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Malay trade and creole languages

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Malay trade and creole languages
Bahasa-bahasa Melayu dagang dan kreol
بهاس٢ ملايو داݢڠ دان کريول
Native toSoutheast Asia, South Asia and Australia
Ethnicityvarious
Creole
  • Malay trade and creole languages
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
IETFcrp-035

In addition to itsclassicaland modernliteraryform,Malayhad variousregional dialectsestablished after the rise of theSrivijaya empireinSumatra,Indonesia.Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in alingua franca( "trade language" ) that was calledBazaar Malayorlow Malayand in MalayMelayu Pasar.It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was apidgin,influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.

Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed withpunya'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed withorang'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive weretər-andbər-.

Other common features:

  • Adabecame aprogressiveparticle.
  • Reduced forms ofini'this' anditu'that' (>ni,tu) before a noun.
  • The verbpərgi'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'.
  • Causativeconstructions were formed withkasiorbəri'to give' orbikinorbuat'to make'.
  • A single preposition, oftensama,was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object.[1]

For example,[2]

  • Rumahku'my house' becomesAku punya rumah(lit. 'I have that house')
  • Aku pukul dia'I hit him' becomesAku kasi pukul dia(lit. 'I give a hit to him')
  • Ardi dipukul oleh Dani'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomesArdi kena pukul dek Dani

Baba Malay

[edit]
Baba Malay
ملايو بابا
RegionMelaka(in Malaysia) andSingapore
Native speakers
2,000 (2014)[3]
Malay-based creole
Language codes
ISO 639-3mbf
Glottologbaba1267
ELPBaba Malay

Baba Malayis spoken by thePeranakansinMelaka(in Malaysia) andSingapore.A typical contact language betweenHokkienmale settlers and local Malay women, it has "more Hokkien grammar and more Malay lexicon".[3]As of 2014, there are 1,000 speakers in Malaysia and another 1,000 in Singapore.[3]It is mostly spoken among the older populations.[4]In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore.[3]ABaba Indonesianvariant is also spoken inEast Java.

Example (spoken in Melaka-Singapore):[5]

  • Dia suka datang sini sembang.:He likes to come here and gossip.
  • Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.:Slightly provoked, he gets angry.
  • Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.:I waited for him until I got angry.
  • Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.:Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!

Baba Indonesian

[edit]
Baba Indonesian
Peranakan Indonesian
Bahasa Indonesia Peranakan
Basa Peranakan
بهاس ڤرانقن
RegionEast Java,Central Java.West Java,North Sumatra,West Kalimantan,and other pocket communities in Indonesia
Ethnicity
Native speakers
(20,000 cited 1981)[6]
Malay-based creole
Language codes
ISO 639-3pea
Glottologpera1256

A kind ofBaba Malay,locally calledPeranakanfrom the ethnonym, is spoken amongChinese-Indonesiansliving in various regions of Indonesia, most visibly in Surabaya and Medan. It is a mixture of three languages:Indonesian(national language), a local language and Chinese elements (ancestry/ethnic language, particularly for certain jargon or glossary such as family relations, business and commerce, and culinary fields). The most famous variety is found in East Java, especially inSurabayaand surrounding areas, calledBasa Suroboyoan(Surabayan language), with a strong emphasis of low Javanese (ngokoJavanese) and informal tone, which is not only spoken by Chinese-Indonesian in Surabaya, but also by non-Chinese-Indonesians when conversing with the former.

Example (spoken inSurabaya):

  • Kamu mbok ojok gitu!:Don't act that way!
  • Yak apa kabarnya si Eli?:How's Eli?
  • Ntik kamu pigio ambek cecemu ae ya.:Go with your sister, okay?
  • Nih, makanen sakadae.:Please have a meal!
  • Kamu cariken bukune koko ndhek rumahe Ling Ling.:Search your brother's book in Ling Ling's house.

Apart from East Javan Chinese-Indonesian, other Chinese-Indonesians tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live, such as the Central Javan Chinese-Indonesian can speak with formal/high Javanese (kramaJavanese) when necessary, while in daily conversation they will use Indonesia-Javanese-Chinese pidgin. West Javan Chinese-Indonesians tend to mixSundanesein their vocabulary, and Medan (North Sumatran) Chinese-Indonesian have moreHokkien wordsmixed in.

Betawi Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromBetawi language.[edit]

Betawi,also known as Betawi Malay, Jakartan Malay, or Batavian Malay, is the spokenlanguageof theBetawi peopleinJakarta,Indonesia.It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

Betawi Malay is a popular informal language in contemporary Indonesia, used as the base ofIndonesian slangand commonly spoken in Jakarta TV soap operas and some animated cartoons (e.g.Adit Sopo Jarwo).[7]The name "Betawi" stems fromBatavia,the official name of Jakarta during the era of theDutch East Indies.Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, a vernacular form of Indonesian that has spread from Jakarta into large areas of Java and replaced existing Malay dialects, has its roots in Betawi Malay. According toUri Tadmor,there is no clear border distinguishing Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian from Betawi Malay.[8]

Thousand Islands Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromOrang Pulo language.[edit]
TheOrang Pulo language(logat Orang Pulo),alternatively known asMelayu Campuran(Mixed Malay) orMelayu Kepulauan Seribu(Thousand Islands Malay),[9]is a Malay-based creole spoken by theOrang Pulopeople inhabiting theThousand Islandsoff the coast ofJakarta,Indonesia.This language emerged from a mixture of manylanguages in Indonesia,particularlyBugisandMalay.[10]

Malaccan Creole Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromMalay Chetty creole language.[edit]
TheMalay Chetty creole language(also known as Malaccan Creole Malay, Malacca Malay Creole[11]and Chitties/Chetties Malay) is a Malay-based creole spoken by theChetties(also known as Indian Peranakans), a distinctive group ofTamil peoplefound mainly inMalaccainMalaysiaandSingapore,who have adopted Chinese and Malay cultural practices whilst also retaining their Hindu heritage.[12]

Sri Lanka Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromSri Lanka Malay language.[edit]
Sri Lankan Malay(also known as Sri Lankan Creole Malay, Bahasa Melayu, Ja basawa and Java mozhi) is acreole languagespoken inSri Lanka,formed as a mixture ofSinhalaand Shonam (Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil), withMalaybeing the majorlexifier.[13]It is traditionally spoken by theSri Lankan Malaysand among someSinhaleseinHambantota.[14]Today, the number of speakers of the language have dwindled considerably but it has continued to be spoken notably in theHambantota Districtof Southern Sri Lanka, which has traditionally been home to many Sri Lankan Malays.

Singapore Bazaar Malay

[edit]

Singapore Bazaar Malay,also known asBazaar Malay,Pasar Malay,orMarket Malay,is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore.[15]Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language.[16]However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore has only four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.[15]

Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English.[15]The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay hascreolisedand created several new languages.[17]Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creoleSinglishbeing the lingua franca among the younger generations.[15]

Sabah Malay

[edit]
Sabah Malay
RegionSabah,Sulu Archipelago,Labuan,North Kalimantan,southPalawan
Native speakers
[18]
3 million L2 speakers (2013)[19]
Malay–based pidgin
Language codes
ISO 639-3msi
Glottologsaba1263

A pidginised variant of standardMalay,Sabah Malayis a local trade language.[20]There are a large number of native speakers in urban areas, mainly children who have a second native language. There are also some speakers in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, particularly in theSulu Archipelagoas a trade language, also spoken in south Palawan. There are loanwords fromTausug,Sama-Bajau languages,Chabacano,Brunei Malay,Indonesian,standardMalaysianas well as other ethnic native languages of Sabah & North Kalimantan.

Makassar Malay

[edit]
Makassar Malay
Native toIndonesia
RegionMakassar,South Sulawesi
Native speakers
None[21]
Second language: 1.9 million (2000)
Language codes
ISO 639-3mfp
Glottologmaka1305

Makassar Malayis a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon,Makassareseinflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax.[22][23]

It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's. It has widely spread to the entire region in southern part of Sulawesi island, including in the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Sulawesi Barat as regional lingua franca or as second language due to contact or doing business with people from Makassar City.

Makassar Malay used as a default dialect or neutral language when communicating with people from other tribes or ethnicities whom do not share the same local language to the native local speakers in those three provinces. It appears that Makassar Malay also used as the first language of younger generation who live in the cities or regencies' capital across those three provinces.

Furthermore, apart from those three provinces in the southern part of Sulawesi island, Makassar Malay also used by people in some parts of Sulawesi Tengah Province, especially when communicating with people from those three provinces. It can also be used when communicating with people from other people from other provinces in Eastern Indonesia and in the province of East Kalimantan.[24]

Balinese Malay

[edit]
Main article:Balinese Malay
Balinese Malay
Loloan Malay
Omong Kampong
بهاس ملايو بالي
ᬒᬁᬢᬶᬬᬂ
Native toIndonesia
RegionBali(especially inJembrana)
EthnicityLoloan Malays
Native speakers
25,000 (2000 census)[25]
Latin script
Jawi script
Balinese script
Language codes
ISO 639-3mhp
Glottologbali1279

Balinese Malayor Loloan Malay is a dialect of Malay spoken in the island ofBali.It is also known asOmong Kampong( "village speak" ) by its speakers. Balinese Malay is the primary language of ethnic Malay who live in the northwestern part of the island, mainly in the districts of Melaya and Negara,Jembrana Regency.[26]The current language status is threatened.[27]

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromBroome Pearling Lugger Pidgin.[edit]

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidginis apidginthat sprang up inBroome, Western Australiain the early 20th century to facilitate communication between the various groups working in thepearlingindustry there—Japanese,Malays,Torres Strait Islanders,Koepangers,Hakka Chinese,Filipinos,Sri LankansofSinhaleseandTamildescent, a small number ofKoreans,and localIndigenous Australians,[28]mainly of theBardi peoplebut alsoNyulnyul,Jabirr Jabirr,Jukun,YawuruandKarajarripeople. The name derives from the boats used for pearling, known aspearling luggers.

Chirikurok -kaa hokurok -kaa peke kriki.
English: "three o'clock" Japanese: "or" English: "four o'clock" Japanese: "or" Malay: "go" English: "creek"
"We will enter the creek at three or four o'clock."

Eastern Indonesia Malay

[edit]

The creoles of eastern Indonesia[29]appear to have formed as Malays, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common:

  • əbecomesa,e,or assimilates to the following vowel
  • i, ulowered toe, oin some environments, especially when it is at the end of a syllable
  • there is a loss of final plosivesp, t, k,andnthe neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon
  • theperfectivemarkerjugareduces tojuorjo
  • theperfectivemarkerlebihreduces tole
  • theperfectivemarkermaureduces tomo
  • theperfectivemarkermanareduces toma(as this only occur on Kupang Malay).
  • theperfectivemarkerdanreduces todeng
  • theperfectivemarkerpunreduces topung
  • theperfectivemarkersudahreduces tosuorso[1]

For example:[2]

  • makanbecomesmakang
  • pərgibecomespigiorpi
  • tərkəjutbecomestakajo
  • ləmbutbecomeslombo
  • dapatbecomesdapa
  • janganbecomesjang
  • padabecomespa
  • lupabecomeslu

Bacan (next) is perhaps the most archaic, and appears to be closely related toBrunei Malay(which is still a creole).

There is a loss of diphthongs:

  • the diphthong "au"become to"o"
  • the diphthong"ai"reduces to"e"
  • the letter"u"become"o"

There are many affixes that the pronunciation is simplified:

  • The prefix "mə(N) "reduces to "ma"
  • The prefix"bə(r)",reduces to"ba"
  • The prefix"tə(r)",reduces to"ta"
  • The prefix"kə",reduces to"ka"

For example:

The loss of middle"ə"and"h"in the last end of words:

  • tərbəlahbecomestabala
  • bərtəngkarbecomesbatengkar
  • mənangisbecomesmanangis
  • kəhidupanbecomeskaidopan

Alor Malay

[edit]
Main article:Alor Malay

Alor Malayis spoken in theAlor archipelago.Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.[30]

Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay; however, Alor Malay differs significantly from Kupang Malay, especially in its pronouns.[31]

Ambonese Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromAmbonese Malay.[edit]
Ambonese Malayor simply Ambonese is aMalay-basedcreole languagespoken onAmbon Islandin theMaluku IslandsofEastern Indonesia.It was first brought by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed when theDutch EmpirecolonisedtheMaluku Islandsand was used as a tool bymissionariesin Eastern Indonesia. Malay has been taught in schools and churches in Ambon, and because of this it has become alingua francain Ambon and its surroundings.

Banda Malay

[edit]
Banda Malay
Banda Islands Malay
Native toIndonesia
RegionBanda Islands
Native speakers
3,700 (2000)[32]
Malay-based creole
  • East Indonesian
    • Banda Malay
Language codes
ISO 639-3bpq
Glottologband1353

Banda Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, spoken inBanda Islands,Maluku.Significantly different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Banda Malay tends to be perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features.

Example:

  • beta:I
  • pane:you
  • katorang:we
  • mir:ants (deviated from Dutch:mier)

Dili Malay

[edit]

Dili Malay is a variety of trade Malay spoken inDili,Timor Lesteespecially in the Kampung Alor area. According to experts, before becoming themother tongueof a number of its speakers, this language was originally apidgin language(Bloomfield, 1933; Hall, 1966). Then, in its development, this pidgin language became acreole languagewhich was used in wider social interactions in society (Todd, 1974:50).[33]Due to the long historical presence of thePortuguesein East Timor, several Dili Malay loanwords originate fromPortugueseandTetum,with little influences from other native languages.

Gorap

[edit]
Main article:Gorap language
Gorap
Native toIndonesia
RegionNorthernandwesternregions of Halmahera Island (mainly)
EthnicityGorap people
Native speakers
(1,000 cited 1992)[34]
Malay-based creole
  • Eastern Indonesia Malay
    • Manadoic Malay
      • Gorap
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3goq
Glottologgora1261
ELPGorap
Gorap language classified as Endangered byUNESCOin itsAtlas of the World's Languages at Risk of Extinction.
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Gorap is a Malay-based creole language predominantly spoken by Gorap (Bobaneigo)[35]ethnic group, indigenous towesternandnorthernregions of the Indonesian island ofHalmahera.[36]It shares vocabulary with otherPapuan languagesand some of languages spoken in Sulawesi, such asBugineseandCia-Cia.Roughly around 60 out of 200 attested words in this language were indicated sharing vocabulary with those languages.[37]

Kupang Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromKupang Malay.[edit]
Kupang Malayor simply the Kupang language is a Malay-based creole language spoken inKupang,East Nusa Tenggara,which is on the west end ofTimor Island.Kupang Malay is presently used as alingua francafor inter-ethnic communication, and it also has native speakers.[38]

Larantuka Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromLarantuka Malay.[edit]
Larantuka Malay(bahasa Nagi,Melayu Larantuka), also known as Nagi,[39]is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the eastern part ofFloresin Indonesia, especially inLarantuka.It is a derivative ofMalaywhich is thought to originate fromMalacca.[40]It is a language with unspecified linguistic affiliation. According to 2007 data, this language is spoken by 20,000 speakers, mainly the people of East Flores.[41]Larantuka Malay is themother tongueof the Nagi people.[39]Then it also functions as asecond languagefor several nearby communities.[42]

Manado Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromManado Malay.[edit]
Manado Malay,or simply the Manado language, is acreole languagespoken inManado,the capital ofNorth Sulawesiprovince inIndonesia,and the surrounding area. The local name of the language isbahasa Manado,and the name Minahasa Malay is also used,[43]after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Sula Malay

[edit]
Main article:Sula Malay
Sula Malay
Sula–Taliabu Malay
Melayu Sula
Native toIndonesia
RegionSula IslandsandTaliabu Island
Native speakers
170,000 (2023 estimate)[44]
Malay-based creole
Latin
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone

Sula Malayis a variety of Malay-based creole language which is generally used bymultiethnic societyinSula IslandsandTaliabu Islandin the southwest part ofNorth Maluku.The Sula Malay is heavily influenced by other languages, This can be found in loan words originating fromAmbonese MalayandDutch languagecan be found in Sula Malay. Some contraction vocabulary can also be found in this language, as is the case inNorth Moluccan Malay(Ternate Malay).[45]

Ternate/North Moluccan Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromNorth Moluccan Malay.[edit]
North Moluccan Malay(also known as Ternate Malay) is a Malay-based creole language spoken onTernate,Tidore,Morotai,Halmahera,andSula IslandsinNorth Malukufor intergroup communications. The local name of the language isbahasa Pasar(literally 'market language'), and the name Ternate Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. This language is commonly written usingIndonesian orthographyby its speakers even though it does not have a standardized orthography since this language is used primarily for spoken communication. One of its varieties isSula Malay,which was formed with the influence ofAmbonese MalayandDutch.[46]

Papuan Malay

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromPapuan Malay.[edit]
Papuan Malayor Irian Malay is aMalay-based creole languagespoken in the Indonesian part ofNew Guinea.It emerged as acontact languageamong tribes inIndonesian New Guinea(nowPapua,Central Papua,Highland Papua,South Papua,West Papua,andSouthwest Papua) for trading and daily communication. Nowadays, it has a growing number of native speakers. More recently, the vernacular of IndonesianPapuanshas been influenced byStandard Indonesian,the nationalstandard dialect.It is spoken in Indonesian New Guinea alongside 274 other languages[47]and functions as a lingua franca.

References

[edit]
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  40. ^Steinhauer (1991),p. 180.
  41. ^Cite error: The named referenceLarantuka Malay Ethnologuewas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
  42. ^Paauw (2009),p. 65.
  43. ^Stoel 2007,p. 117.
  44. ^"Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023"(Visual).www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id.Retrieved1 June2024.
  45. ^Duwila, Ety; Fernandez, Inyo Yos (2009).Kajian dialektologi diakronis enklave Melayu Bacan, Ternate, dan Sula di Provinsi Maluku Utara.Tesis S2 Linguistik(Thesis) (in Indonesian).Yogyakarta,Indonesia:Universitas Gadjah Mada.
  46. ^Duwila, Ety; Fernandez, Inyo Yos (2009)."Kajian dialektologi diakronis enklave Melayu Bacan, Ternate, dan Sula di Provinsi Maluku Utara".Tesis S2 Linguistik(in Indonesian).Yogyakarta,Indonesia:Universitas Gadjah Mada.
  47. ^Kluge 2014,p. 2.

Works cited

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[edit]
Balinese Malay testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator
Betawi testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator
Kupang Malay testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator
Makassar Malay testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator
Manado Malay testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator
North Moluccan Malay testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator
Papuan Malay testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator

Bibliography

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