1877

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
Years:	1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880

1877 in variouscalendars

Gregorian calendar	1877 MDCCCLXXVII
Ab urbe condita	2630
Armenian calendar	1326 ԹՎ ՌՅԻԶ
Assyrian calendar	6627
Baháʼí calendar	33–34
Balinese saka calendar	1798–1799
Bengali calendar	1284
Berber calendar	2827
British Regnal year	40Vict. 1– 41Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2421
Burmese calendar	1239
Byzantine calendar	7385–7386
Chinese calendar	Bính tửNiên (FireRat) 4574 or 4367 — to — Đinh sửu niên (FireOx) 4575 or 4368
Coptic calendar	1593–1594
Discordian calendar	3043
Ethiopian calendar	1869–1870
Hebrew calendar	5637–5638
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1933–1934
-Shaka Samvat	1798–1799
-Kali Yuga	4977–4978
Holocene calendar	11877
Igbo calendar	877–878
Iranian calendar	1255–1256
Islamic calendar	1293–1294
Japanese calendar	Meiji10 ( minh trị １０ niên )
Javanese calendar	1805–1806
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4210
Minguo calendar	35 beforeROC Dân tiền 35 niên
Nanakshahi calendar	409
Thai solar calendar	2419–2420
Tibetan calendar	Dương hỏa thử niên (male Fire-Rat) 2003 or 1622 or 850 — to — Âm hỏa ngưu niên (female Fire-Ox) 2004 or 1623 or 851

April 24:Start of theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)

1877(MDCCCLXXVII) was acommon year starting on Mondayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1877th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 877th year of the2nd millennium,the 77th year of the19th century,and the 8th year of the1870sdecade. As of the start of 1877, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

• January 1–Queen Victoriais proclaimedEmpress of Indiaby theRoyal Titles Act 1876,introduced byBenjamin Disraeli,thePrime Minister of the United Kingdom.
• January 8–Great Sioux War of 1876:Battle of Wolf Mountain–Crazy Horseand his warriors fight their last battle with theUnited States CavalryinMontana.
• January 20– The Conference of Constantinople ends, withOttoman Turkeyrejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.
• January 29– TheSatsuma Rebellion,a revolt of disaffectedsamuraiin Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.
• February 17– Major GeneralCharles George Gordonof theBritish Armyis appointedGovernor-General of the Sudan.
• March–The Nineteenth Centurymagazine is founded in London.
• March 2–Compromise of 1877:The1876 United States presidential electionis resolved with the selection ofRutherford B. Hayesas the winner, even thoughSamuel J. Tildenwon the popular vote onNovember 7,1876.
• March 4
  • Emile Berlinerpatentsthemicrophonein the United States.
  • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's balletSwan Lakedebuts in Moscow.
  • Rutherford B. Hayesis sworn in as the 19th President of the United States.
• March 15–English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77:The firstTest cricketmatch is held between England and Australia.
• March 24– For the only time in history,The Boat Racebetween the Universities ofOxfordandCambridgeis declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).

April–June

• April 1– Following years of murders ofsharecroppersand U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, theReconstruction eraof the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of theSouth-Eastern American States.This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners, and begins theGilded Agewhen large businesses beginmonopolizationof the American economy.
• April 10– The firsthuman cannonballact in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-oldRossa Matilda Richter( "Zazel" ) at the LondonRoyal Aquarium.
• April 12
  • The United Kingdom annexes theSouth African Republic,violating theSand River Conventionof1852,causing a newXhosa War.
  • TheUniversity of Tokyois officially established inJapan.
• April 24–Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878):Russiadeclares war on theOttoman Empire.
• May 5–Great Sioux War of 1876:Sitting Bullleads his band ofLakotaintoCanada,to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under ColonelNelson Miles.
• May 6– Realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, ChiefCrazy Horseof theOglala Siouxsurrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.
• May 8–11– At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the firstWestminster Kennel Club Dog Showis held.
• May 9–Iquique Earthquakeandtsunami:An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5M_soccurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around thePacific Rim.
• May 16–16 May 1877 crisisin France: Parliament asserts its authority over the President.
• May 21(May 9O.S.) – By a speech in theParliament of RomaniabyMihail Kogălniceanu,the country declares itself independent from theOttoman Empire(recognized in1878after the end of the Romanian independence war).
• June 15–Henry Ossian Flipperbecomes the firstAfrican Americancadet to graduate fromthe U.S. Military Academy.
• June 17–American Indian Wars:Battle of White Bird Canyon– TheNez Percedefeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in theIdaho Territory.This begins theNez Perce War.
• June 20–Alexander Graham Bellinstalls the world's first commercial telephone service inHamilton, Ontario,Canada.
• June 21– TheMolly Maguiresare hanged atCarbon CountyPrison, inMauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.
• June 26– The eruption of the volcanoCotopaxiinEcuadorcauses severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.
• June 30– The British Mediterranean fleet is sent toBesika Bay.

July–September

• July– The serial publication ofLeo Tolstoy'sAnna Kareninais concluded, inThe Russian Messenger.
• July 1– An F4 tornado touches down nearGap, Pennsylvania,and moves towardsChester County.A woman is killed nearErcildoun;a man is killed nearParkesburg;and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County.
• July 9–19– TheAll England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Clubstages the firstWimbledon Championshipsin lawn tennis.English cricketerSpencer Gorebecomes firstWimbledon gentlemen's singles champion(the only event held).
• July 16–Great Railroad Strike of 1877:Riots byBaltimore and Ohio Railroadrailroad workers inBaltimorelead to asympathy strikeand rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government, before U.S. PresidentRutherford B. Hayescalls in the armed forces.
• July 19–Russo-Turkish War:The first battle in thesiege of Plevnais fought.
• July 30
  • Russo-Turkish War:The second battle in thesiege of Plevnais fought.
  • Russo-Turkish War:The Turkish army and its allies destroy theBulgariancity ofStara Zagoraand massacre the inhabitants.
• August 9–American Indian Wars:Battle of the Big Hole– NearBig Hole River,Montana,a small band ofNez Perce peoplewho refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with theUnited States Army.The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.
• August 12–AmericanastronomerAsaph HalldiscoversDeimos,the outermoonofMars.
• August 18– Asaph Hall discoversPhobos,the inner moon ofMars.
• September 1– TheBattle of Lovcha,third battle in thesiege of Plevna,is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress atLovcha.
• September 5–American Indian Wars:OglalaSiouxchiefCrazy Horseisbayonetedby a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse atFort RobinsoninNebraska.
• September 22–Treaty 7is concluded between several mainlyBlackfootFirst Nationstribes and theCanadian Confederation,at theBlackfoot Crossingof theBow River,settling the Blackfoot onIndian reservesin what will become southernAlberta.
• September 24–Battle of ShiroyamainKagoshima,Japan: TheImperial Japanese Armyannihilates heavily outnumbered rebelsamuraiunderSaigō Takamori(who is killed), ending theSatsuma Rebellion.

October–December

• October 22– TheBlantyre mining disasterin Scotland kills 207 miners.
• November 14–Henrik Ibsen's first contemporary realist dramaThe Pillars of Societyis premièred at theOdense Teater.
• November 21–Thomas Edisonannounces his invention of thephonograph,a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time onNovember 29.
• November 22– The firstcollege lacrossegame is played betweenNew York UniversityandManhattan University.
• December 9– The fourth battle of theRusso-Turkish Waris fought, concluding thesiege of Plevna.
• December 13–Serbiarestates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.
• December 17– Disastrous premiere ofAnton Bruckner'sThird Symphony in D minorat theVienna Philharmonic
• December 30–Brahms' Symphony No. 2premieres in Vienna.

Births

January–March

Edmund Landau

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

• January 2–Slava Raškaj,Croatian painter (d.1906)
• January 3–Josephine Hull,American actress (d.1957)
• January 22–Hjalmar Schacht,German economist, politician and banker (d.1970)
• January 26–Kees van Dongen,Dutch-French painter (d.1968)
• February 4–Eddie Cochems,father of theforward passinAmerican football(d.1953)
• February 7–G. H. Hardy,British mathematician (d.1947)
• February 8–Carl Tanzler,German-bornradiology technologist(d.1952)
• February 12–Louis Renault,French industrialist, founder ofRenaultautomobile company (d.1944)
• February 14–Edmund Landau,German mathematician (d.1938)
• February 17
  • Isabelle Eberhardt,Swiss explorer, writer (d.1904)
  • André Maginot,French politician (d.1932)
• February 19–Gabriele Münter,German painter (d.1962)
• February 25–Erich von Hornbostel,Austrian musicologist (d.1935)
• March 2–Consuelo Vanderbilt,Duchess of Marlborough (d.1964)
• March 4–Garrett Morgan,American inventor (d.1963)
• March 7–Thorvald Ellegaard,Danish track cyclist (d.1954)
• March 10–Pascual Ortiz Rubio,Mexican politician, substitutePresident of Mexico,1930–1932 (d.1963)
• March 12–Wilhelm Frick,German Nazi Minister of the Interior (d.1946)
• March 17–Ville Kiviniemi,Finnish politician (d.1951)
• March 18–Edgar Cayce,American psychic (d.1945)

April–June

James Montgomery Flagg

• April 15–Georg Kolbe,German sculptor (d.1947)
• April 17–Lionel Pape,English actor (d.1944)
• April 26–Alliott Verdon Roe,English aviation pioneer (d.1958)
• April 30–Alice B. Toklas,American writer (d.1967)
• May 3–Karl Abraham,German psychoanalyst (d.1925)
• May 24–Samuel W. Bryant,American admiral (d.1938)
• May 25–Billy Murray,American singer (d.1954)
• May 27–Isadora Duncan,American dancer (d.1927)
• June 4–Heinrich Otto Wieland,German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1957)
• June 7–Charles Glover Barkla,English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1944)
• June 11–Renée Vivien,British poet who wrote in French (d.1909)
• June 12–Thomas C. Hart,American admiral, politician (d.1971)
• June 14–Jane Bathori,French opera singer (d.1970)
• June 18–James Montgomery Flagg,American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d.1960)
• June 19–Charles Coburn,American actor (d.1961)

July–September

Hermann Hesse

George Hackenschmidt

John Latham

Frederick Soddy

Enrico De Nicola

Edward Ellington

• July 2
  • Rinaldo Cuneo,American artist ( "the painter of San Francisco" ) (d.1939)
  • Hermann Hesse,German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1962)
• July 6–Arnaud Massy,French golfer (d.1950)
• July 13–Erik Scavenius,Prime Minister of Denmark (d.1962)
• July 13–Thomas Walter Swan,United States Circuit Judge, served 1926 to 1975 (d.1975)
• July 19–Arthur Fielder,English cricketer (d.1949)
• July 27–Ernst von Dohnányi,Hungarian conductor (d.1960)
• July 31–Louisa Bolus,South African botanist and taxonomist (d.1970)
• August 1–George Hackenschmidt,Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d.1968)
• August 6–Wallace H. White, Jr.,U.S. Senator from Maine (d.1952)
• August 7–Ulrich Salchow,Swedish figure skater (d.1949)
• August 16–Roque Ruaño,Spanish priest, civil engineer (d.1935)
• August 22–Ananda Coomaraswamy,Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d.1947)
• August 26–John Latham,Australian politician, judge (d.1964)
• August 27
  • Lloyd C. Douglas,American minister, author (d.1951)
  • Charles Rolls,Welsh co-founder of theRolls-Roycecar firm, pioneer aviator (d.1910)
• August 29–Dudley Pound,British admiral (d.1943)
• September 1
  • Francis William Aston,English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1945)
  • Rex Beach,American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d.1949)
• September 2–Frederick Soddy,English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1956)
• September 6–Buddy Bolden,American jazz musician (d.1931)
• September 14–Leonhard Seppala,Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d.1967)
• September 16–Thomas Alan Goldsborough,American politician, member of theUS House of Representativesfrom 1921 to 1939 and a United States district judge from 1939 to 1951 (d.1951)
• September 25–Plutarco Elías Calles,Mexican general andPresident of Mexico,1924–1928; known asJefe Maximo( "Maximum Boss" ) from 1928 to 1934 (d.1945)
• September 26
  • Alfred Cortot,Swiss pianist (d.1962)
  • Edmund Gwenn,English actor (d.1959)
  • Bertha De Vriese,Belgian physician (d.1958)

October–December

• October 10–William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield,British businessman, philanthropist (d.1963)
• October 15–Helen Ware,American stage, film actress (d.1939)
• October 21–Oswald Avery,Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d.1955)
• October 22–Frederick Twort,English bacteriologist (d.1950)
• October 29–Narcisa de Leon,Filipino film producer (d.1966)
• October 30–Hugo Celmiņš,2-time prime minister of Latvia (d.1941)
• November 1–Else Ury,German writer, children's book author (d.1943)
• November 2–Claire McDowell,American silent film actress (d.1966)
• November 3–Carlos Ibáñez del Campo,2-time President of Chile (d.1960)
• November 9
  • Enrico De Nicola,1st President of Italy (d.1959)
  • Allama Iqbal,Indian philosopher, one of the founding fathers of the Muslims of India (d.1938)
• November 15–William Hope Hodgson,English author (d.1918)
• November 17–Frank Lahm,Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by theWright brothers(d.1963)
• November 20–Herbert Pitman,British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d.1961)
• November 22
  • Endre Ady,Hungarian poet (d.1919)
  • Joan Gamper,Swiss-born businessman, founder ofFC Barcelona(d.1930)
• November 24–Edward C. Kalbfus,American admiral (d.1954)
• December 3–Richard Pearse,New Zealand airplane pioneer (d.1953)
• December 4–Morris Alexander,South African politician (d.1946)
• December 16–Kichisaburō Nomura,Japanese admiral and diplomat (d.1964)
• December 20–Thomas Walter Swan,American jurist and judge on theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuitfrom 1926 until 1975 (d.1975)
• December 30–Edward Ellington,British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d.1967)

Date unknown

• F. X. Gouraud,French physician and dietitian (d.1913)
• Rashid Tali’a,Prime Minister of Jordan (d.1926)

Deaths

January–June

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Henrietta A. Bingham

J. L. Runeberg

Sophie of Württemberg

• January 1–Karl von Urban,Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b.1802)
• January 2–Alexander Bain,Scottish inventor (b.1811)
• January 4–Cornelius Vanderbilt,American entrepreneur (b.1794)
• January 20–Dato Maharajalela Lela,Malaynationalist
• February 18–Henrietta A. Bingham,American editor (b.1841)
• February 20
  • Louis M. Goldsborough,United States Navy admiral (b.1805)
  • Marie Simon,German nurse (b. 1824)
• February 25–Jung Bahadur Rana,Nepalese ruler (b.1817)
• March 1–Antoni Patek,Polish watchmaker (b.1811)
• March 24–Walter Bagehot,British businessman, essayist and journalist (b.1826)
• March 25–Caroline Chisholm,Australian humanitarian (b.1808)
• March 31–Bully Hayes,American-born Caribbeanblackbirder(killed) (b. 1827 or 1829)
• April 8–Bernardino António Gomes,Portuguese physician and naturalist (b.1806)
• April 14–Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz,Prussian general (b.1809)
• April 15–J. P. C. Emmons,American attorney and politician (b.1818)
• May 6–J. L. Runeberg,Finnish national poet (b.1804)
• May 19–Charlotta Djurström,Swedish actress and theater manager (b.1807)
• May 26–Kido Takayoshi,Japanese statesman (b.1833)
• June 3
  • Ludwig Ritter von Köchel,Austrian musicologist (b.1800)
  • Sophie of Württemberg,queen consort of the Netherlands (b.1818)
• June 17–John Stevens Cabot Abbott,American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (b.1805)
• June 22–John R. Goldsborough,U.S. Navy commodore (b.1809)

July–December

• July 16–Samuel McLean,Americancongressman(b.1826)
• July 27–John Frost,British Chartist leader (b.1784)
• August 2–Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz,Prussian field marshalUrdu(b.1796)
• August 8–William Lovett,British Chartist leader (b.1800)
• August 17–Isaac Aaron,English-born physician, owner of theAustralian Medical Journaland secretary of theAustralian Medical Association(b.1804)
• August 29–Brigham Young,American Mormon leader (b.1801)
• August 30–Raphael Semmes,American and Confederate naval officer (b.1809)
• September 2–Konstantinos Kanaris,Greek politician (b.1795)
• September 3–Adolphe Thiers,French historian, politician (b.1797)
• September 5–Crazy Horse,American Oglala Lakota chief (b.1840-45)
• September 12–Emily Pepys,English child diarist (b.1833)
• September 13–Alexandre Herculano,Portuguese writer and historian (b.1810)
• September 17–Henry Fox Talbot,English photographer (b.1800)
• September 24–Saigō Takamori,Japanesesamurai(b.1828)
• October 3–James Roosevelt Bayley,firstRoman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey,and eighthArchbishop of Baltimore(b.1814)
• October 10–Johann Georg Baiter,Swiss philologist, textual critic (b.1801)
• October 16–Théodore Barrière,French dramatist (b.1823)
• October 28–Julia Kavanagh,Irish novelist (b.1824)
• October 29–Nathan Bedford Forrest,American Confederate Civil War General, firstGrand Wizardof theKu Klux Klan(b.1821)
• November 1–Oliver P. Morton,American politician (b.1823)
• November 2–Friedrich Graf von Wrangel,Prussian field marshal (b.1784)
• December 12–José de Alencar,Brazilian novelist (b.1829)
• December 17–Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines,French general (b.1804)
• December 29–Angelica Singleton Van Buren,ActingFirst Lady of the United States(b.1818)
• December 30–William Cormick,physician in Qajar Iran of British origin (b.1822)
• December 31–Gustave Courbet,French painter (b.1819)

Date unknown

• Nicolae Golescu,9th Prime Minister of Romania (b.1810)

Further reading

• 1877 Annual Cyclopedia(1878)highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1877; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 827 pp
• Bellesiles, Michael A. (2010).1877: America's Year of Living Violently.New York: New Press.ISBN9781595584410.
• Bruce, Robert V. (1957).1877: Year of Violence.I.R. Dee.ISBN9780929587059.online
• Lloyd, John P. "The strike wave of 1877" inThe Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History(2009) pp 177-190.online

• Piper, Jessica. "The great railroad strike of 1877: A catalyst for the American labor movement."History Teacher47.1 (2013): 93-110.online