Acholi people
![]() | |
![]() The Acholi are an ethnic group that belongs to the Nilotic ethnic group ofLuo peoples,who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal (Sea of Gazelles) in South Sudan. | |
Total population | |
---|---|
2,460,000[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 2,400,000[1] |
![]() | 134,000[2] |
Languages | |
Acholi,English | |
Religion | |
ChristianityandIslam[3] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
OtherNilotic peoples Especially otherLuo peoples |
TheAcholi people(/əˈtʃoʊ.li/ə-CHOH-li,also spelledAcoli) are aNiloticethnic group ofLuo peoples(also spelledLwo), found inMagwi CountyinSouth SudanandNorthern Uganda(an area commonly referred to asAcholiland), including the districts ofAgago,Amuru,Gulu,Kitgum,Nwoya,Lamwo,PaderandOmoro District.The Acholi were estimated to number 2.3 million people[1]and over 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]
Language
[edit]The Acholidialectis aWestern Niloticlanguage, classified asLuo(or Lwo). It has similarity withAlur,Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak, Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as theLuo.
TheSong of Lawino,one of the most successful African literary works, was written byOkot p'Bitek,published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated toEnglish.
Location
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Acholiland%2C_Uganda.png/220px-Acholiland%2C_Uganda.png)
Acholi land or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. In the administrative structure ofUganda,Acholi is composed of thedistrictsof:
It encompasses about 28,500 km2(11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]
Its current population is estimated to be around 2,155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population.[6][7]While Acholi also live north of theSouth Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland".
The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. It refers to people known locally asLuo Gang.That is why the Lango neighbors refer to the Acholi asUgangi,meaning people of the home.
History
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Acholi_Bwala_Dance%2C_Uganda.jpg/220px-Acholi_Bwala_Dance%2C_Uganda.jpg)
The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known asBahr el GhazalinSouth Sudanby about 1,000 AD. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation ofchiefdomsheaded byRwodi(sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). The chiefs traditionally came from oneclan,and each chiefdom had several villages made up of differentpatrilinealclans. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholi-land.[8]During the second half of the nineteenth century,Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call themShooli,a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[9]
Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. They also keptgoats,sheepandcattle.The women were accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, includingmillet,simsim,groundnuts, peas,sorghumand vegetables. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.
During Uganda'scolonial period,theBritishencouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among theBaganda.In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "militaryethnocracy".
Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined theKings African Rifles(KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen.Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. GenBazilio Olara-Okello.[10]
Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes.[11]
In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue. "He wrote," Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organization.' (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defense and Internal Affairs 1997.)[11]
He has written further,
"Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the country’s leadership has developed since independence."[11]
Milton Obote,the first leader after independence, relied on AcholiLuo peopleandLangiNiloHamitesorAteker peoplesin government.Idi Aminwas also from north Uganda, but was of theKakwa people.He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi.[12]GeneralTito Okellowas an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. He was defeated in January 1986. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country.[13]
After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominatedUganda National Liberation Army,now-PresidentYoweri Museveniand hisNational Resistance Armyconducted revenge killings in the north. Museveni has held absolute power since 1986,[14]surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups.[12]
The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of theLord's Resistance Army(LRA) led byJoseph Kony,an Acholi fromGulu.The activities of the LRA have been devastating withinAcholi-land(though they spread also to neighboring districts and countries). In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from theGuludistrict into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people.[15]These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point.MalariaandAIDShave been the primary disease causes of deaths.[16]The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[12]
At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living incamps.[12]Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remained in camps asinternally displaced persons.The long civil war in the North destroyed much of their society.
The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[citation needed]
Religion
[edit]According to the 2002 Census of Uganda an estimated 72.3% of Acholi areRoman Catholic,23.6% areAnglican,1.7% arePentecostaland 0.8% areMuslim.[17]
According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholi-land at all times, based on their philosophy of life. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, therwodi moo."[18]Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology.
It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans.[19]In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive.
The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects.[20]Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwentnyono tong gweno('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home.[21]It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Purifications oratonementpractices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities.[22]
The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI)."[23]They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation.Kitgum,Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants."[24]In discussing the peace talks of 2005–2007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely,mato oput.Ruhakana Rugunda,the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of theInternational Criminal CourtatThe Hague(although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there).[25]
- Acholi people photographed byRichard Buchta(1877-1880)
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Acholi man
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Acholi family
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Acholi warriors
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Acholi musical instruments
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Acholi village
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Acholi "material culture"
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Acholi chief
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Acholi chief
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Acholi musicians
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Portrait of an Acholi woman
Lamogi Rebellion
Acholi Civil war (1986-1989)
In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango.[26][27][28][29]
The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government.[26]This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. Most prominent among them was theUganda People's Army (UPA)in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, theUganda People's Democratic Army,theHoly Spirit Movementand the LRA in the Acholi region. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government.[30]
Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages.[31][32]
The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. The camps caused misery and suffering—with a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week.[31]Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic.[33][34][35][36]
In popular culture
[edit]In 2012 the American charityInvisible Childrenproduced adocumentaryabout the LRA. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme.[31]However, it successfully popularized the LRA in the West.[31]
In 2016, the multi award-winning film,A Brilliant Genocidewas produced. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war.[37]The Acholi people have many proverbs and each have a distinct meaning.[38]
Notable Acholi people
[edit]- Akena p'Ojok,former UNLF Vice President, former UPC member of Parliament and Minister of Power in Obote's second regime.
- Semei Nyanzi,Ugandan pre-eminent Economist and prominent Nationalist and was a powerful voice for reform in post-colonial Uganda. Served as first chairman of the Uganda Development Cooperation. He was born in Kitgum District circa. 1936.
- Nicholas Opiyo,Ugandan human rights lawyer. Executive Director and Lead Attorney at Chapter Four Uganda. Won the German Africa Prize in 2017, Voices for Justice Award from Human Rights Watch in 2015 and the European Union Parliament Sakharov Fellows Prize in 2016. Was also the 2015 recipient of the Alison Des Forges award for extraordinary activism.
- Sheila Atim MBE,Ugandan-British actress, singer, composer, and playwright. She made her professional acting debut in 2013 at Shakespeare's Globe in The Lightning Child.
- Aamito Stacie Lagum,US-based Ugandan actress and fashion model, best known for being the winner of the first cycle of Africa's Next Top Model.
- Daudi Ochieng,Ugandan Nationalist and Politician, who served as Secretary General of the Kabaka Yekka (KY) party and Opposition Chief Whip (from 1965 to 1966).
- Bazilio Olara-Okello,de factoUgandan Head of State for six months in 1985 and later Chief of Defense Forces.
- Patricia Akello,Ugandan professional model, currently signed with the Muse Model Management company in New York City. She walked the 2017 New York Fashion Week, in September, working for the Bottega Veneta brand and was featured in the cover of Women's Wear Daily magazine.
- Eng. Hillary Obaloker Onek,Ugandan Engineer and Politician. MP and current Minister of Disaster, Preparedness and Refugees.
- Dr. Martin Jerome Okec Aliker,Ugandan dental surgeon, businessman, entrepreneur, and community leader. He is a senior adviser to the President of Uganda and has sat on the board of directors of nearly forty Ugandan companies. Served as Chancellor of Victoria University Uganda, a private institution. From 2004 until 2014, he served as the founding Chancellor of Gulu University, a public university.
- Beatrice Akello Akori,Ugandan Politician. Woman member of Parliament for Agago District. Minister of State for Economic Monitoring in the Office of the President.
- Richard Todwong,Former Member of Parliament. Current Secretary General of the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM) Party.
- Col. Walter Ochora Odoch,Ugandan Military Officer and Politician. Served as District Chairperson and District Commissioner for Gulu District.
- Beatrice Anywar,Ugandan Environmentalist and Politician. Former Member of Parliament. Current State Minister for Environment.
- Betty Achan Ogwaro,Member of Parliament, Former and the First Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Cooperatives of the Republic of South Sudan, inSouthern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan,noted internationalpolitical activist.
- Otema Allimadi,Ugandan politician who served as the country's Foreign Minister (1979–1980) in the UNLF government and later on as the country's third Prime Minister of Uganda (1980–1985) in the UPC government.
- Betty Oyella Bigombe,former MP andState Minister for Water Resourcesin theUgandan Cabinet.Served as World Bank's Senior Director for Fragility, Conflict and Violence at Washington DC from 2014 - 2017.
- Emmanuel Amey Ojara,surgeon.
- Santo Okot Lapolo,Ugandan Military Officer and Administrator. Served as District Commissioner forKitgumand Gulu District.
- Professor Okot Bwangamoi,Ugandan Veterinarian, Scientist and Academician.
- Major General Julius Facki Oketta,Ugandan Military officer in Uganda. He was a senior commander in the Uganda People's Defence Force. Before his death, he was the Director of National Emergency Coordination and Operations in the Office of the Prime Minister of Uganda.
- Dominic Ongwen,former commander of the Sinia Brigade of the LRA, currently awaiting the verdict of his trial at theInternational Criminal Court.
- Erinayo Wilson Oryema,First Ugandan Inspector General of Uganda Police Force (1964-1971), Minister of Land, Minerals and Water Resources (1971-1973), Minister of Housing and Planning (1974 - 1977).
- Geoffrey Oryema,exiled singer and son ofErinayo Wilson Oryema.
- Janani Luwum,former Archbishop of the Anglican Church of Uganda, murdered on the orders of PresidentIdi Amin.
- Jeremiah Lucas Opira,National Executive Secretary of theUNLF,advocate for consolidation of national unity in Uganda.
- Joseph Kony,leader of theLord's Resistance Army(LRA), aguerrilla groupthat formerly operated in Uganda.
- Lubwa p'Chong,playwright, poet, author and educator.
- Dr. Matthew Lukwiya,physician at the forefront of the 2000Ebolaoutbreak, which took his life.
- Norbert Mao,formerChairmanofGulu District andDemocratic PartyPresidential Candidate in 2011, 2016 and 2021. Current Minister for Justice and Constitutional Affairs.
- Okot p'Bitek,Poet, Playwright and Author of theSong of Lawino.
- Dr. Ambassador Olara Otunnu,formerUnited Nations Under-Secretary-Generaland Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict and UPC Presidential Candidate in 2011.
- Tito Okello,President of Uganda for six months in 1985 (though he referred to himself only as 'Head of State').
- Henry Oryem Okello,currentState Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs),since 2004. Son of Tito Okello.
- Jacob Oulanyah,Former Speaker of Ugandan Parliament May 2021 – March 2022, former Deputy of Parliament from 2011-May 2021. He was also the member of Parliament for Omoro County before his untimely death on 19 March 2022.
- Alfonse Chigamoi Owiny-Dollo,the current Chief Justice of Uganda. Owiny-Dollo hails from Agago District.
- John Baptist Odama,Catholic Archbishop of Gulu, with long periods as Chair of the Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative.
- MacLeod Baker Ochola,Anglican Bishop inUganda.He was the inaugural Bishop of Kitgum, serving from 1995 until 2002.
- Lt. Gen. Paul Lokech,Former Deputy Inspector General of Police from 2020 - August 2021 when he untimely died. Was two-time Commander of the African Mission in Somalia (AMISON) UPDF Contingent Forces in Somalia. Performed exceptionally well and was proclaimed as the "Lion of Mogadishu" by the Somali Government.
- Professor Jack Nyeko Pen-Mogi,Ugandan Academician, Veterinarian and Politician. Represented Kilak County in Uganda Parliament from 1996 - 2001. Vice Chancellor of Gulu University from 2002 - 2017.
- Professor Morris Ogenga-Latigo,Ugandan Academician, Scientist and Politician. Represented Agago County in Uganda Parliament. Served as Leader of Opposition in Uganda Parliament from 2006 - 2011.
- Dr. John Alphonse Okidi,Ugandan Agricultural Economist. Senior Programmed Specialist at the International Development Research Center's (IDRC) Think Tank Initiative (TTI) for Five East African Countries.
- Professor. Ben Ochora Latigo,Aerospace Engineer, Administrator and Academician. Chief Academic Officer at University System of Maryland at Southern Maryland, USA.
- Harriet Anena,Ugandan writer and performer, whose writing includes poetry, nonfiction and fiction. She is the author of a collection of poems, A Nation In Labor, published in 2015. She won the 2018 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa. The Economist described her poetry performance as "an arresting evocation of love and war".
- Professor. John Joseph Otim,Ugandan Agriculturalist and Politician. Former Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries. Born in Agago District.
References
[edit]- Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994)The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800.Kampala: Fountain Publishers.ISBN9970-02-156-7.
- Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
- Girling, F.K. (1960)The Acholi of Uganda(Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
- Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:"National Conference on Reconciliation, Hotel Africana, Kampala,Law Reform Journal(Uganda Law Reform Commission), 4 September 2006)
- Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi',Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference,vol 3., pp. 168–197.
Notes
[edit]- ^abc"Acholi of Uganda".People Groups.International Mission Board. 1 September 2023.
- ^"Acholi of South Sudan".People Groups.International Mission Board.Retrieved22 March2023.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Population composition"(PDF).ubos.org.Retrieved7 August2023.
- ^Lewis, M. Paul (ed.)."Acholi."Ethnologue: Languages of the World.SIL International, September, 2010. Accessed 10 March 2011.
- ^Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase."Ethnohistory1989: 36(1), p. 20).
- ^Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?".Africa Affairs1999: 98(390), p. 7).
- ^PeopleGroups.org."PeopleGroups.org - Acholi of Uganda".peoplegroups.org.Retrieved7 January2024.
- ^Webster 1970.
- ^Atkinson (1994).
- ^"Lt Gen Bazilio: The 1985 coup top dog".Monitor.9 January 2021.Retrieved7 January2024.
- ^abcJames Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. The conflict",pp. 85-89, June 2006
- ^abcd"Uganda: Minorities: Acholi",World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, accessed 3 May 2013
- ^Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92
- ^"Yoweri Museveni | Biography, Profile, Election, & Facts | Britannica".www.britannica.com.5 January 2024.Retrieved7 January2024.
- ^Branch, A. 2008. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,"Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding2(2): 151-173
- ^UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs,IRIN Africa
- ^"Population composition"(PDF).ubos.org.Retrieved7 August2023.
- ^Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. 102-104
- ^Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 104
- ^Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 108
- ^Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 106
- ^Twesigye, K., Emmanuel (2010).Religion, Politics and Cults in East Africa.
- ^Latigo, "Northern Uganda", p. 97
- ^Latigo, "Northern Uganda", p. 98
- ^New Vision,1 June 2007
- ^abWegner, Patrick S. (2015).The International Criminal Court in Ongoing Intrastate Conflicts.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/cbo9781107706811.ISBN978-1-107-70681-1.
- ^Gissel, Line Engbo (19 January 2018).The International Criminal Court and Peace Processes in Africa.Routledge.doi:10.4324/9781315102382.ISBN978-1-315-10238-2.
- ^"Tito Okello: The President who was kept on his toes".New Vision.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^"Gen Okello calls for peace talks".Monitor.14 September 2020.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^Behrend, Heike. (1999).Alice Lakwena & the holy spirits: war in Northern Uganda, 1985-97.J. Currey.ISBN978-1-78204-984-5.OCLC653038964.
- ^abcd"The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda".ReliefWeb.2 October 1997.Retrieved27 May2020.
- ^"The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda".ReliefWeb.2 October 1997.Retrieved30 May2020.
- ^Atkinson, Ronald Raymond, 1944- (2009).From Uganda to the Congo and beyond: pursuing the Lord's Resistance Army.International Peace Institute.OCLC471877660.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^"Expert Witness Testifies about Possible Reasons Northern Uganda Conflict Lasted for 20 Years".International Justice Monitor.31 May 2019.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^"Northern Uganda: Understanding and Solving the Conflict | Crisis Group".www.crisisgroup.org.14 April 2004.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^"Between Hope and Fear in Northern Uganda: Challenges on the ground and urgent need for peace".Oxfam Policy & Practice.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^Okumu, F. Wafula (16 July 2019). Kaiser, Paul J; Okumu, F. Wafula (eds.).Democratic Transitions in East Africa.doi:10.4324/9780429262401.ISBN9780429262401.S2CID152677498.
- ^African 671, University of Wisconsin-Madison Students in."Acholi Proverbs and Idioms".
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(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Bruder, Edith.The Black Jews of Africa. History, Religion, Identity(Oxford University Press, New York 2008)
- Barber, J.,Imperial Frontiers,(Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1968)
- Caritas Gulu Archdiocese,Traditional Ways of Coping in Acholi,Report written by Thomas Harlacher, Francis Xavier Okot, Caroline Aloyo Obonyo, Mychelle Balthaard and Ronald Atkinson, 2006 (copies may be obtained from [email protected])Archived12 July 2020 at theWayback Machine
External links
[edit]Media related toAcholi peopleat Wikimedia Commons
- RupinyArchived14 January 2010 at theWayback Machine— A newspaper inLuo(AcholiandLango)
- Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia