Kitty Clive,English actress, playwright (b.1711)[21]
- December 29–Johan Herman Wessel,Norwegian author (b.1742)
- date unknown
- Faustina Pignatelli,Italian mathematician (b.1705)
References
[edit]- ^abcdefgHarper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909,ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p167
- ^G.S.Chhabra,Advance Study in the History of Modern India,Volume-1: 1707-1803 (Lotus Press, 2005) p282
- ^The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America: From the Signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, September 10, 1783 to the Adoption of the Constitution, March 4, 1789,Volume II (Blair & Rives, 1837) p365
- ^Jill Schneiderman,The Earth Around Us: Maintaining A Livable Planet(Henry Holt and Company, 2000) p24
- ^Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents,Part 1 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1850) p535
- ^The United States: Its Beginnings, Progress and Modern Development,Volume 3, ed. by Edwin Wiley and Irving E. Rines (American Educational Alliance, 1912) p384
- ^Robert V. Remini,John Quincy Adams: 6th President, 1825-1829(Times Books, 2014) p17
- ^Stephen James O'Meara,Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects(Cambridge University Press, 2016) p534
- ^Byrne, Michael (January 9, 2007)."The Tullamore Balloon Fire - First Air Disaster in History".Tullamore History.Offaly Historical & Archaeological Society. Archived fromthe originalon March 26, 2012.Retrieved2012-08-21.
- ^David C. Harper, ed.,2011 North American Coins and Prices(Krause Publications, 2010) p9
- ^"The Role of Political Revolution in the Theory of International Law", by Theodor Schweisfurth, inThe Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy, Doctrine and Theory,ed. by R. St.J. Macdonald and Douglas M. Johnston (Martinus Nijhoff, 1986) p913
- ^Lawrence Lewis,A History of the Bank of North America, the First Bank Chartered in the United States "(J.B. Lippincott & Company, 1882) p54
- ^abPaul Zall,Benjamin Franklin's Humor(University Press of Kentucky, 2005) p153
- ^"On Air Balloons" (Mechanics Magazine,June 17, 1826) p102
- ^Henry Davison Love, ed.,Indian Records Series: Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640-1800(Mittal Publications, p440
- ^Jean-Baptise Say,A Treatise on Political Economy(Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008) p254
- ^W. E. B. Du Bois,The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade(Wilberforce University, 1896, reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2014) p xxv
- ^Jasper Ridley,The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society(Skyhorse Publishing, 2011)
- ^Arnold, Denis."Galuppi's Religious Music",The Musical Times,1 January 1985, pp. 45–47 and 49–50(subscription required)
- ^Don Michael Randel, ed. (1996).The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.392.ISBN9780674372993.
Homilius, Gottfried August
- ^Kalman Burnim; Edward A. Langhans; Philip H. Highfill (1975).A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800.Southern Illinois University Press. p. 357.
Further reading
[edit]- John Blair;J. Willoughby Rosse (1856)."1785".Blair's Chronological Tables.London:H.G. Bohn.hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n– via Hathi Trust.