1820
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1820(MDCCCXX) was aleap year starting on Saturdayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Thursdayof theJulian calendar,the 1820th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 820th year of the2nd millennium,the 20th year of the19th century,and the 1st year of the1820sdecade. As of the start of 1820, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]
- January 1– Nominal beginning of theTrienio LiberalinSpain:A constitutionalist military insurrection atCádizleads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7).[1]
- January 8–General Maritime Treaty( "General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea,Dated February 5, 1820 ") signed between the sheikhs ofAbu Dhabi,Sharjah,Ajman,Umm al-QuwainandRas Al Khaimah(later constituents of theTrucial States) in theArabian Peninsulaand the United Kingdom.[2]
- January 27(NS) – AnImperial Russian Navyexpedition, led byFabian Gottlieb von BellingshauseninVostokwithMikhail Petrovich Lazarev,sights theAntarctic ice sheet.[3]
- January 29–George IV of the United Kingdomascends the throne, on the death atWindsor Castleof his fatherGeorge III(after 59 years on the throne), ending the 9-year period known as theBritish Regency.There will be a gap of 21 years before the titlePrince of Walesis next used.
- January 30– BritishRoyal NavycaptainEdward Bransfield,an Irishman, in theWilliamsis the first person to positively identifyAntarcticaas a land mass.[3]
- February 6
- Capture of Valdivia:Lord CochraneoccupiesValdiviain the name of the Republic ofChile.
- 86 freeAfrican Americancolonists sail from New York City toFreetown, Sierra Leone.
- February 14–Minh Mạngstarts to rule inVietnam.
- February 20– A revolt begins inSanta María Chiquimula,Totonicapán DepartmentofGuatemala.[4]
- February 23–Cato Street Conspiracy:A plot to murder theCabinet of the United Kingdomis exposed in England.[5]
- March 3– A fire inGuangzhou(Canton) burns 15,000 houses and kills an undetermined number of people.[6]
- March 3and6–Slavery in the United States:TheMissouri Compromisebecomes law, allowing admission ofMissouriandMaine,slave and free statesrespectively, asU.S. states.
- March 9– KingFerdinand VII of Spainaccepts the new constitution, beginning theTrienio Liberal.
- March 10– TheAstronomical Society of Londonis founded.
- March 15–Maineis admitted as the 23rdU.S. state.
- March 26– Likely date whenJoseph Smith,founder of theLatter Day Saint movement,receives hisFirst VisioninPalmyra, New York(possibly March 26).[7][8]
- March 28– ACoup d'étatagainstParaguayandictatorJosé Gaspar Rodríguez de Franciafails.Fulgencio YegrosandPedro Juan Caballeroare some of the people behind it.
April–June
[edit]- April –Hans Christian Ørsteddiscovers the relationship betweenelectricityandmagnetism.
- April 1– A proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government", begins the "Radical War"in Scotland.
- April 8– The statue of theVenus de Milo(Aphrodite of Milos,c. 150 BC-125 BC) is discovered on the Greek island ofMilos,by a peasant named Yorgos Kentrotas.[9]
- April 12–Alexander Ypsilantisis declared leader ofFiliki Eteria,a secret organization to overthrowOttomanrule over Greece.
- April 15– KingWilliam I of Württembergmarries his cousin,Pauline Therese,in Stuttgart.
- May 1
- The last judicialdecapitationin theUnited Kingdomis meted out to the principals in theCato Street conspiratorsafter their publichangingfor treason in London (legally, a mitigation of the last sentence in Britain ofhanging, drawing and quartering).[10]
- Robert Owen'sReport to the County of Lanark, of a plan for relieving public distress and removing discontent(published 1821) is delivered in Scotland; he is beginning to devise thelabour voucher.
- May 11–HMSBeagle(the ship that will later take youngCharles Darwinon his scientific voyage) is launched atWoolwich Dockyard.
- May 20– 14-year-oldJohn Stuart Millsets out on his formative trip to the south of France, staying withSamuel Bentham.
- June 5–Caroline of Brunswick,the estranged wife of KingGeorge IV of the United Kingdom,returns to England after six years abroad in Italy, where she has been carrying on an affair; since ascending the throne in January, the King has sought to receive his government's approval for a divorce.[11]
- June 10–Sir Thomas Munrois appointed as the British colonialGovernor of the Madras Presidency,which encompasses most of southernIndia.[12]
- June 12
- Élie Decazes,leader of the opposition in France's Chamber of Deputies, successfully introduces the "Law of the Double Vote", a proposal to add to the 258 existing legislators by creating 172 seats that would be "selected by special electoral colleges" made up of the wealthiest 25% of voters in each of France's departments.[13]
- Delegates inSt. Louis, MissouriTerritory approve a proposed state constitution, proclaiming that they "do mutually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic, by the name of" The State of Missouri ".[14]
- June 29– The cause of action that will lead to the U.S. Supreme Court case known simply asThe Antelopearises, when a U.S. Treasurycuttercaptures a ship of the same name, which is transporting 281 Africans who had been captured as slaves, in violation of the 1808 U.S. law prohibiting the slave trade.[15]
July–September
[edit]- July 13– A revolt underGuglielmo PepeforcesFerdinand I of the Two Siciliesto sign a constitution modeled on theSpanish Constitution of 1812.[5]
- July 20–Saint Cronan's Boys' National Schoolopens inBray, County Wicklow,Irelandunder the titleBray Male School.It is the oldest school in Bray, and its notable pupils will includePresident of IrelandCearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
- July 26–Union Chain Bridge,awrought ironsuspension bridgedesigned byCaptain Samuel Brown,opens across theRiver Tweed,between England and Scotland. Its span of 449 ft (137 m) is the world's longest for a vehicular bridge at this time.[16]
- July 31– A fire breaks out in the wine depot at theBercysection ofParis.It is reported later that "In the absence of water to supply the engines, an attempt was made to extinguish the flames with wine— of which a lake of 50 ft. square and more than a foot deep was formed; but the fire continued to rage, as well it might, being supplied by alcohol, and great destruction of property resulted.[6]
- August 1— Completion and opening of theRegent's Canalthrough to theLondon Docks.
- August 24– AConstitutionalistinsurrection breaks out atOporto,Portugal.
- September 2– TheDaoguang Emperorsucceeds to the throne ofQing dynastyChina.
- September 5–José Gervasio Artigasflees toParaguay.
- September 15– Revolution breaks out inLisbonagainstJohn VI of Portugal.[17]
October–December
[edit]- October 9–Guayaquildeclares independencefrom Spain.
- October 25–November 20– TheCongress of Troppau(Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria andPrussia.[18]
- November 17– Americanseal hunterCaptainNathaniel Palmerbecomes the third person to see Antarctica. (The Palmer Peninsula is later named after him.)[19]
- November 20– After the sinking of the AmericanwhaleshipEssexofNantucket,by asperm whalein the southern Pacific Ocean, the survivors are left afloat in three small whaleboats. They eventually resort, by common consent, tocannibalismto allow some to survive.
- December 3–1820 United States presidential election:James Monroeis re-elected, virtually unopposed.
Date unknown
[edit]- TheArgentine Confederation(Argentina) formally claims theFalkland Islands,which are without permanent population at this time.[20]
- Mount Rainiererupts over modern-day Seattle.
- 18,957 black slaves leaveLuanda,Angola.
- Construction work is completed on theCitadelle LaferrièreinHaiti,the largestfortificationin theAmericas,built on the orders ofHenri Christopheto defend the country against potential French reoccupation.[21]
- Anchor coinageis first struck in silver in London denominated in fractions of theMauritian dollarfor use in British colonies.
- The 6th edition of theEncyclopædia Britannicais published in Scotland
Births
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 10–Louisa Lane Drew,actress, prominent theater manager, grandmother of theBarrymores(d. 1897)
- January 17–Anne Brontë,English author (d. 1849)[22]
- January 20–Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois,French chemist and mineralogist (d. 1886)
- January 30–Concepción Arenal,Spanish feminist writer, activist (d. 1893)[23]
- February 8–William Tecumseh Sherman,American Civil War general (d. 1891)[24]
- February 13–James Geiss,English businessman (d. 1878)
- February 15
- Susan B. Anthony,American suffragist (d. 1906)[25]
- Arvid Posse,2nd Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1901)[26]
- February 17–Henri Vieuxtemps,Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1881)[27]
- February 28–John Tenniel,English illustrator (d. 1914)[28]
- March 2–Eduard Douwes Dekker,Dutch writer (d. 1887)[29]
- March 3–Henry D. Cogswell,American temperance movementpioneer who endowed a number ofCogswell fountains(d. 1900)
- March 4–Francesco Bentivegna,Italian revolutionary (d. 1856)
- March 4–Alexander Worthy Clerk,Jamaican Moravian teacher and missionary (d. 1906)
- March 9–Samuel Blatchford,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d. 1893)
- March 14–Victor Emmanuel II of Italy(d. 1878)[30]
- March 17–Martin Jenkins Crawford,American politician (d. 1883)
- March 20–Alexandru Ioan Cuza,Romania's first reigningDomnitor(d. 1873)[31]
- April 27–Herbert Spencer,English philosopher (d. 1903)[32]
- April 26–Alice Cary,American poet, sister to Phoebe Cary (1824-1871) (d. 1871)[33]
- May 5–Elkanah Billings,Canadian paleontologist (d. 1876)
- May 12–Florence Nightingale,English nurse (d. 1910)[34]
- May 23–Lorenzo Sawyer,9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (d. 1891)
- May 25–François Claude du Barail,French general andMinister of War(d. 1902)
- May 27–Mathilde Bonaparte,Italian princess (d. 1904)[35]
July–December
[edit]
- July 5–William John Macquorn Rankine,Scottish physicist, engineer (d. 1872)
- July 22–Oliver Mowat,Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1903)
- July 23–Julia Gardiner Tyler,First Lady of the United States(d. 1889)
- July 25–Henry Doulton,English potter (d. 1897)[36]
- September 17
- Émile Augier,French dramatist (d. 1889)[37]
- Earl van Dorn,American Confederate general (d. 1863)
- September 20–John F. Reynolds,American general (d. 1863)
- September 27–Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel,German classical scholar (d. 1878)
- September 29–Henri, Count of Chambord,claimant to the French throne (d. 1883)[38]
- October 5–David Wilber,American politician (d. 1890)
- October 6–Jenny Lind,Swedish soprano (d. 1887)[39]
- October 16–Gillis Bildt,5th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1894)[40]
- October 20–Benjamin F. Cheatham,American Confederate general (d. 1886)
- November 23
- Isaac Todhunter,English mathematician (d. 1884)
- Ludwig von Hagn,German painter (d. 1898)[41]
- November 28–Friedrich Engels,German social philosopher (d. 1895)[42]
- December 21–William H. Osborn,American railroad executive (d. 1894)
Date unknown
[edit]- Song Qing,Chinese general (d. 1902)
Deaths
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 17–Daniel Albert Wyttenbach,Swiss-born academic (b. 1746)
- January 23–Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn,member of British Royal Family and father ofQueen Victoria(b. 1767)
- January 29– KingGeorge III of the United Kingdom(b. 1738)
- February 5–William Drennan,Irish physician, poet and radical politician (b. 1754)
- February 11–Karl von Fischer,German architect (b. 1782)
- February 14–Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry,French noble (stabbed) (b. 1778)[5]
- March 11–Benjamin West,Anglo-American painter of historical scenes (b. 1738)[43]
- March 22–Stephen Decatur,American sailor (b. 1779)[44]
- April 8–Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk,Scottish-born philanthropist (b. 1771)
- April 20–James Morris III,Continental Army officer from Connecticut (b. 1752)
- May 30–William Bradley,Britain's tallest ever man (b. 1787)
- June 6–Henry Grattan,Irish politician (b. 1746)
- June 9–Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange(b. 1751)
- June 19– SirJoseph Banks,English naturalist and botanist (b. 1743)[45]
- June 20–Manuel Belgrano,Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (b. 1770)[46]
July–December
[edit]
- July 10–William Wyatt Bibb,firstGovernor of Alabama(b.1781)
- August 6–Antonín Vranický,Bohemian violinist and composer (b.1761)[47]
- August 9–Anders Sparrman,Swedish naturalist (b.1748)
- August 12–Manuel Lisa,Spanish-born American fur trader (b.1772)
- September 2–Jiaqing Emperor,Chinese emperor (b.1760)
- September 3–Benjamin Latrobe,Anglo-American architect (b.1764)
- September 4–Timothy Brown,English banker, merchant and radical (b. 1743/1744)
- September 16–Nguyễn Du,Vietnamese poet (b.1766)
- September 18–Mariana Joaquina Pereira Coutinho,Portuguesecourtier,salonnière (b.1748)
- September 26–Daniel Boone,American pioneer (b.1734)[48]
- September 28–Pedro Andrés del Alcázar,Spanish and later Chilean Army officer and war hero (b.1752)
- September 29–Barthelemy Lafon,Creole architect and smuggler (b.1769)
- October 8–Henri Christophe,Haitian revolutionary leader (suicide) (b.1767)
- October 11–James Keir,Scottish geologist, chemist and industrialist (b.1735)[49]
- October 15–Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg,Austrian field marshal (b.1771)
- November 1–Pierre Martin,French admiral (b.1752)
- November 8–Lavinia Stoddard,American poet and school founder (b.1787)
- December 25–Joseph Fouché,French statesman (b.1759)
- December 29–Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg,German regent and social reformer (b.1769)[50]
References
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- ^abcAlexander Charles Ewald (1868).The Last Century of Universal History: A Reference Book, Containing an Annotated Table of Chronology, Lists of Contemporary Sovereigns, a Dictionary of Battles and Sieges, and Biographical Notes of Eminent In-dividuals. From 1767 to 1867.F. Warne & Company. p. 67.
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- ^David Mason Greene; Constance Green (1985).Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers.Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. p. 427.ISBN978-0-385-14278-6.
- ^The History of Pike County, Missouri: An Encyclopedia of Useful Information, and a Compendium of Actual Facts.Mills & Company. 1883. p. 200.
- ^Timmins, Sam (1899)."James Keir, F.R.S., 1735–1820".Transactions (Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society).24:1–4.
- ^August Falkmann (1887), "Pauline",Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie(in German), vol. 25, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 275–277