Malay trade and creole languages
Malay trade and creole languages | |
---|---|
Bahasa-bahasa Melayu dagang dan kreol بهاس٢ ملايو داݢڠ دان کريول | |
Native to | Southeast Asia, South Asia and Australia |
Ethnicity | various |
Creole
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
IETF | crp-035 |
In addition to itsclassicaland modernliteraryform,Malayhad variousregional dialectsestablished after the rise of theSrivijaya empireinSumatra,Indonesia.Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in alingua franca( "trade language" ) that was calledBazaar Malayorlow Malayand in MalayMelayu Pasar.It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was apidgin,influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.
Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed withpunya'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed withorang'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive weretər-andbər-.
Other common features:
- Adabecame aprogressiveparticle.
- Reduced forms ofini'this' anditu'that' (>ni,tu) before a noun.
- The verbpərgi'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'.
- Causativeconstructions were formed withkasiorbəri'to give' orbikinorbuat'to make'.
- A single preposition, oftensama,was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object.[1]
For example,[2]
- Rumahku'my house' becomesAku punya rumah(lit. 'I have that house')
- Aku pukul dia'I hit him' becomesAku kasi pukul dia(lit. 'I give a hit to him')
- Ardi dipukul oleh Dani'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomesArdi kena pukul dek Dani
Baba Malay
[edit]Baba Malay ملايو بابا | |
---|---|
Region | Melaka(in Malaysia) andSingapore |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2014)[3] |
Malay-based creole | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mbf |
Glottolog | baba1267 |
ELP | Baba Malay |
Baba Malayis spoken by thePeranakansinMelaka(in Malaysia) andSingapore.A typical contact language betweenHokkienmale settlers and local Malay women, it has "more Hokkien grammar and more Malay lexicon".[3]As of 2014, there are 1,000 speakers in Malaysia and another 1,000 in Singapore.[3]It is mostly spoken among the older populations.[4]In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore.[3]ABaba Indonesianvariant is also spoken inEast Java.
Example (spoken in Melaka-Singapore):[5]
- Dia suka datang sini sembang.:He likes to come here and gossip.
- Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.:Slightly provoked, he gets angry.
- Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.:I waited for him until I got angry.
- Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.:Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
Baba Indonesian
[edit]Baba Indonesian | |
---|---|
Peranakan Indonesian | |
Bahasa Indonesia Peranakan Basa Peranakan بهاس ڤرانقن | |
Region | East Java,Central Java.West Java,North Sumatra,West Kalimantan,and other pocket communities in Indonesia |
Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | (20,000 cited 1981)[6] |
Malay-based creole | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pea |
Glottolog | pera1256 |
A kind ofBaba Malay,locally calledPeranakanfrom the ethnonym, is spoken amongChinese-Indonesiansliving in various regions of Indonesia, most visibly in Surabaya and Medan. It is a mixture of three languages:Indonesian(national language), a local language and Chinese elements (ancestry/ethnic language, particularly for certain jargon or glossary such as family relations, business and commerce, and culinary fields). The most famous variety is found in East Java, especially inSurabayaand surrounding areas, calledBasa Suroboyoan(Surabayan language), with a strong emphasis of low Javanese (ngokoJavanese) and informal tone, which is not only spoken by Chinese-Indonesian in Surabaya, but also by non-Chinese-Indonesians when conversing with the former.
Example (spoken inSurabaya):
- Kamu mbok ojok gitu!:Don't act that way!
- Yak apa kabarnya si Eli?:How's Eli?
- Ntik kamu pigio ambek cecemu ae ya.:Go with your sister, okay?
- Nih, makanen sakadae.:Please have a meal!
- Kamu cariken bukune koko ndhek rumahe Ling Ling.:Search your brother's book in Ling Ling's house.
Apart from East Javan Chinese-Indonesian, other Chinese-Indonesians tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live, such as the Central Javan Chinese-Indonesian can speak with formal/high Javanese (kramaJavanese) when necessary, while in daily conversation they will use Indonesia-Javanese-Chinese pidgin. West Javan Chinese-Indonesians tend to mixSundanesein their vocabulary, and Medan (North Sumatran) Chinese-Indonesian have moreHokkien wordsmixed in.
Betawi Malay
[edit]Betawi,also known as Betawi Malay, Jakartan Malay, or Batavian Malay, is the spokenlanguageof theBetawi peopleinJakarta,Indonesia.It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.
Betawi Malay is a popular informal language in contemporary Indonesia, used as the base ofIndonesian slangand commonly spoken in Jakarta TV soap operas and some animated cartoons (e.g.Adit Sopo Jarwo).[7]The name "Betawi" stems fromBatavia,the official name of Jakarta during the era of theDutch East Indies.Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, a vernacular form of Indonesian that has spread from Jakarta into large areas of Java and replaced existing Malay dialects, has its roots in Betawi Malay. According toUri Tadmor,there is no clear border distinguishing Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian from Betawi Malay.[8]Thousand Islands Malay
[edit]Malaccan Creole Malay
[edit]Sri Lanka Malay
[edit]Singapore Bazaar Malay
[edit]Singapore Bazaar Malay,also known asBazaar Malay,Pasar Malay,orMarket Malay,is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore.[15]Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language.[16]However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore has only four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.[15]
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English.[15]The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay hascreolisedand created several new languages.[17]Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creoleSinglishbeing the lingua franca among the younger generations.[15]
Sabah Malay
[edit]Sabah Malay | |
---|---|
Region | Sabah,Sulu Archipelago,Labuan,North Kalimantan,southPalawan |
Native speakers | [18] 3 million L2 speakers (2013)[19] |
Malay–based pidgin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | msi |
Glottolog | saba1263 |
A pidginised variant of standardMalay,Sabah Malayis a local trade language.[20]There are a large number of native speakers in urban areas, mainly children who have a second native language. There are also some speakers in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, particularly in theSulu Archipelagoas a trade language, also spoken in south Palawan. There are loanwords fromTausug,Sama-Bajau languages,Chabacano,Brunei Malay,Indonesian,standardMalaysianas well as other ethnic native languages of Sabah & North Kalimantan.
Makassar Malay
[edit]Makassar Malay | |
---|---|
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Makassar,South Sulawesi |
Native speakers | None[21] Second language: 1.9 million (2000) |
MixedMalay–Makassarese | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mfp |
Glottolog | maka1305 |
Makassar Malayis a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon,Makassareseinflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax.[22][23]
It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's. It has widely spread to the entire region in southern part of Sulawesi island, including in the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Sulawesi Barat as regional lingua franca or as second language due to contact or doing business with people from Makassar City.
Makassar Malay used as a default dialect or neutral language when communicating with people from other tribes or ethnicities whom do not share the same local language to the native local speakers in those three provinces. It appears that Makassar Malay also used as the first language of younger generation who live in the cities or regencies' capital across those three provinces.
Furthermore, apart from those three provinces in the southern part of Sulawesi island, Makassar Malay also used by people in some parts of Sulawesi Tengah Province, especially when communicating with people from those three provinces. It can also be used when communicating with people from other people from other provinces in Eastern Indonesia and in the province of East Kalimantan.[24]
Balinese Malay
[edit]Balinese Malay | |
---|---|
Loloan Malay | |
Omong Kampong بهاس ملايو بالي ᬒᬁᬢᬶᬬᬂ | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Bali(especially inJembrana) |
Ethnicity | Loloan Malays |
Native speakers | 25,000 (2000 census)[25] |
Latin script Jawi script Balinese script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mhp |
Glottolog | bali1279 |
Balinese Malayor Loloan Malay is a dialect of Malay spoken in the island ofBali.It is also known asOmong Kampong( "village speak" ) by its speakers. Balinese Malay is the primary language of ethnic Malay who live in the northwestern part of the island, mainly in the districts of Melaya and Negara,Jembrana Regency.[26]The current language status is threatened.[27]
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
[edit]Broome Pearling Lugger Pidginis apidginthat sprang up inBroome, Western Australiain the early 20th century to facilitate communication between the various groups working in thepearlingindustry there—Japanese,Malays,Torres Strait Islanders,Koepangers,Hakka Chinese,Filipinos,Sri LankansofSinhaleseandTamildescent, a small number ofKoreans,and localIndigenous Australians,[28]mainly of theBardi peoplebut alsoNyulnyul,Jabirr Jabirr,Jukun,YawuruandKarajarripeople. The name derives from the boats used for pearling, known aspearling luggers.
Chirikurok | -kaa | hokurok | -kaa | peke | kriki. |
English: "three o'clock" | Japanese: "or" | English: "four o'clock" | Japanese: "or" | Malay: "go" | English: "creek" |
"We will enter the creek at three or four o'clock." |
Eastern Indonesia Malay
[edit]The creoles of eastern Indonesia[29]appear to have formed as Malays, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common:
- əbecomesa,e,or assimilates to the following vowel
- i, ulowered toe, oin some environments, especially when it is at the end of a syllable
- there is a loss of final plosivesp, t, k,andnthe neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon
- theperfectivemarkerjugareduces tojuorjo
- theperfectivemarkerlebihreduces tole
- theperfectivemarkermaureduces tomo
- theperfectivemarkermanareduces toma(as this only occur on Kupang Malay).
- theperfectivemarkerdanreduces todeng
- theperfectivemarkerpunreduces topung
- theperfectivemarkersudahreduces tosuorso[1]
For example:[2]
- makanbecomesmakang
- pərgibecomespigiorpi
- tərkəjutbecomestakajo
- ləmbutbecomeslombo
- dapatbecomesdapa
- janganbecomesjang
- padabecomespa
- lupabecomeslu
Bacan (next) is perhaps the most archaic, and appears to be closely related toBrunei Malay(which is still a creole).
There is a loss of diphthongs:
- the diphthong "au"become to"o"
- the diphthong"ai"reduces to"e"
- the letter"u"become"o"
There are many affixes that the pronunciation is simplified:
- The prefix "mə(N) "reduces to "ma"
- The prefix"bə(r)",reduces to"ba"
- The prefix"tə(r)",reduces to"ta"
- The prefix"kə",reduces to"ka"
For example:
The loss of middle"ə"and"h"in the last end of words:
- tərbəlahbecomestabala
- bərtəngkarbecomesbatengkar
- mənangisbecomesmanangis
- kəhidupanbecomeskaidopan
Alor Malay
[edit]Alor Malayis spoken in theAlor archipelago.Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.[30]
Alor Malay is based on Kupang Malay; however, Alor Malay differs significantly from Kupang Malay, especially in its pronouns.[31]
Ambonese Malay
[edit]Banda Malay
[edit]Banda Malay | |
---|---|
Banda Islands Malay | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Banda Islands |
Native speakers | 3,700 (2000)[32] |
Malay-based creole
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bpq |
Glottolog | band1353 |
Banda Malay is a distinct variant of Moluccan Malay, spoken inBanda Islands,Maluku.Significantly different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Banda Malay tends to be perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features.
Example:
- beta:I
- pane:you
- katorang:we
- mir:ants (deviated from Dutch:mier)
Dili Malay
[edit]Dili Malay is a variety of trade Malay spoken inDili,Timor Lesteespecially in the Kampung Alor area. According to experts, before becoming themother tongueof a number of its speakers, this language was originally apidgin language(Bloomfield, 1933; Hall, 1966). Then, in its development, this pidgin language became acreole languagewhich was used in wider social interactions in society (Todd, 1974:50).[33]Due to the long historical presence of thePortuguesein East Timor, several Dili Malay loanwords originate fromPortugueseandTetum,with little influences from other native languages.
Gorap
[edit]Gorap | |
---|---|
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Northernandwesternregions of Halmahera Island (mainly) |
Ethnicity | Gorap people |
Native speakers | (1,000 cited 1992)[34] |
Malay-based creole
| |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | goq |
Glottolog | gora1261 |
ELP | Gorap |
![]() Gorap language classified as Endangered byUNESCOin itsAtlas of the World's Languages at Risk of Extinction. | |
Gorap is a Malay-based creole language predominantly spoken by Gorap (Bobaneigo)[35]ethnic group, indigenous towesternandnorthernregions of the Indonesian island ofHalmahera.[36]It shares vocabulary with otherPapuan languagesand some of languages spoken in Sulawesi, such asBugineseandCia-Cia.Roughly around 60 out of 200 attested words in this language were indicated sharing vocabulary with those languages.[37]
Kupang Malay
[edit]Larantuka Malay
[edit]Manado Malay
[edit]Sula Malay
[edit]Sula Malay | |
---|---|
Sula–Taliabu Malay | |
Melayu Sula | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Sula IslandsandTaliabu Island |
Native speakers | 170,000 (2023 estimate)[44] |
Malay-based creole
| |
Latin | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
Sula Malayis a variety of Malay-based creole language which is generally used bymultiethnic societyinSula IslandsandTaliabu Islandin the southwest part ofNorth Maluku.The Sula Malay is heavily influenced by other languages, This can be found in loan words originating fromAmbonese MalayandDutch languagecan be found in Sula Malay. Some contraction vocabulary can also be found in this language, as is the case inNorth Moluccan Malay(Ternate Malay).[45]
Ternate/North Moluccan Malay
[edit]Papuan Malay
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abWurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Darrell T., Tryon, eds. (1996).Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas.p. 673.
- ^abCollins, James T. (1989)."Malay dialect research in Malaysia: the issue of perspective"(PDF).Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.145(2/3): 235–264.doi:10.1163/22134379-90003253.
- ^abcdLee, Nala Huiying (2014).A Grammar of Baba Malay with Sociophonetic Considerations(PDF)(Ph.D. thesis). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. p. 13, 379.hdl:10125/101107.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 August 2015.
- ^"Malay, Baba".Ethnologue.Retrieved7 October2018.
- ^"BABA / PERANAKAN MALAY".The Peranakan Resource Library.Retrieved12 December2014.
- ^Peranakan MalayatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Bowden, John.Towards an account of information structure in Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian.Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Structure of Austronesian Languages, 10 April 2014. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. p. 194.
- ^Kozok, Uli (2016),Indonesian Native Speakers – Myth and Reality(PDF),p. 15
- ^Maulana, Ridwan; Tawangsih, Multamia R.M. (2009)."Bahasa-bahasa di Kepulauan Seribu".lib.ui.ac.id(in Indonesian). Gambaran Umum Daerah Kepulauan Seribu.Depok,Indonesia:Universitas Indonesia:126.Retrieved5 February2023.
- ^Achmad Syalaby (20 January 2016)."Menjaga Warisan Orang Pulo".www.republika.co.id(in Indonesian). Archived fromthe originalon 23 October 2022.Retrieved3 March2022.
- ^"Malaccan Malay Creole".Ethnologue.Retrieved29 April2021.
- ^Paulo 2018.
- ^"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Sri Lankan Malay".apics-online.info.Retrieved6 October2018.
- ^de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan (2002)."Sri Lankan Malay: A Unique Creole"(PDF).NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and Around Indonesia.50:43–57.
- ^abcd"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Singapore Bazaar Malay".apics-online.info.Retrieved6 October2018.
- ^Platt, John; Weber, Heidi (1980).English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017)."Vehicular Malay".Glottolog 3.0.Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^Sabah MalayatEthnologue(17th ed., 2013)
- ^Sabah MalayatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Hoogervorst, Tom G. (2011)."Some introductory notes on the development and characteristics of Sabah Malay".Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia.13(1): 50–77.doi:10.17510/wjhi.v13i1.9.
- ^Makassar MalayatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Darrell T., Tryon, eds. (1996).Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas.p. 682.
- ^"Makassarese Malay".Jakarta Field Station of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.Retrieved19 December2018.
- ^"Malay, Makassar".Ethnologue.Retrieved7 October2018.
- ^Balinese MalayatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Bagus, I Gusti Ngurah; Denes, I Made; Laksana, I Ketut Darma; Putrini, Nyoman; Ginarsa, I Ketut (1985).Kamus Melayu Bali-Indonesia(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. pp. xi.
- ^"Malay, Balinese".Ethnologue.Retrieved7 October2018.
- ^"Australian pearling industry".Britannica Kids.Retrieved15 February2022.
- ^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017)."Eastern Indonesia Trade Malay".Glottolog 3.0.Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^Baird, Louise (2008).A grammar of Klon: a non-Austronesian language of Alor, Indonesia.Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^Klamer, Marion (2014). "The Alor-Pantar languages: Linguistic context, history and typology.". In Klamer, Marian (ed.).Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology.Berlin: Language Sciences Press. pp. 5–53.doi:10.17169/FUDOCS_document_000000020993.ISBN9783944675602.
- ^Bandanese MalayatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Inyo Yos Fernandez (13 June 2013)."Beberapa Catatan Tentang Bahasa Melayu Dili: Studi Awal Mengenai Bahasa Melayu Di Timor Timur".Humaniora(in Indonesian) (1).Retrieved18 May2022.
- ^GorapatEthnologue(22nd ed., 2019)
- ^Sudrajat, Adi (17 September 2022)."Mengungkap Keindahan Alam Kampung Nelayan Bobaneigo Halmahera Barat".www.kompasiana.com(in Indonesian). Kompasiana.Retrieved7 July2024.
- ^"Bahasa Gorap".Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa(in Indonesian). Indonesia: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.
- ^Sa'diyah, H. W. F. K. (2020). Sudaryanto (ed.)."Laporan Fonologi Bahasa Gorap".Metode Dan Aneka Teknik.Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Maluku.
- ^Jacob, June; Grimes, Barbara Dix (2006)."Developing a role for Kupang Malay: the contemporary politics of an eastern Indonesian creole".Paper Presented by June Jacob at the Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Held in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines.
- ^abBos (2005),p. 145.
- ^Steinhauer (1991),p. 180.
- ^Cite error: The named reference
Larantuka Malay Ethnologue
was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page). - ^Paauw (2009),p. 65.
- ^Stoel 2007,p. 117.
- ^"Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023"(Visual).www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id.Retrieved1 June2024.
- ^Duwila, Ety; Fernandez, Inyo Yos (2009).Kajian dialektologi diakronis enklave Melayu Bacan, Ternate, dan Sula di Provinsi Maluku Utara.Tesis S2 Linguistik(Thesis) (in Indonesian).Yogyakarta,Indonesia:Universitas Gadjah Mada.
- ^Duwila, Ety; Fernandez, Inyo Yos (2009)."Kajian dialektologi diakronis enklave Melayu Bacan, Ternate, dan Sula di Provinsi Maluku Utara".Tesis S2 Linguistik(in Indonesian).Yogyakarta,Indonesia:Universitas Gadjah Mada.
- ^Kluge 2014,p. 2.
Works cited
[edit]- Allen, Robert B. Jr.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002)."Orientation in the Spice Islands"(PDF).In Macken, Marlys (ed.).Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society.Tempe: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. pp. 21–38.ISBN1-881044-29-7.OCLC50506465.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 December 2022.
- Bowden, John(2005)."Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay"(PDF).Concentric: Studies in Linguistics.31(2): 133–158.
- Henley, David (1996).Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies.Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Kluge, Angela Johanna Helene (2014).A Grammar of Papuan Malay(PhD). LOT Dissertation Series 361. Leiden University.hdl:1887/25849.
- Lim, Sonny (1988). "Baba Malay: the language of the 'Straits-born' Chinese". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.).Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 3.Pacific Linguistics Series A - No.78. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. pp. 1–61.doi:10.15144/PL-A78.hdl:1885/145107.ISBN0-85883-382-4.
- Paulo, Derrick A (21 October 2018)."Meet the Chetti Melaka, or Peranakan Indians, striving to save their vanishing culture".CNA.Retrieved28 April2021.
- Stoel, Ruben (2007). "The Intonation of Manado Malay". In van Heuven, Vincent J.; van Zanten, Ellen (eds.).Prosody in Indonesian Languages.LOT Occasional Series, Vol. 9. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. pp. 117–150.CiteSeerX10.1.1.464.9608.ISBN978-90-78328-44-5.
External links
[edit]- A Baba Malay Dictionaryby William Gwee Thian Hock
- Malay creole boy, Hottentot Square Cape Town; Malay boy of Cape Town [picture] / George French Angas delt. et lithog.
- The Malay Chetty Creole Language Of Malacca A Historical And Linguistic Perspective