1982
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1982(MCMLXXXII) was acommon year starting on Fridayof theGregorian calendar,the 1982nd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 982nd year of the2nd millennium,the 82nd year of the20th century,and the 3rd year of the1980sdecade.
Events
[edit]January
[edit]- January 1– InMalaysiaandSingapore,clocks are adjusted to the same time zone,UTC+8(GMT+8.00).
- January 13–Air Florida Flight 90crashes shortly after takeoff into the14th Street BridgeinWashington, D.C.,United States, then falls into thePotomac River,killing 78 people.[1]
- January 18–1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond Crash:FourNorthrop T-38aircraft of theUnited States Air Forcecrash atIndian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field,Nevada, killing all 4 pilots.
- January 26
- Mauno Koivistois electedPresident of Finland.
- January 27– The government ofGarret FitzGeraldinIrelandis defeated 82–81 on its budget; the22nd Dáilis dissolved.
- January 30– The firstcomputer virus,theElk Cloner,written by 15-year oldRich Skrenta,is found.[2]It infectsApple IIcomputers viafloppy disk.
February
[edit]- February 1–SenegalandThe Gambiaform a looseSenegambia Confederation.
- February 2– TheHama massacrebegins inSyria.
- February 3–SyrianpresidentHafez al-Assadorders the army to purge the city ofHarranof theMuslim Brotherhood.
- February 5– London-basedLaker Airwayscollapses, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers and debts of $270 million.
- February 7–IraqiclubAl-Shortawin the1982 Arab Club Champions Cupwith a 4–2 aggregate win overAl-Nejmehin the final.
- February 9–Japan Airlines Flight 350crashes inTokyo Baydue tothrust reversalon approach toTokyo International Airport,killing 24 among the 174 people on board.
- February 15– Theoil platformOcean Rangersinks during a storm off the coast ofNewfoundland,killing all 84 rig workers aboard.
- February 18– TheIreland general electiongives a boost toFianna Fáil.
- February 24– In South Africa, 22National PartyMPs, led byAndries Treurnicht,vote for no confidence inP. W. Botha.
- February 25– TheEuropean Court of Human Rightsrules that teachers who cane, belt or tawse children against the wishes of their parents are in breach of the Human Rights Convention.[3]
March
[edit]- March 2–Decentralisation in France:the Law of Decentralisation creates the administrativeregions of France(régions).[4]
- March 9–Charles HaugheybecomesTaoiseachofIreland.
- March 10
- March 16–Claus von Bülowis found guilty of the attempted murder of his wife by a court inNewport, Rhode Island.[6]
- March 18– A legal case brought byMary Whitehouseagainst theNational Theatreof Britain concerning alleged obscenity in the playThe Romans in Britainends after theAttorney Generalintervenes.[7][8]
- March 19–Argentinescrap metal workers (infiltrated by marines) raise theflag of ArgentinaonSouth Georgiaand theFalkland Islands,two British overseas territories.
- March 24–Hussain Muhammad Ershadseizes power in Bangladesh.[9]
- March 29
- Royal Assentis given to theCanada Act 1982,setting the stage for the repatriation of theCanadian ConstitutiononApril 17.
- The54th Academy Awards,hosted byJohnny Carson,are held at theDorothy Chandler PavilioninLos Angeles.Chariots of FirewinsBest Pictureand 3 otherAcademy Awards.
- March 30–Space ShuttleColumbiaends an eight-day mission,STS-3,by landing atWhite Sands Space HarbornearAlamogordo, New Mexico.It was the only time a Space Shuttle has landed at White Sands. The orbiter was forced to land at White Sands due to flooding at its originally planned landing site,Edwards Air Force Basein California.
April
[edit]- April 1– The1982 invasion of the Falkland Islandsbegins whenArgentineforces land nearStanley,beginning theFalklands War.[10]
- April 2–Rex Hunt,the British governorof the Falkland Islands,surrenders the islands to Argentine forces, leading totheir occupation.
- April 3– Invasion of the Falkland Islands: Argentine forces begin theinvasion of South Georgia.[11]
- April 17–Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms:By Proclamation of theQueen of CanadaonParliament Hill,Canadapatriatesitsconstitution,gaining full political independence from the United Kingdom; included is the country's firstentrenchedbill of rights.[12]
- April 24– German singerNicolewins theEurovision Song Contest 1982(held in Britain) with the songEin Bisschen Frieden.[13]
- April 25–Israelcompletes its withdrawal from theSinai Peninsulain accordance with theEgypt–Israel peace treatyof1979.
- April 26–Falklands War:British troops retakeSouth Georgia IslandduringOperation Paraquet.[14]
- April 30– TheBijon Setu massacretakes place in broad daylight at a railway crossing in India.[15]
May
[edit]- May 1– A crowd of over 100,000 attends the first day of the1982 World's FairinKnoxville, Tennessee,which is kicked off with an address by PresidentRonald Reagan.Over 11 million people attend during its 6-month run.[16][17][18]
- May 2
- Falklands War:The British nuclear submarineHMSConquerorsinks the Argentine cruiserGeneral Belgrano,killing 323 sailors.[19][20]Operation Algeciras,an attempt to destroy aRoyal Navywarship inGibraltar,fails.
- The Weather Channelairs oncable televisionin the United States as the first 24-hour all-weather network.[21]
- May 4–Falklands War:HMSSheffieldis hit by an ArgentineExocetmissile and burns out of control; 20 sailors are killed.[20][22]The ship sinks onMay 10.[20]
- May 8– French-Canadian racing driverGilles Villeneuveis killed during qualifying for the1982 Belgian Grand Prix.[23]
- May 12– Spanish priestJuan María Fernández y Krohntries to stabPope John Paul IIwith abayonetduring the latter's pilgrimage to the shrine atFátima.[19][24]
- May 16– TheNew York Islanderssweep theVancouver Canucksin four games to win the1982 Stanley Cup Finalsinice hockey.[19][25]
- May 18–Falklands War:The BritishSpecial Air ServicelaunchesOperation Plum Duff,a reconnaissance mission preliminary toOperation Mikado,which is planned to destroy three ArgentineanExocetmissilesand fiveSuper Étendardfighter-bombers.Both Operation Plum Duff and Operation Mikado are called off after the Plum Duff insertion is revealed by a helicopter landing inChile.[26][27]
- May 21
- Falklands War:HMSArdentis sunk by Argentine aircraft, killing 22 sailors.[28][29]
- TheInternational Maritime Organization(IMO) is established.
- May 23– Falklands War:HMSAntelopeis lost.[30]
- May 24
- Iraniantroops retakeKhorramshahr.[31]
- KGBheadYuri Andropovis appointed to the Secretariat of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union.[32]
- May 25– British shipsHMSCoventryandSSAtlantic Conveyorare sunk during theFalklands War;Coventryby twoA-4C SkyhawksandAtlantic Conveyorby twoExocets.[33][34]
- May 26–Aston Villa F.C.wins theEuropean Cup,beatingBayern Munich1–0 after a 69th-minute goal byPeter WitheinRotterdam.
- May 28–29–Falklands War:Battle of Goose Green:British forces defeat a larger Argentine force.[35]
- May 30
- Spain becomes the 16th member ofNATO[19]and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in1955.
- Indianapolis 500:1973winnerGordon Johncockwins his second race over1979winnerRick Mearsby 0.16 seconds. Leading to the closest finish to this date,[19]Mears draws alongside Johncock with a lap remaining, after erasing a seemingly insurmountable advantage of more than 11 seconds in the final 10 laps, in whatIndianapolis Motor SpeedwayhistorianDonald Davidsonand Speedway public address announcerTom Carnegielater call the greatest moment in the track's history.
June
[edit]- June 6– The1982 Lebanon Warbegins:Israeliforces under Defense MinisterAriel Sharoninvade southernLebanonin their "Operation Peace for the Galilee," eventually reaching as far north as the capitalBeirut.[36]TheUnited Nations Security Councilvotes to demand thatIsraelwithdraw its troops fromLebanon.
- June 8
- Falklands War:British supply shipRFASir Galahadis destroyed during theBluff Cove Air Attacks
- VASP Flight 168,aBoeing 727passenger jet, crashes into a forest hillside inFortalezain Brazil, killing 137.
- TheLos Angeles Lakersdefeat thePhiladelphia 76ersin six games to win the1982 NBA Finals.
- June 11–E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrialis released in the United States; this will become the biggest box-office hit for the next 11 years.[37]
- June 12– The Nuclear Disarmament Rally, an event againstnuclear weaponproliferation, draws 750,000 to New York City'sCentral Park.Performers includedJackson Browne,James Taylor,Bruce SpringsteenandLinda Ronstadt.[38]An international convocation at theCathedral of St. John the Divinefeatures prominent peace activists from around the world and afterward participants march on Fifth Avenue to Central Park for the rally.
- June 13
- The1982 FIFA World Cupbegins in Spain.
- FahdbecomesKing of Saudi Arabiaupon the death of his brother,Khalid.
- June 14–Argentine surrender in the Falklands War:Argentineforces in the capital,Stanley,surrender to British forces.
- June 18– Argentine military dictatorLeopoldo Galtieriresigns in the wake of his country's defeat in theFalklands War.
- June 20–Falklands Warends with British forces retaking theSouth Sandwich Islands.
- June 24–British Airways Flight 9suffers a temporary four-engine flameout and damage to the exterior of the plane after flying through the otherwise undetectedvolcanic ashplume from Indonesia'sMount Galunggung.
July
[edit]- July 4– FourIraniandiplomats are kidnapped uponIsrael's invasion ofLebanon.
- July 6– A lunar eclipse (umbral duration 236 min and total duration 106 min, the longest of the 20th century) occurs.
- July 9–Pan Am Flight 759(Boeing 727) crashes inKenner, Louisiana,killing all 146 on board and 8 on the ground.
- July 11–ItalybeatsWest Germany3–1 to win the1982 FIFA World Cupin Spain.
- July 16– In New York City, the ReverendSun Myung Moonis sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $25,000 for tax fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice.
- July 20–Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings:theProvisional IRAdetonates 2 bombs in central London, killing 8 soldiers, wounding 47 people, and leading to the deaths of 7 horses.
- July 23
- TheInternational Whaling Commissiondecides to end commercialwhalingby 1985–1986.
- Torrential rain and mudslides inNagasaki,Japan, destroy bridges and kill 299.
- Twilight Zoneaccident:During filming ofTwilight Zone: The Movie,actorVic Morrowand 2 child actors die in a helicopter stunt accident in California.[39]
- July 31–Beaune coach crash:InBeaune,France, 53 persons, 46 of them children, die in a highway accident (France's worst).
August
[edit]
- August 1–Attempted coupagainst the government ofDaniel Arap MoiinKenya.
- August 2– TheHelsinki Metro,the firstrapid transitsystem in Finland, opens to the general public.[40][41]
- August 4– TheUnited Nations Security Councilvotes tocensureIsrael because its troops are still in Lebanon.
- August 7– Italian Prime MinisterGiovanni Spadoliniresigns.
- August 12– Mexico announces it is unable to pay its large foreign debt, triggering adebt crisisthat quickly spreads throughout Latin America.
- August 13– In Hong Kong, health warnings on cigarette packets are made statutory.[42]
- August 17– The firstcompact discs(CDs) are produced in Germany.
- August 20–Lebanese Civil War:A multinational force lands inBeirutto oversee thePLOwithdrawal fromLebanon.
September
[edit]- September 14
- LebanesePresident-electBachir Gemayelis assassinated inBeirut.
- Princess Grace of Monacodies after having suffered a car crash a few days previously.
- September 18
- A Lebanese Christian militia (thePhalange)kill thousands of Palestiniansin the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in West Beirut; the massacre is a response to the assassination of the president-elect, Bachir Gemayel, four days earlier.
- Thefuneral of Princess Grace of Monacotakes place
- September 19– The firstemoticonsare posted byScott Fahlman.
- September 21
- The firstInternational Day of Peaceis proclaimed by the (United Nations).
- In the United States, theNational Football League Players Associationcalls astrike,the first in-season work stoppage in theNational Football League's 63-year history. The strike lasts for 57 days, reduces theregular seasonfrom 16 games to 9, and forces an expanded 16-teamplayoff tournament.
- September 23–Amine Gemayel,brother of Bachir, is elected president ofLebanon.
- September 24– TheWimpy Operation,the first act of armed resistance against Israeli troops inBeirut.
- September 25– In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime MinisterMenachem Begin.
- September 26–Thermalstake Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) during a jump; he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen. He releases his mainparachuteto fall to a lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute.[43]
- September 29TheChicago Tylenol murdersoccur when an unknown killer laces Tylenol with Potassium Cyanide that kills seven in Chicago, Illinois.
October
[edit]- October 1
- Helmut KohlreplacesHelmut SchmidtasChancellor of Germanythrough aconstructive vote of no confidence.[44]
- Sonylaunches the first consumercompact disc(CD) player (modelCDP-101).
- October 8
- Poland bans theSolidaritytrade union after having suspended it on December 13, 1981.
- After six years in opposition, Social DemocratOlof PalmebecomesPrime Minister of Swedenonce again.
- October 11– TheMary Rose,flagship ofHenry VIII of Englandthat sank in1545,is raised from theSolent.[45]
- October 20–Luzhniki disaster:During theUEFA Cupmatch betweenFC Spartak MoscowandHFC Haarlem,66 people are crushed to death.
- October 27– In Canada,Dominion Dayis officially renamedCanada Day.
- October 28– TheSocialist Partywins theelectionin Spain;Felipe Gonzálezis elected Prime Minister.
November
[edit]- November 3
- A gasoline (petrol) tanker explodes in theSalang TunnelinAfghanistan,killing at least 176 people.
- TheDow Jones Industrial Averagesurges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years.[46][47]
- November 6–CameroonpresidentAhmadou Ahidjoresigns, replaced byPaul Biyawho has ruled Cameroon ever since.
- November 8–Kenan Evrenbecomes the seventh president ofTurkeyas a result of the constitution referendum. His former title was "head of state".
- November 11– InLebanon,the firstTyre headquarters bombingkills between 89 and 102 people.
- November 12– In theSoviet Union,formerKGBheadYuri Andropovis selected to become the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the lateLeonid I. Brezhnevwho had died two days earlier.
- November 14– The leader of Poland's outlawedSolidaritymovement,Lech Wałęsa,is released from 11 months of internment near theSovietborder.
- November 20
- TheGeneral Union of Ecuadorian Workers(UGTE) is founded.
- University of California, Berkeleyexecutes "The Play"in acollege footballgame againstStanford.Completing a wacky 57-yard kickoff return that includes five laterals, Kevin Moen runs through Stanford band members who have prematurely come onto the field. His touchdown stands and California wins 25–20.
- November 24– Representatives from 88 countries gather inGenevato discussworld tradeand ways to work toward aspects offree trade.[48]
- November 27–Yasuhiro Nakasonebecomes Prime Minister of Japan.
- November 28
- TheEdmonton Eskimoswin an unprecedented 5thconsecutiveGrey Cup– a feat yet unaccomplished by any professional football franchise – to win the70th Grey Cup,defeating theToronto Argonauts32–16.[49]
- Al Ahly SC won the African Cup of Champions club (today known as the CAF Champions League) for the first time after defeating Ghanaian Asante Kotoko
- November 29–Michael Jacksonreleases his sixth studio album,Thriller,in the United States, which will go on to be the best-selling album of all time at 110 million units sold worldwide.
December
[edit]- December 1–Miguel de la Madridtakes office asPresident of Mexico.
- December 2– At theUniversity of Utah,61-year-old retired dentistBarney Clarkbecomes the first person to receive a permanentartificial heart(he lives for 112 days with the device).
- December 4– The People's Republic of China adopts itscurrent constitution.
- December 7– The first U.S.executionbylethal injectionis carried out inTexas.
- December 8– TheDecember murdersoccur in Suriname.
- December 11– Swedish pop groupABBAmake their final public performance on the British TV programmeThe Late, Late Breakfast Show.
- December 13– The 6.2 Mw North Yemen earthquakeshakes southwesternYemenwith a maximumMercalli intensityof VIII (Severe), killing 2,800.
- December 16– TheUnited Freedom Frontbombs an office ofSouth African Airwaysin Elmont, NY and anIBMoffice in Harrison, NY.[50]Two police officers suffer hearing damage. In March 1984, the UFF claims responsibility for the IBM building bombing, stating that the company was targeted because of its business in South Africa underApartheid.[51]
- December 22– TheIndian Ocean Commission(Commission de l'Océan Indien, COI) is created by thePort LouisAgreement.
- December 26–Timemagazine'sMan of the Yearis given, for the first time to a non-human, the computer.
Date unknown
[edit]- The population of thePeople's Republic of Chinaalone exceeds 1 billion, making China the first nation to have a population of more than a billion.[52]
- A global surplus ofcrude oilcausesgasolineprices to collapse.
- Ciabattabread is invented by a baker inVerona,Italy.
Births and deaths
[edit]Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Physics–Kenneth G. Wilson
- Chemistry–Aaron Klug
- Medicine–Sune K. Bergström,Bengt I. Samuelsson,John R. Vane
- Literature–Gabriel García Márquez
- Peace–Alva Myrdal,Alfonso García Robles
- Economics–George Stigler
Fields Medal
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Trivers, R. L.&Newton, H. P."The crash of flight 90: doomed by self-deception?"Science Digest(November 1982): pp. 66–67, 111.
- ^"Elk Cloner".SearchSecurity.June 2004.RetrievedJanuary 28,2012.
- ^Human Rights Law Journal: HRLJ.N.P. Engel. 1982. p. 221.
- ^De Montricher, Nicole (July 1995). "Decentralization in France".Governance.8(3): 405–418.doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00217.x.
- ^The Jupiter Effect.
- ^Noguchi, Thomas T. (1985).Coroner at Large.Simon and Schuster. p. 23.ISBN978-0-671-54462-1.
- ^"1982: Judge halts 'obscenity' trial".BBC News.March 18, 1982.RetrievedNovember 30,2007.
- ^Brenton, Howard(January 28, 2006)."Look back in anger".The Guardian.London.RetrievedNovember 30,2007.
- ^U.S. Library of Congress."Bangladesh - THE ERSHAD PERIOD".RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Moreno, Isidoro J Ruiz (1987).Comandos en acción(in Spanish). Emecé editores. p. 21.
- ^Freedman, Lawrence(2005).The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war.Routledge.pp. 13–14.ISBN0-7146-5206-7.
- ^Keith Sullivan (January 1, 1998).Education and Change in the Pacific Rim: meeting the challenges.Symposium Books Ltd. pp. 60–.ISBN978-1-873927-33-5.
- ^Kurt Pätzold; Manfred Weissbecker (2002).Schlagwörter und Schlachtrufe: aus zwei Jahrhunderten deutscher Geschichte(in German). Militzke. p. 136.ISBN978-3-86189-270-0.
- ^J.B.A Bailey (September 2, 2003).Field Artillery And Fire Power.Routledge. p. 149.ISBN1-135-47811-2.
- ^The Illustrated Weekly of India.Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1985. p. 14.
- ^East Tennessee Historical Society(2002)."20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair".The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co.Archived fromthe originalon February 6, 2010.RetrievedSeptember 9,2021.
- ^"20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair".History. The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. 2002. Archived fromthe originalon December 5, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 9,2021.
- ^Wheeler, W Bruce (March 1, 2018)."Knoxville World's Fair of 1982".Tennessee Encyclopedia.Tennessee Historical Society.RetrievedSeptember 9,2021.
- ^abcde"20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair".Timeline. The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. 2002. Archived fromthe originalon January 1, 2010.RetrievedSeptember 9,2021.
- ^abcGolowanow, Łukasz (May 4, 2012)."Pocisk, który nie wybuchł – czyli zatopienie HMS Sheffield"[The missile that did not explode – the sinking of HMS Sheffield].Konflikty.pl(in Polish).RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Weatherboy Team Meteorologist (May 2, 2020)."Weather Channel Celebrates 38th Birthday".Weatherboy.Isarithm LLC.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"BBC ON THIS DAY | 4 | 1982: Argentines destroy HMS Sheffield".BBC.2008.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"The horrifying crash that snapped the life from race..."United Press International, Inc.May 9, 1982.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"Pope John Paul 'wounded' in 1982".Europe.BBC News.October 16, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Diamond, Dan, ed. (2008). "This Date in Stanley Cup History".Total Stanley Cup: 2008 Playoff Media Guide(PDF).Dan Diamond and Associates, Inc. p. 95. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 26, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"The SAS vs The Exocets".Elite UK Forces.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Finlan, Alastair (October 16, 2009).Special Forces, Strategy and the War on Terror: Warfare By Other Means.Routledge.p. 41.ISBN978-1-134-18043-1.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"Report of the Board of Inquiry Into the Loss of HMS Ardent"(PDF).August 6, 1982. pp. 3–4. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 10, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"HMS Ardent Association".Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2005.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"LOSS OF HMS ANTELOPE - BOARD OF INQUIRY"(PDF).August 11, 1982. pp. 2–3. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 24, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"Iran celebrates anniversary of liberating Khorramshahr".Alalam News Network.May 24, 2014.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Temko, Ned(December 30, 1982)."From Brezhnev to Andropov: why the transition has been so smooth".The Christian Science Monitor.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Burke, Damien."25th May 1982".HMS Coventry D118.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^"Board of Inquiry (REPORT): Loss of SS Atlantic Conveyor"(PDF).July 21, 1982. pp. 1 - 5-2 - 5. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 12, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 10,2021.
- ^Roberts, Maj. Brice (2016).Mission Command During the Falklands War: Opportunities and Limitations(PDF)(Report). Defense Technical Information Center. pp. 27–31.RetrievedSeptember 21,2023.
- ^Howard Morley Sachar (1988).A History of Israel: Volume II: from the Aftermath of the Yom Kippur War.Oxford University Press. p. 176.ISBN978-0-19-504623-6.
- ^"Top Films of All-Time".filmsite.org.RetrievedJune 16,2018.
- ^Montgomery, Paul L. (June 13, 1982)."THRONGS FILL MANHATTAN TO PROTEST NUCLEAR WEAPONS".The New York Times.RetrievedNovember 2,2023.
- ^Kerri McCaffety; Lynn Powers (1999).Obituary Cocktail: The Great Saloons of New Orleans.Winter Books. p. 74.ISBN978-0-9653145-9-6.
- ^Tapio Tolmunen (2002).Mutkatonta matkaa vuodesta 1982. Raka spår från år 1982(in Finnish). Helsinki: Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos. pp. 43–44.ISBN951-8926-84-0.
- ^"Helsinki City Transport - About HKL - History - A brief history of the metro".Helsinki City Transport. March 19, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon May 12, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 21,2013.
- ^Clarence Tsui,South China Morning Post,12/12/99, "From ads to ashes."(Archive)
- ^Journal of Meteorology.Artetech International. 2002. p. 284.
- ^Michael Curtis (1993).Introduction to Comparative Government.HarperCollins College Publishers. p. 209.ISBN978-0-06-500552-3.
- ^Margaret Rule; Mary Rose Trust (1993).The Mary Rose: A Guide to the Exhibition and Ship.Mary Rose Trust. p. 6.ISBN978-0-9511747-2-2.
- ^Marotta, David John (October 11, 2017)."Volker's Bear: The Bear Market Of 1982".Forbes.
- ^Brown, Merrill (November 4, 1982)."Dow Industrials Soar to a Record of 1,065.49".The Washington Post.
- ^Radio Free Europe Research.Radio Free Europe. 1983. p. 3.
- ^"1982 – Edmonton Eskimos 32, Toronto Argonauts 16".Archived fromthe originalon December 31, 2013.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
- ^"Bombs Rock I.B.M. Building And Airline Office".The New York Times.December 17, 1982.
- ^"Terrorist Claim Bombing of IBM Building".Schenectady Gazette.March 21, 1984.
- ^China Trade News.National Council for US-China Trade. 1983. p. 10.
