April 1965
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The following events occurred inApril 1965:
- U.S. PresidentLyndon Johnsonauthorized a change in theU.S. Marines' mission inSouth Vietnam,a month after the first units had been sent to protect installations atDa Nangfrom attack. For the first time, American ground troops were scheduled to move into the surrounding area and to engageViet CongandNorth Vietnameseforces in combat.[1]
- In theUnited Kingdom,theGreater London Councilcame into power, replacing theLondon County Counciland greatly expanding the metropolitan area of the city.[2][3]
- The Man with the Golden Gun,Ian Fleming's thirteenthJames Bondnovel, was first published byJonathan Cape,being published eight months after Ian's death.[4]
- The last of theTitan Iintercontinental ballistic missiles were taken off alert, as theUnited Statesbegan reliance on the newAtlasmissiles.[5]
- Tasman Empire Airways Limited(TEAL), established on April 26, 1940, changed its name toAir New Zealand.[citation needed]
- Born:Mark Jackson,Americanbasketballplayer for 17 years in theNBA,for seven teams, and NBA coach for three years; inBrooklyn
- Died:Helena Rubinstein,92, Polish-American cosmetics entrepreneur and businesswoman[6]
- Prime MinisterZhou Enlaiof thePeople's Republic of Chinamet withPakistan's President,Mohammed Ayub Khan,and presented a four-point statement on the Vietnam War to forward to U.S. President Johnson, in that the U.S. and Communist China had no diplomatic relations. Via Khan, Zhou informed Johnson that his nation would not provoke a war with the United States, but an American ground invasion of North Vietnam would risk war with China. Zhou added that China was ready to provide aid to "any country opposing U.S. aggression"; and that China was prepared to use nuclear weapons to defend its territory.[7]"Once the war breaks out," the statement concluded, "it will have no boundaries."[8]
- The annual private conference of theBilderberg Group,composed of top bankers and politicians from North America and Europe, began atVilla d'Este,Italy.[9]Because of the secrecy of the proceedings and the importance of the participants, critics of the Group suspect it of promoting a world government.[10]The topics of the 1965 discussions were "Monetary cooperation in the Western world" and "The state of the Atlantic Alliance".[11]
- Amusicaladaptation of theJohn ReedbookTen Days That Shook the World,presented by Soviet theatrical producerYuri Lyubimov,was performed for the first time, at theTaganka TheatreinMoscow.Loosely based on the events of the1917 Revolution,Desyat' dnei, kotorye potryasli mirwas billed as "a popular performance in two parts with mime, circus, buffoonery and shootings".[12]
- Moroccowon the five-nationAfrican basketball championship tournament,authorized byFIBA,theFédérationInternationale deBasketballAmateur. Morocco,Tunisia,Algeria,Senegal,andLibyaplayed atTunisin a round robin format, with Morocco beating those teams, respectively, 70–57, 83–39, 59–44 and 79–45.[13]
- Born:Rodney King,American taxi driver and central figure in the1992 Los Angeles riots;inSacramento, California(d. 2012)
- Died:Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji,52, Indian monarch and politician, lastMaharajaof theBhavnagar Stateand firstGovernor of Madras State(nowTamil Nadu)
- The first jet-to-jet combat of the Vietnam War took place[14]when fourU.S. NavyF-8E Crusadersfrom theUSSHancockcarried out a mission against theThanh Hóa Bridge,and were engaged by eightMiG-17fighters from the 921st Sao Do Regiment of theNorth Vietnamese Air Force.One of the F-8Es, piloted by Lieutenant Commander Spence Thomas, was set on fire by cannons fired from a MiG-17 piloted by NVAF Captain Pham Ngoc Lan, but Thomas was able to land safely at Da Nang.[15]Ngoc Lan ran out of fuel and survived a crash landing.[16]In future years, April 3 would be a Vietnamese public holiday commemorated as "Air Force Day".[17]
- SNAP-10A,the first nuclear reactor launched into space, and the only one ever sent by the United States,[18]was sent aloft fromVandenberg AFB,California, and placed into an orbit 815 miles (1,312 km) above the Earth. "SNAP" was an acronym forSystems forNuclearAuxiliaryPower. Thecesium-fueled ion engine would be shut down after 43 days[19]"to permit the radioactive material in the reactor to decay to safe levels... before the spacecraft reenters the atmosphere", according to a spokesman, which was not expected to happen for 3,000 years.[20]
- The longest session ofparliamentinCanada's history ended at 3:00 in the morning inOttawa,after holding its 249th and final sitting day since opening on February 18, 1964. Only 50 of the 265 members of theHouse of Commons,and just 30Senators,remained at the close, with plans to open a new session on Monday.[21]
- Born:Nazia Hassan,Pakistani singer-songwriter known as the "Queen of South Asian Pop"; inKarachi(died of lung cancer, 2000)
- Died:Ray Enright,69, American director of 73 films between 1927 and 1953
- The coronation ofPalden Thondup Namgyalas the King ofSikkimtook place at a Buddhist chapel inGangtok,the capital of the protectorate of India, as Sikkim's 170,000 citizens were permitted to watch on a special television circuit. Palden, who had succeeded upon the death of his father,Tashi Namgyal,on December 2, 1963, was crownedChogyaland his wife, the former MissHope Cookeof San Francisco, wore the crown of thegyalmo(Queen consort).[22]The monarchy would be abolished almost ten years to the day afterward, on April 10, 1975, and Sikkim would become the 23rd state of India.
- During aU.S. Air Forcestrike on theThanh Hóa Bridge,Vietnam People's Air ForceMiG-17fighters attacked a formation of U.S. Air ForceF-105 Thunderchiefstrike aircraft, shooting down two F-105s.[23]Captain James Magnusson and Major Frank Bennett were both killed when their jets, the first aircraft lost in air-to-air combat by either side during the Vietnam War, were downed.[24][25]
- Born:
- Elaine Zayak,former U.S. figure skater who overcame the loss of part of her left foot to win the women's world figure skating championship in 1982; inParamus, New Jersey
- Robert Downey Jr.,American film star best known for his portrayal ofTony Starkas Iron Man; inManhattan
- TheFBIarrested formerU.S. ArmySergeant James Allen Mintkenbaugh, who had been spying for the SovietKGBintelligence agency, inCastro Valley, California.In his confession, Mintkenbaugh identified a high-levelU.S. Department of Defenseemployee, Sergeant Robert Lee Johnson, as his partner in espionage since 1953. Later in the day, Johnson was arrested while working at his desk insideThe Pentagon.[26]Sergeant Johnson, unhappy in being passed over for a promotion, had supplied his Soviet handlers with details of American nuclear missiles, classified documents and photographs, and a sample of rocket fuel, and received $25,000 in return. On July 30, 1965, he and Mintkenbaugh would be sentenced to 25 years in prison. Johnson would serve only seven years before being stabbed to death in 1972.[27]
- A U.S. NavyRF-8 Crusaderreconnaissance aircraft photographed anSA-2 Guidelinesurface-to-air missile(SAM) site under construction in North Vietnam for the first time.[28]The discovery, 15 miles (24 km) southeast ofHanoi,of an antiaircraft system that could fire theSA-2guided missile "sent shivers down the spines of task force commanders and line aviators alike", a historian would note later, but official permission to attack a site so close to the capital of North Vietnam would not be given "until the Navy and Air Force lost a few jets to the SA-2s".[29]
- At the37th Academy Awards,My Fair Ladywon eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.Rex Harrisonwon an Oscar forBest Actor.Mary Poppinstook home five Oscars.Julie Andrewswon anAcademy Award for Best Actress,for her portrayal in the role. TheSherman Brothersreceived two Oscars includingBest Song,"Chim Chim Cher-ee".[30]
- Manned Spacecraft Centerannounced thatWalter M. Schirra, Jr.,andThomas P. Staffordhad been selected as command pilot and pilot forGemini 6,the firstProject Geminirendezvousanddockingmission.Virgil I. GrissomandJohn W. Youngwould be the backup crew.[31]
- Early Bird,acommunications satellite,was launched as the first offering of the private Intelsat (InternationalTelecommunicationsSatellite Consortium, initially a group of 11 member nations).[32][33]"This launch marks the beginning of the global village linked instantaneously by commercial communications satellites", an author would note later.[34]Early Bird would be moved to a stationary geosynchronous orbit, 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Atlantic Ocean, on May 2. With 240 available circuits, the satellite could "relay signals in either direction between Europe and the United States virtually on a twenty-four-hour basis";[35]a satellite TV broadcast would reduce the available capacity for long-distance telephone and telegraph links by 75 percent.
- The United Kingdom enacted its firstcapital gains tax,a tax upon the profit realized from the sale of assets based on the sale price, minus the BDV (the "Budget Day Value" being the value of the property on April 6, 1965); the law initially applied to real estate and buildings.[36][37]
- The British government publicly announced cancellation of theBAC TSR-2nuclear bomberaircraft project.[38][39]
- Born:
- Rica Reinisch,East German swimmer who set the world records for the women's 100 meter and 200 meter backstroke at the age of 15; inSeifhennersdorf
- Black Francis(stage name for Charles Thompson IV), American alternative rock singer and songwriter; inBoston, Massachusetts
- U.S. President Lyndon Johnson delivered the "Peace Without Conquest" speech atJohns Hopkins University,explaining the reasons for the escalation of the American involvement in the Vietnam War. An author would note later that, "While the speech at Johns Hopkins provided short-term gains, it proved counterproductive in the long run, for it began the erosion of Johnson's credibility, which eventually derailed his presidency."[40]Johnson offered "unconditional discussions" with North Vietnam for peace, emphasizing that there was the condition of keeping South Vietnam independent and non-Communist. He also pledged a one billion dollar investment, the Lower Mekong Basin Project, comparing the endeavor to theTennessee Valley Authoritydevelopment.[41][42]
- Australia'sPrime MinisterRobert Menziesdecided to commit 800Armytroops from the1st Battalionto the Vietnam War, despite not consulting with the full cabinet. Menzies would not announce the decision inParliamentuntil April 29, a day after the media broke the story.[43]
- Canada's Prime MinisterLester Pearsonand his Liberal Party government won a vote of no confidence brought by the New Democratic Party. The measure failed, 84–129, when 24 members of other parties joined the 105 Liberals voting against the motion.[44]
- In the1965 parliamentary electionfor 144 seats in theDáil Éireann,the first to be covered on television, the rulingFianna Fáilparty obtained an additional two legislators, giving it a majority of exactly one-half, with 72 seats.[45]
- Born:Bill Bellamy,American comedian; inNewark, New Jersey
- A plot to overthrow the leaders of Bulgariawas foiled by the arrest of the commander of the Bulgarian Army garrison inSofia,Major General Tsvyatko Anev.Ivan Todorov-Gorunia,a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party Central Committee and the leader of the nine-man conspiracy, committed suicide before he could be caught. The plan, co-ordinated by a group of party officials and military leaders, was to force the overthrow of Secretary GeneralTodor Zhivkovand his allies at the April 14 Central Committee meeting. Ultimately, more than 250 military officers were dismissed and 192 members of the Party were imprisoned.[46][47]
- At the United Nations General Assembly in New York, North Vietnam's Prime MinisterPham Van Dongdelivered his nation's "Four Points" plan for ending the Vietnam War, as drafted by a team of foreign relations officials under his leadership and that of PresidentHo Chi Minh,Communist Party First SecretaryLe Duan,and Foreign MinisterNguyen Duy Trinh.[48]The North Vietnamese demands were unacceptable to the United States and South Vietnam, primarily because they were based on the Viet Cong provisions for "the peaceful reunification of Vietnam without foreign intervention".[49]
- A mutiny by 20 young officers ousted AdmiralChung Tấn Cangas commander of theSouth Vietnamese Navyin an action "that evidently had the government's blessing". The military junta governing South Vietnam did not order a response, and one U.S. official commented that Cang, an associate of recently ousted President Nguyen Khanh, "has been a thorn in our side", because of his lack of cooperation in moving military supplies.[50]
- TheMerger Treaty(or "Brussels Treaty" ),[51]aEuropean treatywhich combined theexecutivebodies of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community(ECSC), theEuropean Atomic Energy Community(Euratom) and theEuropean Economic Community(EEC) into a singleinstitutional structure,was signed inBrussels.[52]It would enter into force on July 1, 1967, after being ratified by the six member nations.[53]
- TheU.S. House of Representativesvoted 313–115 to approve theMedicareprogram, and sent the bill on to theU.S. Senate.[54]The vote came after only one day of debate.[55]With 513 amendments, the bill would pass the U.S. Senate, 70–24, on July 28, and be signed into law on July 30.[56]
- IndiaandPakistanclashed at the border between their two nations around the disputedRann of Kutch,with Pakistani troops attacking police posts in the western Indian state ofGujarat,and Indian troops striking at guard posts in the southeastern Pakistani province ofSindh.[57]
- China's PresidentLiu Shaoqihosted North Vietnam'sLe DuaninBeijing,and made a commitment for military and economic aid to Hanoi, including the supply of Chinese pilots to provide defense against U.S. bombing.[58]
- Two U.S. NavyF-4B Phantom fightersflew into Chinese airspace and were tracked by radar flying over theYulin Naval BaseonHainan Island,but departed before the Chinese military could respond to an alert.[59][60]
- The Soviet Union and Poland renewed the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance" that they had signed on April 21, 1945.[61]
- Died:
- Major GeneralJohn K. Hester,48, commander of the U.S.17th Air ForceatRamstein Air Force BaseinWest Germany,five days after being seriously injured in a parachute jump.[62]
- Lars Hanson,78, Swedish stage and film star
- InHouston,theHarris CountyDomed Stadium (later known as theAstrodome) opened with an exhibition baseball game between theHouston Astrosand theNew York Yankees.The game, the first Major League Baseball contest to be played indoors, took place before a crowd of 47,876 people that included the President and Lady Bird Johnson, and the home team won, 2–1.[63]Fans who watched batting practice during the daylight hours saw the flaw in the indoor stadium design: the transparent panels and the pattern of interconnecting girders on the dome created glare when the sun was out, and the outfielders lost track offly balls."The players shagging fly balls in left and center field particularly stumbled, hesitated, covered their heads in self defense or threw up both hands in despair," a UPI report noted the next day, often missing the path of the ball "by yards and yards".[64]Daytime exhibition games on Saturday and Sunday were not affected by the glare because of cloudy skies, but the Astros' owner was prepared to cancel a game "if... it develops into akeystone comedy actwith players on both sides unable to follow the flight of a ball ".[65]Before the next afternoon home game, the team solved the problem by painting over the clear panels,[66]which would cause a different problem because the natural grass could not grow without sunlight.
- The 100th anniversary of the end of theAmerican Civil Warwas observed in ceremonies nearAppomattox, Virginia.Virginia GovernorAlbertis S. Harrison, Jr.,known for resisting school integration while serving as the state attorney general, told thousands of listeners that "the belief and the principles for which the Confederate forces fought are still with us... All that was really surrendered here a century ago was the idea that these beliefs and the principles could best be served by dividing this nation in two, and that differences between Americans could really be settled by armed conflict." Speakers at the dedication of the reconstructed Appomattox Courthouse included retired Major GeneralUlysses S. Grant III,and Robert E. Lee IV of San Francisco.[67]
- The day after two F-4B Phantoms had flown over the Yulin Naval Base, two groups of American planes, each with four U.S. Navy F-4Bs, flew over China's Hainan Island. This time, a squadron of fourJian-5jet fighters from thePeople's Liberation Army Air Forceintercepted them, with instructions not to fire unless fired upon. The American pilots stated that they had believed that they were outside China's airspace, and in an area 36 miles southwest of Hainan, while China accused the U.S. of trying to provoke a war.[59]
- The Beatles' song "Ticket to Ride"was released as a single in the United Kingdom, and reached number one on the British chart of best-selling singles that was published five days later. It would be released in the United States on April 19, and reach number one on Billboard on May 22.[68]
- West Germany's Bundesrat,the upper house of parliament, voted by ashow of handsto approve the bill to extend thestatute of limitationson prosecution of Nazi war crimes, up to January 1, 1970. TheBundestaghad voted its approval on March 25.[69]
- U.S. NavyF-4 Phantom IIsof Fighter Squadron 96 (VF-96) clashed withChineseMiG-17fighters over theSouth China Seasouth ofHainan.Each side lost one fighter.[70]
- An explosion in a coal mine on Iwo Jima killed 19 coal miners and left another 11 missing.[71]
- Born:Paulina Porizkova,Czech-born American model; inProstějov
- All 54 people on board aRoyal Jordanian Airlinesflight fromBeirut,LebanontoAmman,Jordan,were killed when the plane caught fire and crashed into a mountain nearDamascus,Syriaat an altitude of 4,200 feet (1,300 m).[72]Nearly all of the passengers were fromBelgiumand were on a vacation tour of the Middle East. Another 12 members from the tour group had been turned away at the airport because theHerald turboproponly had room for 50 passengers.[73]
- World lightweight boxing championCarlos Ortizlost his title in a 15-round bout inPanama Cityto Panamanian boxerIsmael Laguna.Going into the match, Ortiz had a record of 45 wins and only four losses, but had underestimated Laguna's abilities and had elected not to train as rigorously as usual.[74]Ortiz, a native of Puerto Rico, would regain the title seven months later in a rematch inSan Juan.[75]
- TheShah of Iran,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,narrowly escaped an assassination attempt made by one of his bodyguards, Reza Shamsabadi, who fired a machine gun at him as he arrived at theMarble Palace in Tehran.The Shah was able to get inside his office and take cover behind his desk, and Shamsabadi was mortally wounded by two other guards, who died from his machine gun fire.[76][77]
- The Soviet spacecraftLuna E-6 No.8,intended to be the first spacecraft to perform asoft landingon theMoon,was lost in a launch failure when a nitrogen pipeline in the oxidizer tank depressurized, causing a loss of oxidizer flow to the engine and resulting in the engine cutting off. The spacecraft failed to achieve orbit, and disintegrated on re-entry.[78][79]
- The Egyptian-appointed Governor of theGaza Stripissued the "Liberation Tax Law", assessing a tax on all commercial revenues within the Palestinian territory. Money collected from the tax was used to fund thePalestine Liberation Organization.[80]
- Died:Linda Darnell,43, American film actress; from burns in an apartment fire. Darnell had stayed up late with her secretary at her Chicago home after noting that one of her films,Star Dust,was being shown at 12:40 a.m. onThe Late Late Showon Channel 2,[81]and fell asleep afterward while smoking a cigarette.[82]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_the_Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act_-_C148-92-WH65.jpg/150px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_signs_the_Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act_-_C148-92-WH65.jpg)
- President Johnson signed the new $1.3 billionElementary and Secondary Education Actinto law in a ceremony nearStonewall, Texas,conducted in front of the school that he attended as a child. Present as an honored guest was his first schoolteacher, "Miss Kate" (by then, the 72-year-old Kate Deadrich Loney).[83]For the first time, the federal government had power over the operation of American schools, "with the carrot of substantial federal aid now available" to schools that complied with mandates from Washington, and the reality that "the removal of federal aid could now serve as a stick to force compliance."[84]
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This image has beennominated for deletion as a potential copyright violation.
- At least 55 tornadoes caused destructionin the Midwestern United States, striking Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, killing 271 people,[85]injuring as many as 5,000[86]and causing more than $250,000,000 in damages.[87][88]Towns hardest hit werePittsfield, Ohio,where all 15 homes and two buildings were destroyed, and nine of its 50 residents were killed;Russiaville, Indiana;andAlto, Indiana.The first twister was sighted at 1:30 p.m. inDubuque, Iowa;flooding from the thunderstorms that followed caused further death and destruction in those states along the Mississippi River.
- The West German cargo shipTransatlanticcollided with the Dutch shipMV Hermesand sank in theSaint Lawrence River,nearTrois Rivieres, Quebec.One of her 14 crew was killed and two were reported missing.[89][90]
- Soviet composerRodion Shchedrin's Second Symphony, noted for its "modernistic score", was performed for the first time.[91]
- Retired Rear AdmiralWilliam F. Raborn, Jr.,was appointed as the new U.S.Director of Central Intelligence.[92]
- Born:Eelco van Asperen,Dutch computer scientist who contributed to the originalWorld Wide Webproject; inRotterdam(d. 2013)
- TASS,the Soviet news agency, announced that proof of anextraterrestrial civilizationhad been discovered byradio astronomersat theSternberg Astronomical InstituteinMoscow,and astronomerNikolai Kardashevwas quoted as saying, "A new supercivilization has been discovered."[93]The conclusions were based on observations by Kardashev andIosif Shklovskyof a variable pattern of signals from thequasarCTA-102.The next day, Shklovsky held a press conference in Moscow and conceded that "to speak now about the artificial origin of the signals would be premature", and criticized TASS for "the distorted version" of his remarks and for causing "unhealthysensationalism".[94][95][96][97]
- Dick Wantz,a relief pitcher, played his first (and only) major league baseball game, coming in during the 8th inning for theLos Angeles Angelsduring their 7–1 loss on Opening Day to the visitingCleveland Indians.During his time on the mound, Wantz struck out two players and allowed 3 hits and 2 runs.[98]Wantz was suffering from regular headaches; after being placed on the disabled list on May 8 in Los Angeles, he was diagnosed with abrain tumorand died on May 13, the night after surgery and exactly a month after his major league appearance.[99]
- The U.S. House of Representatives voted 367 to 29 to approve the proposed25th Amendment to the Constitution,dealing with procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, and for allowing an acting president if the President was under a disability. The U.S. Senate had approved a similar motion, 72–0. Opposing the amendment were 21 Democrats and eight Republicans.[100]Nevada would, on February 10, 1967, become the 38th state to ratify the amendment, which would be certified on February 23.[101]
- Lawrence Bradford, Jr., a 16-year-old high school student from New York, broke an unwritten rule that had prevailed for 176 years, becoming the first African-American to serve as a page boy in the United States Congress. Bradford was appointed by Republican U.S. SenatorJacob K. Javitsof New York, with the backing of Senate Republican LeaderEverett Dirksen.[102]
- The last resident of the remote village ofColette di Usseux,located in thePiedmonteseAlps ofItaly,was found dead. Battista Jannin, 50, had watched all of the residents move away from the location because of its bitter winter cold, impoverished farmlands and the threat of avalanches, and had committed suicide with a gunshot.[103]
- The West German cruise shipMV Bremerhavencapsized and sank at the harbor for which it was named,Bremerhaven,where it was being overhauled. At the time, the only persons on the ship were three night watchmen, who were all able to escape uninjured.[104]
- The government of Prime Minister Wilson survived the latest vote of no confidence in the British House of Commons, by a vote of 290 for and 316 against, a slimmer majority than the previous attempt.[105]
- Needing to come up with a song to reflect the new title of their upcoming film, formerly called "Eight Arms To Hold You",The Beatlesrecorded the song "Help!".[106]
- Born:Patricio Pouchulu,Argentine architect; inBuenos Aires
- The United States and South Vietnam began "Operation Fact Sheet", apsychological warfareaerial mission, dropping over two million notices on those cities in North Vietnam with military facilities. The paper leaflets carried different types of messages written in theVietnamese language.Some of them warned civilians to stay away from the areas that were to be bombed, and others suggested that civilians "could end the bombings by turning against their government", or advocated the benefits of moving to South Vietnam. During April, May, June, and March, nearly 25 million papers were dropped. "The leaflets had no effect on North Vietnamese strategy", an author would note later, "but they did result in a few civilians moving away from military facilities."[107]
- After aborting its first landing attempt atJersey Airportin theChannel Islandsdue to low cloud cover,British United Airways Flight 1030X,aDouglas C-47B,struck the outermost pole of theapproach lighting systemwith its rightwingon its second landing attempt.[108]The wing broke off and the aircraft rolled upside down and crashed, killing 26 of the 27 people on board; thelone survivor,23-year-oldflight attendantDominique Silliere, had both legs broken.[109]
- Born:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed,al-Qaeda terrorist and organizer of theSeptember 11 terror attacks;inBalochistan, Pakistan
- Died:Richard Hickock,33, andPerry Smith,36, whosemurder of four members of the Clutter familywould become the subject of the bestselling bookIn Cold Blood,were hanged at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men inLansing, Kansas.[110]Hickock was hanged first, at 12:19 a.m.; at his request, the book's authorTruman Capoteappeared as an official witness.[111]Smith was hanged less than 45 minutes later, at 1:02 a.m.[112]
- West Germany paidIsrael$75 million in cash and goods, the 13th and final installment of three billion deutschemarks ($882,000,000) inreparationsfor the costs associated with the relocation of 500,000Holocaustsurvivors from Germany to Israel and their subsequent support by the Israeli government.[113][114]Payments had commenced in 1952, and most were in the form of the fair market value of West German products and services as requested by a purchasing office inKöln.The last head of the Israeli purchasing mission, Dr. Felix Shinnar, told the press that the reparations "paid for construction of 49 Israeli merchant ships and equipment and machinery for 500 Israeli industrial enterprises".[115][116]
- The first prototype of theAérospatiale SA 330 Pumahelicopter made its maiden flight.
- Born:Linda Perry,American songwriter and singer; inSpringfield, Massachusetts
- InHuntsville, Alabama,scientists made the first test of the most powerful rocket engine system ever developed, the powerful first stage of the three-stageSaturn rocket,composed of five engines that could combine for 7.5 million pounds of thrust. "The thunderous sound of the first static test of this stage," an author would later note, "brought home to many observers that the Kennedy goal" (of sending a man to the Moon before the end of the decade) "was within technological grasp."[117]
- Dr.Alan Frank Guttmacher,the President ofPlanned Parenthood,told a gathering of theAmerican Academy of General PracticeinSan Franciscothat if the birth rate was not decreased, the world's population would be 150 billion people by the year2050.[118]By 2015, the United Nations' prediction for the world's population for 2050 was 9.6 billion people.[119]
- Born:
- Martin Lawrence,American film and television comedian; at a U.S. military base inFrankfurt,Hesse,West Germany
- Jon Cryer,American film and television comedian; inNew York City
- Died:Sydney Chaplin,80, English actor and half-brother and business manager forCharlie Chaplin
- The first major demonstration against the Vietnam War was carried out by the organizationStudents for a Democratic Society(SDS), a march that included between 14,000 and 25,000 protesters inWashington, D.C.,with participants carryingpicket signsin front of theWhite House.[120]Among the slogans noted by the press was "War on Poverty, Not People". President Johnson was out of town at the time. At the same time, a counter-protest of about 100 people took place across the street, and a group of students representing theUniversity of WisconsinpresentedNational Security AdvisorMcGeorge Bundywith a petition of support for the war, signed by 6,000 faculty and students.[121][122]
- TheIndian Armywithdrew from the disputedGreat Rann of Kutcharea where it had clashed with thePakistan Army,after military leaders concluded that the troops were at risk of being cut off from the rest of India if the Rann flooded during the rainy season. "Upon their withdrawal," an author would note later, "morale soared inRawalpindiand slumped inNew Delhi.It was one thing for the Indian army to be drubbed by the Chinese in the Himalayas, but quite another to receive a bloody nose from the Pakistanis. "[123]
- Supporters of the former Crown PrinceMuhammad al-BadrofYemenseized control of the region around theSarawat Mountainsin the successfulWadi Humeidatmilitary operation in conjunction with neighboringSaudi Arabia,in a setback for theYemen Arab Republicin the ongoingNorth Yemen Civil War.[124]
- African-AmericancontraltosingerMarian Andersongave her farewell performance, ending a fifty-city tour with a concert atCarnegie Hall.[125][126]
- Born:Steven Stayner,American kidnapping victim and the younger brother of serial killerCary Stayner;inMerced, California(died in a hit-and-run, 1989)[127]
- Died:Guillermo González Camarena,48, Mexican inventor who pioneered the introduction of color television to Mexico; in a car accident atPuebla,while returning from inspecting a television transmitter inLas Lajas, Veracruz.
- What would become known as "Moore's Law",that computing power would double every two years, was first suggested byGordon Moorein an article inElectronicsmagazine, titled "Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits". "The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year," he wrote. "Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. That means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I believe that such a large circuit can be built on a singlewafer."Within three years, Moore would become co-founder of the transistor and microprocessor manufacturerIntel,and as transistors became smaller, the size of a transistor would decrease over 40 years from 0.5 inches (13 mm) by 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) to a size where they were "so small that millions of them could fit on the head of a pin."[128][129]
- Six American pilots, none of themastronauts,completed a 34-day experiment byNASAto study the effects of a month-long confinement during a space mission. The volunteers, officers drawn from the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marines, "ate, worked, and slept in pressure suits" while inside a cylindrical chamber that was pressurized with an atmosphere of pure oxygen rather than normal air, and ate dehydrated food. One important discovery made from the test, which took place within thePhiladelphia Navy Yard,was that the floor was covered with dust from dead skin cells because the men had been unable to bathe, which would be dangerous in a weightless environment. By the time of the launch of the firstspace stationmissions, provisions would be made to allow bathing.[130]
- New York City AM radio stationWINSplayed its final pop music record, "Out in the Streets"byThe Shangri-Las,then switched formats at 8:00 p.m., becoming anall-news radiostation, setting a trend toward "talk radio"that would be picked up by other AM stations.[131][132][133]
- The1965 Australian One and a Half Litre Championshipmotor race was held atMount Panorama Circuitand won byBib Stillwell.
- The1st Sunday Mirror Trophymotor race (formerly the Glover Trophy) was held atGoodwood Circuit,UK, and won byJim Clark.
- Adolph P. Hugo's home-builtHu-Go Craftmade its first flight.[134]
- Born:Suge Knight(Marion Hugh Knight, Jr.), American rap record producer and co-founder and former CEO ofDeath Row Records;inCompton, California
- At a meeting of American military and political leaders inHonolulu,U.S. Ambassador to South VietnamMaxwell D. Taylorsuccessfully proposed that the U.S. adopt what he called the "enclave strategy" in its conduct of the Vietnam War.Defense SecretaryRobert S. McNamaraandAssistant SecretaryJohn McNaughton,CIAanalystWilliam Bundy,U.S. Army GeneralWilliam C. Westmoreland,U.S. Navy AdmiralU. S. Grant Sharp Jr.,and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman, GeneralEarle G. Wheeler,concurred in the proposal, which was adopted by President Johnson. Taylor's idea was to limit U.S. ground operations to within a 50-mile (80 km) radius of important areas in important coastal areas, and to conductcounterinsurgencyoperations with theSouth Vietnamese Armyin the surrounding territory. The strategy would prove unsuccessful, leading to Taylor's resignation and a switch to a "search and destroy" operation in June.[135]
- The first legislative elections took place in the 15Cook Islands,a semi-independent dependency ofNew Zealand,and were won by theCook Islands Party(CIP), led byAlbert Henry.Since Henry was ineligible for elective office because he had not resided on the islands for at least three years, his sister,Marguerite Story,would serve as the nation's acting premier until the CIP could amend the constitution.[136]
- KingHassan II of Moroccoannounced reforms that included the redistribution of government-owned land to farmers, and the creation of the "Common Fund for Agrarian Reform"; some land grants would be made in 1969 and 1970, but the reforms would prove to be modest.[137]
- Habib Bourguiba,thePresident of Tunisia,outraged the other leaders within theArab Leagueafter he proposed that the Arab nations should give recognition toIsrael,albeit within the boundaries that had been proposed in the 1947United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.[138]Borguiba's proposal was based on his position that Israel would never agree to the borders that the UN had voted on in Resolution 181, and that "If Israel refuses to apply the UN decisions, the legality of the UN will be on our side, which will strengthen our position in approaching a solution by force," but the strategy was viewed by the other Arab states as a betrayal of the Palestinian people.[139]
- The songwriting team ofAndrew Lloyd WebberandTim Ricewas created when musician Webber, attending Oxford University, received a letter from lyricist Rice, that said, "I've been told you're looking for a 'with it' writer of lyrics for your songs... I wonder if you consider it worth your while meeting me." The two would team up on numerous rock musicals, starting with the unsuccessfulThe Likes of Us,followed by the hitsJoseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat,Jesus Christ Superstar,andEvita.[140]
- The1964 New York World's FairinFlushing Meadows,New York, reopened for its second six-month season. The fair had operated from April 22 to October 19, 1964, then closed for six months, before reopening for 1965. It would close permanently on October 17, 1965.[141]
- The second round ofmunicipal electionswas held in France.[142]The Communist party made gains, and began co-operating with other parties of the parliamentary left.
- Leopold Stokowskiconducted the first complete performance ofCharles Ives'sSymphony No. 4,more than ten years after the composer's death.
- Parliamentary electionswere held within those parts ofSudanthat were not disrupted by thecivil war in Southern Sudan.[143]
- Born:Fiona Kelleghan,American academic and critic specializing in science fiction and fantasy; inWest Palm Beach, Florida
- Died:
- Paul Jung,64, billed as "The King of Clown Alley" by theRingling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus,was found beaten to death in Room 1211 at the Hotel Forrest in New York City, near the circus venue atMadison Square Garden.[144]On June 5, police would arrest a man and woman and charge them with robbery and murder.[145]Marian De Barry would later testify against her boyfriend, Allen Jones, in return for reduced charges.[146]Jones would be convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.[147][148]
- SirEdward Victor Appleton,72, English physicist and 1947 Nobel Prize laureate known for his work proving the existence of Earth'sionosphere
- Pedro Albizu Campos,73, advocate for Puerto Rican independence from the United States
- U.S. Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara told reporters that he would not rule out the use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War, as part of a press conference given under the condition that the reporters not attribute his remarks to him, nor quote him verbatim.Tom WickerofThe New York Timestook notes and paraphrased the statement, in which McNamara said, "We are not following a strategy that recognizes any sanctuary or any weapons restriction. But we would use nuclear weapons only after fully applying non-nuclear arsenal. In other words, if 100 planes couldn't take out a target... we would try 200 planes, and so on. But 'inhibitions' on using nuclear weapons are not overwhelming."[149]Wicker's report in the SundayTimesnoted that "High officials" in the Johnson administration "emphasize that it is 'inconceivable' that nuclear weapons would be used in the present circumstances of the war. They do not rule out the possibility that circumstances might arise in which nuclear weapons have to be used."[150][151]Nikolai T. Fedorenko,theSoviet Ambassador to the United Nations,sharply criticized McNamara and the U.S. in a speech the day after the report, commenting, "See the statement made today by Mr. McNamara... The United States is not averse to utilizing — this time perhaps as tactical weapons— nuclear warheads against the people of an Asian country as they have done once before, covering themselves with indelible shame for centuries to come. Mr. McNamara clearly reserved the right to unleash nuclear war in Viet Nam."[152]
- The Abort Panel met to review abort criteria forGemini 4and decided thatGemini 3rules would suffice.[31]
- TheTransavia PL-12 Airtruk,a new Australian aircraft, made its maiden flight.[153]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Molniya-1_satellite.jpg/200px-Molniya-1_satellite.jpg)
- The Soviet Union launched its firstcommunications satellite,Molniya 1,which relayed the signal to show "a documentary film of the life of Pacific fishermen", for about three hours. The Moscow reporter forThe New York Timesnoted the next day that the telecast began at 9:00 in the morningMoscowtime (4:00 in the afternoon inVladivostok) and that, since television programming was normally not shown until the afternoon, "virtually no home television viewer" in Moscow had a set turned on to see the first broadcast.[154]The satellite was put into an ellipticalpolar orbit,reaching itsapogeeof 24,000 miles (39,000 km) above Earth twice a day, over Soviet territory and over North America; 16 more of the Molniya series would be launched into polar orbit over the next six years, until the implementation of the Molniya II series in 1971.[155]
- Lockheeddelivered its firstC-141A Starliftercargo aircraft after nearly two years of testing and certification. The first of the massive cargo planes was deployed atTravis Air Force Basein California for the 44th Air Transport Squadron of the U.S. Air ForceMilitary Airlift Command.[156]
- Born:Leni Robredo,Vice President of the Philippinessince 2016; inNaga, Camarines Sur
- Died:George Adamski,74, bestselling American author ofFlying Saucers Have LandedandFlying Saucers Farewell
- TheDominican Civil Warbegan when ColonelFrancisco CaamañoDeñó and Manuel Ramon Montes Arache led more than 1,000 supporters of deposedDominican RepublicPresidentJuan Bosch,in a mutiny against the right-wing junta led byDonald Reid Cabral.General Marco Rivera Cuesta, the Army Chief of Staff and Caamano's commander, was seized by the rebels, along with key military installations. Jose Franco Pena Gomez, the civilian leader of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (the PRD) called for a popular uprising, and thousands of people surged into the streets ofSanto Domingo.[157][158]GeneralElias Wessin y Wessinwould say later that he had warned President Reid for three weeks of a conspiracy within the Dominican Army "but he did not pay any attention to me".[159]Although he was aware that a coup was imminent, the U.S. Ambassador, William Tapley Bennett, Jr., had left the country the day before, and "other members of the embassy were either off on assignment or vacation".[160]
- A group of 100,000Armeniansgathered in theArmenian SSRcapital ofErevan,after the Soviet government had given a permit for official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the 1915Armenian genocide.[161]What started as a peaceful gathering in the Armenian capital's Lenin Square quickly turned intoa protest for recovery of Armenian lands from neighboring Turkey,and independence from the Soviet Union, giving the team ofLeonid BrezhnevandAlexei Kosygintheir first test of managing the various nationalities. When the protests threatened to become a riot, the city's firemen were ordered to break out fire hoses and drive the demonstrators away, and militia volunteers then moved in to clear the streets, but the Soviet Army was ordered by Moscow not to intervene.[162]
- Two children were killed, and three others seriously injured, at a shopping center inTaylor, Michiganwhen acarnival ridecollapsed and threw them to the ground. Sharon Hawks and her brother Grant Hawks had been among the kids who climbed aboard the "Flying Comet", aspinning ride using centrifugal force to rotate ride vehicles at a height of 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground.[163]
- ThePennine Way,a 267-mile (430 km) long walking trail along thePennine hills,was officially opened, as the first National Trail in the United Kingdom.Tom Stephenson,a reporter for theDaily Herald,had suggested the walkway in 1935 after being inspired by theAppalachian Trailin the United States, and was present for the dedication.[164]
- The bodies of Portuguese opposition politicianHumberto Delgadoand his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos were found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain. Both had been kidnapped and killed onFebruary 12.[165]
- PresidentSukarnoannounced the nationalization of all foreign companies inIndonesia.[166]
- Died:Owney Madden,73, British-born American mobster, boxing promoter, and operator of theCotton Clubnightclub in Harlem
- Dominican Republic President Cabral and the other two members of his junta resigned after they were arrested at the National Palace by the Constitutionalists, who set up aprovisional governmentheaded by Dr.José Rafael Molina Ureña,pending the return of Juan Bosch from exile in Puerto Rico.[167][168]
- Sixteen-year-old Michael Andrew Clark killed three people and wounded 11 othersby shooting at cars from a hilltop alongHighway 101just south ofOrcutt, California.Clark killed himself as police rushed the hilltop.[169]
- TheBoston Celticsbeat theLos Angeles Lakers,129 to 96, to win Game 5 of the1965 NBA Finalsand clinched their seventhNational Basketball Associationchampionship.[170]
- A week after the defeat of the YAR army by royalist forces,Ahmad Muhammad NumanreplacedHassan al-AmriasPrime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic.[171]
- The1965 World Table Tennis Championshipsconcluded atHala Tivoli,Ljubljana,SR Slovenia,SFR Yugoslavia.[172][173]
- Born:John Paul Henson,American puppeteer and son of Muppets creatorJim Henson;inSaugerties, New York(d. 2014)
- Manchester Unitedclinched England's soccerfootball championship,breaking a standings tie withLeeds Unitedwith a bettergoal difference.[174]Leeds United had a record of 26–8–7 (60 points) going into its final game, while Manchester United was at 25–9–6 (59 points) with two games left. Leeds was held to a 3–3 tie in a must-win game with Birmingham, however, while Manchester beat Arsenal, 3–1, giving both teams 26 wins and nine ties and 61 points. However, Manchester had 51 more goals in its favor than against it (88 vs. 37) while the goal difference for Leeds was only 31 (83 vs. 52), eliminating it from the title.[175]
- Thousands of protesters attacked the U.S. embassies in Cambodia and Japan.[176][177]
- TheBraziliantelevision stationRede Globobegan broadcasting.
- Born:Kevin James,American comedian best known as the star of the television comedyThe King of Queensand in film forPaul Blart: Mall Cop;as Kevin George Knipfing inMineola, New York
- A crowd of 500 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps generals and U.S. Navy admirals, accompanied by members of the press, saw the disastrous failure of the test flight of a prototype vertical take-off jet aircraft, theRyan XV-5 Vertifan.Test pilotLou Everettlifted the jet fromEdwards Air Force Base,and was returning for a landing when the plane failed while switching from normal horizontal flight to a straight descent. At an altitude of 800 feet (240 m), Everett was on the fifth of eight steps in the conversion process when he radioed "I've got to get out!" As the observers watched from 2 miles (3.2 km) away, the Vertifan jet plunged to the ground and exploded. Everett was able to eject while less than 300 feet (91 m) from the ground, but his parachute failed to open and he was killed on impact.[178]
- TheIndonesia–Malaysia Confrontationbegan on the island ofBorneo,whereMalaysiaandIndonesiahad territory, as the Indonesian Army crossed the border into the Malaysian state ofSarawakand attacked the British ArmyParachute Regiment,based at the border village of Plaman Mapu.[179]Company Sergeant MajorJohn Williamsof the 2nd Battalion would win theDCMfor gallantry for his role in what was known as theBattle of Plaman Mapu.Williams, who would later be a Lieutenant-Colonel, lost an eye in the battle and gained the nickname "Patch".[180]
- After three days, a coup attempt to restoreJuan BoschasPresident of the Dominican Republicwas thwarted by a counterattack by military forces loyal to President Donald Reid Cabral.[181]President Molina was forced from office only two days after he had been installed by the pro-Bosch rebels, and was replaced by Colonel Pedro Bartolome Benoit of the Dominican Air Force.[182]
- By voice vote, theUnited States Senatevoted to approve an emergency appropriation of $2.2 billion to bail out government agencies that had already exhausted $17.5 billion allotted to them. What made the vote unusual was that by the time that the "brief and apathetic debate" ended, only seven of the 100 U.S. Senators remained present to vote.[183]
- Born:Anna Chancellor,English actress; inRichmond, London
- Died:
- Edward R. Murrow,57, pioneering American broadcast journalist, and later the director of theUnited States Information Agency;from lung cancer[184]
- Lou Everett,40, American test pilot and fighter pilot in two wars; in plane crash[178]
- The U.S. began amilitary occupation of the Dominican Republic.Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government staged a countercoup, supported by U.S. troops sent by PresidentLyndon B. Johnson,ostensibly to protect U.S. citizens, but primarily to prevent "anotherCuba",the Communist takeover of a second nation in Latin America.[185]The 6th U.S. Marine Expeditionary Unit, with 400 Marines under the command of Colonel G.W.E. Daughtry, came ashore from theUSSBoxer,and began a mission to evacuate 1,300 American citizens who were caught in the area where fighting was taking place.[186]José Rafael Molina Ureña,installed by the military as the nation's Acting President, was removed from his post, and would be replaced three days later byPedro Bartolomé Benoit.Helicopters brought 150 U.S. nationals to theBoxer,while two U.S. Navy transports evacuated 640 people, most of them Americans.[187]Eventually, there would be 23,000 U.S. troops in place, the last of whom would be removed in 1966; the event marked an end to the "Good Neighbor policy"that had been in place between the United States and Latin America after more than 30 years without an American invasion of a Western Hemisphere nation.[188]
- Lindsey Nelson,the radio broadcaster for theNew York Mets,became the first and only person to call a baseball game from directly over the field, and the only person to broadcast from the ceiling of a domed stadium. At theHouston Astrodomefor the Mets' game against the Astros, Nelson agreed to be hoisted in a gondola to a point 208 feet (63 m) above second base, and was afraid to stand up until the 7th inning, after initially getting game reports by walkie-talkie from his producer. When Nelson did stand up, he realized that it was impossible to tell the players apart and that "You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12–9, and Nelson declined to repeat the stunt.[189][190]
- In a meeting with his military advisers in thePeople's Republic of China,ChairmanMao Zedongordered theCentral Military Commissionto prepare for a landing of U.S. (or U.S.-sponsored)paratrooperswithin theGuangxiandYunnanProvinces that bordered North Vietnam, warning that "In all interior regions, we should build caves in mountains. If no mountain is around, hills should be created to construct defense works. We should be on guard against enemy paratroops deep inside our country and prevent the enemy from marching unstopped into China."[191]
- President Johnson met with FBI DirectorJ. Edgar Hooverand noted that, according to U.S. intelligence reports, American protests against the Vietnam War were part of a strategy of China, North Vietnam, and the American members of the "New Left"; with the goal that "intensified antiwar agitation in the United States would eventually create a traumatic domestic crisis leading to a complete breakdown in law and order" and that "U.S. troops would have to be withdrawn from Vietnam in order to restore domestic tranquility."[192]
- Journalists in Australia broke the news that Prime Minister Menzies had decided to substantially increase its number of troops inSouth Vietnam,supposedly at the request of theSaigongovernment. It would later be revealed that Menzies had, at the behest of the U.S., asked the South Vietnamese to formally make the request.[43]
- The U.S. House of Representatives voted unanimously (358–0) to approve its version of theClean Water Act,which was different from the U.S. Senate version that had passed 68–8.[193]
- William RabornsucceededJohn A. McConeas director of theCentral Intelligence Agencyafter being confirmed by voice vote in the U.S. Senate.[194]
- Shortly after 8:00 p.m.,Australia's Prime Minister Robert Menzies informed the Parliament inCanberrathat he was sending the1st Battalionof theRoyal Australian Regimentto fight in the Vietnam War, at the request of the Premier ofSouth Vietnam.[43][195]The day before, after the news of the Menzies government's plans had been published to the press, Menzies cabled the Australian Embassy in Saigon to stress the urgent need for South Vietnam to actually send a request, and during Thursday, Ambassador H. D. Anderson and his staff had to speak to the Vietnamese Premier,Phan Huy Quát,to ask him to invite Australia to enter the war.[196]The cablegram from Premier Quát was not received by Menzies until 5:36 p.m.,[197]two and a half hours before Menzies was scheduled to speak to Parliament.
- Anearthquakewith a magnitude of 6.7 killed seven people and caused about US$12.5 million in damage in the area aroundOlympia, Washington.[198][199]The quake struck at 8:29 a.m. and of the seven fatalities, four were women who died of heart attacks, and three were men who were killed by falling debris.[200]
- Robert C. Ruarkpublished his last newspaper column, after having penned almost 4,000 separate installments over 20 years, distributed by the United Feature Syndicate to American newspapers. Ruark, whose column was usually referred to only by his name, was dying of cirrhosis of the liver, and would pass away on July 1,[201]two months after his farewell column. "Quite frankly," he wrote, "after 30 years in the newspaper business, I suddenly realize that I am nearly 50 and am weary of deadlines... My feet hurt. My fingers hurt. My brain is still sharp, I trust. But I am less and less willing to punish it on a daily schedule... Until the next dispatch floats back in a bottle, my deepest thanks to you all for being so kind and tolerant of a typewriter which seems determined not to write this last, sad piece."[202][203]
- Clifford R. Benware, Jr. ofMalone, New York,a 19-year-old private first class in the United States Marines, became the first U.S. serviceman to die in combat during the invasion of the Dominican Republic, after moving out from the Ambassador Hotel in Santo Domingo into the surrounding streets.[204][205]By coincidence, the tiny New York village of less than 12,000 turned out to be the home of the sister-in-law of Francisco Caamaño, the rebel leader, and the home of one of the American families waiting to be evacuated by the U.S. Marines.[206]
- At 2:16 in the morning local time, the 3rd Brigade of the U.S. Army's82nd Airborne Divisioninvaded theDominican Republicto intervene in the ongoingDominican Civil War.The group, first of 1,700 troops, landed at theSan Isidro Air Baseabout 15 miles (24 km) east of the capital,Santo Domingo,on orders of U.S. President Johnson on the pretext of protecting American citizens from a rebellion against the Dominican government.[207]
- The FBI discontinued the wiretapping ofMartin Luther King Jr.'s home telephone after almosta year and a half of eavesdroppingon his conversations. Listening devices had been installed on November 8, 1963, and remained until he moved to a new home in Atlanta.[208]
- I. W. Abelwas declared winner of the contentiousUnited Steelworkers of Americaelection that had concluded on February 9. The final count showed 308,910 votes for Abel, and 298,768 for incumbentDavid J. McDonald,whose term would expire on June 1.[209]
- Born:Adrian Pasdar,Iranian-American TV actor and film director; inPittsfield, Massachusetts
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- ^"Gen. Hester, 48, Dies; His Chute Failed".Chicago Tribune.April 8, 1965. p. 3.
- ^"President, 47,876 See Dome Open",Chicago Tribune,April 10, 1965, p. 2-1
- ^"Dome Outfielders Can't Catch Flys",Valley Morning Star(Harlingen TX), April 10, 1965, p. 8
- ^"Astros Were Ready to Give Refunds If Sun Ruined Saturday Game in Dome",Amarillo (TX) Globe-Times,April 12, 1965, p13
- ^"Houston Astro Outfielders Able To Catch Fly Ball After Costly Paint Job",Lubbock (TX) Avalanche-Journal,April 23, 1965, p. D–8
- ^"Grant and Lee Kin Descend on Appomattox",Chicago Tribune,April 10, 1965, p. 15
- ^Michael Lewis and Stephen J. Spignesi,100 Best Beatles Songs: A Passionate Fan's Guide(Hachette Books, 2009)
- ^"Bonn's Upper House Approves Lengthening Hunt for Nazi Killers",Bridgeport (CT) Telegram,April 10, 1965, p. 4
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- ^"19 Die, 11 Missing as Explosion Rips Through Coal Mine",Chicago Tribune,April 9, 1965, p. 1
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- ^"2 Bodyguards Slain Saving Ruler From Assassination".Beckley Herald.Beckley, West Virginia.April 12, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"Johnson Signs Bill at Old Schoolhouse",Chicago Tribune,April 12, 1965, p. 18
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- ^Jay Robert Nash, Darkest Hours, (Rowman & Littlefield, 1976) p. 264
- ^Lee Allyn Davis,Natural Disasters(Infobase Publishing, 2010) p. 344
- ^"172 KILLED BY TORNADOES! Thousands Are Injured in Six States",Chicago Tribune,April 12, 1965, p. 1
- ^"TWISTER TOLL PUT AT 248; 5,000 Are Injured; Damage Tops 250 Million",Chicago Tribune,April 13, 1965, p. 1
- ^"German Ship Aground, Ablaze in St. Lawrence",Chicago Tribune,April 12, 1965, p. 3
- ^"Sunken Ship Delays Traffic in St. Lawrence Channel".The Times.No. 56294. London. 12 April 1965. col C, p. 10.
- ^Daniel Jaffé,Historical Dictionary of Russian Music(Scarecrow Press, 2012) p. 26
- ^"Johnson Picks Adm. Raborn as Head of CIA",Chicago Tribune,April 12, 1965, p. 6
- ^"Is Man Not Alone in the Universe? Space Signals Stir Experts".Milwaukee Sentinel.April 13, 1965. p. 3.
- ^"Russians Hedge On Civilization In Space Theory".Ottawa Journal.April 13, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"Tass Is Rebuked for Report On Radio Signals from Space".Nashua Telegraph.Nashua, New Hampshire.April 14, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"Russians Temper Report on Space; Idea That 'Rational Beings' Are Signaling Is Challenged".The New York Times.April 14, 1965. p. 3.
- ^Heidmann, Jean (1997).Extraterrestrial Intelligence.Cambridge University Press.p. 151.
- ^"Tribe Ruins Angel Coming-Out Party".Los Angeles Times.April 14, 1965. p. 3-1.
- ^"Angels' Dick Wantz Succumbs to Brain Tumor".Los Angeles Times.May 15, 1965. p. 2-1.
- ^"House Votes Presidential Amendment; Senate Must Accept It or Compromise".Chicago Tribune.April 14, 1965. p. 2A-2.
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- ^"Senate Gets Negro Page, 1st for Congress".Chicago Tribune.April 14, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"Abandoned Village's Last Citizen Kills Self".Chicago Tribune.April 14, 1965. pp. 2–4.
- ^"Pleasure Ship Capsizes in Harbour".The Times.No. 56296. London. 14 April 1965. col A, p. 9.
- ^"Commons Gives Wilson 316 to 290 Confidence Vote".Chicago Tribune.April 14, 1965. p. 12.
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- ^"Execute Smith and Hickock—Slayers of the Clutter Family Die on Gallows".Kansas City Times.April 14, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"Clutter Killers Are Executed".Iola Register.Iola, Kansas.AP.April 14, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"Hickock, Smith Pay Extreme Penalty— Pair Meets Death On KSP Gallows".Garden City Telegram.Garden City, Kansas.April 14, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"Clown Found Beaten, Dead in Hotel Room".Chicago Tribune.April 22, 1965. p. 25.
- ^"Charge Two In Clown's Murder".Ottawa Journal.June 7, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"Woman Says She Saw Ringling Clown Slain".St. Petersburg Times.St. Petersburg, Florida.September 26, 1967. p. 2-B.
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- ^"Soviet Scores U.S. 'Nuclear War' Plans".San Bernardino County Sun.San Bernardino County, California.UPI.April 27, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"Carnival Ride Whirls 2 Children to Deaths".Chicago Tribune.April 25, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"Sukarno Seizes Foreign Firms".Los Angeles Times.AP. April 25, 1965. p. 10.
- ^"Dominican Junta Forced Out",Chicago Tribune,April 26, 1965, p. 1
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- ^"Highway Sniper's Bullet Proves Fatal to Boy, 5",Los Angeles Times,April 27, 1965
- ^"Boston Takes 7th NBA Title",Chicago Tribune,April 26, 1965, p. 3–1
- ^Ahmed Noman and Kassim Almadhagi Almadhagi,Yemen and the USA: A Super-Power and a Small-state Relationship, 1962–1992(I.B. Tauris, 1996) p. 70
- ^"World Championships Results".ITTF Museum.Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2012.Retrieved7 April2012.
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- ^"Manchester United Is English Soccer Champ".Bridgeport Telegram.Bridgeport, Connecticut. April 27, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"U.S. Embassy in Cambodia Is Stoned by Mob".Chicago Tribune.April 27, 1965. p. 1.
- ^"20,000 Cambodians Mob U.S. Embassy: Rip Down Flag in Protest Against Vietnam Policy and Magazine Article".The New York Times.UPI. April 27, 1965. p. 1.
- ^ab"Test Pilot Killed as New Vertical Lift Plane Dives".Chicago Tribune.April 28, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"CRUSH DOMINICAN REVOLT— Rebel Forces Hit by Land, Sea, and Air".Chicago Tribune.April 28, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"2.2 Billion Fund Bill Voted by 7 Senators".Chicago Tribune.April 28, 1965. p. 3.
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- ^"MARINES ENTER DOMINGO— Leftists Hold Center of Dominican Capital".Chicago Tribune.April 29, 1965. p. 2.
- ^"2 Ships Bring 640 Evacuees from Dominican Republic".Chicago Tribune.April 29, 1965. p. 2.
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- ^"House Passes Clean Water Bill, 358 to 0".Chicago Tribune.April 29, 1965. p. 2A–15.
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- ^"1000 AUSTRALIANS FOR VIETNAM— Govt. Responds to Appeal for Front-Line Troops".The Age.Melbourne.April 30, 1965. p. 1.
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- ^"Quake Rocks 4 States in Northwest".Chicago Tribune.April 30, 1965. p. 1.
- ^National Geophysical Data Center."Significant earthquake".Retrieved8 January2012.
- ^"$12.5 Million Seattle Quake Takes 7th Life".Fresno Bee.Fresno, California.AP. May 1, 1965. p. 2–A.
- ^"Ruark, Robert C.", inNorth Carolina Biographical Dictionary,by Jan Onofrio (Somerset Publishers, 2000) pp. 516–517
- ^"Ruark Hangs Up His Gloves As a Full Time Columnist", by Robert C. Ruark,El Paso (TX) Herald-Post,April 30, 1965, p. 1
- ^"Ruark, Popular Author, Dies",Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen,July 1, 1965, p. 1
- ^"DOMINICAN TRUCE IGNORED; Two Yanks Slain",Chicago Tribune,May 1, 1965, p. 1
- ^"Army Names Two Slain in Domingo Fight",Chicago Tribune,May 3, 1965, p. 2
- ^"Mother and 3 Children Escape Dominican Fire",Syracuse (NY) Post-Standard,May 18, 1965, p. 50
- ^1,700 MARINES IN DOMINGO— Move Ashore After Battle with Rebels
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- ^"Abel Declared USW Winner",Chicago Tribune,May 1, 1965, p. 7