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Coordinates:52°21′43″N13°0′29″E/ 52.36194°N 13.00806°E/52.36194; 13.00806
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This article is about the German state. For the town, seeBrandenburg an der Havel.For other uses, seeBrandenburg (disambiguation).

State of Brandenburg
Land Brandenburg(German)
Land Brannenborg(Low German)
Kraj Bramborska(Lower Sorbian)
State
Flag of State of Brandenburg
Flag
Coat of arms of State of Brandenburg
Coat of arms
Map
Coordinates:52°21′43″N13°0′29″E/ 52.36194°N 13.00806°E/52.36194; 13.00806
CountryGermany
CapitalPotsdam
Government
• BodyLandtag of Brandenburg
•Minister-PresidentDietmar Woidke(SPD)
• Governing partiesSPD/CDU/Greens
•Bundesrat votes4 (of 69)
•Bundestag seats25 (of 736)
Area
• Total29,480.24 km2(11,382.38 sq mi)
Population
(2019-09-30)[1]
• Total2,520,198
• Density85/km2(220/sq mi)
GDP
[2]
• Total€88.800 billion (2022)
• Per capita€34,610 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
ISO 3166 codeDE-BB
Vehicle registrationformerly: BP(1945–1947),SB (1948–1953)[3]
NUTS RegionDE4
HDI(2018)0.923[4]
very high·14th of 16
Websitebrandenburg.de

Brandenburg(German:[ˈbʁandn̩bʊʁk]ⓘ), officially theState of Brandenburg(seeNames), is astatein northeasternGermany.Brandenburg bordersPolandand the states ofBerlin,Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,Lower Saxony,Saxony-Anhalt,andSaxony.It is thefifth-largest German state by areaand thetenth-most populous,with 2.5 million residents.Potsdamis the state capital and largest city, and other major towns areCottbus,Brandenburg an der HavelandFrankfurt (Oder).

Brandenburg surrounds the national capital and city-state ofBerlin,and together they form theBerlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region,[5]the third-largestmetropolitan area in Germany.There wasan unsuccessful attempt to unify both states in 1996and the states still cooperate on many matters.

Brandenburg originated in theNorthern Marchin the 900s AD, from areas conquered from theWends.It later became theMargraviate of Brandenburg,a major principality of theHoly Roman Empire.In the 15th century, it came under the rule of theHouse of Hohenzollern,which later establishedBrandenburg-Prussia,the core of the laterKingdom of Prussia.From 1815 to 1947, Brandenburg was aprovinceofPrussia.

Following theabolition of PrussiaafterWorld War II,Brandenburg was established as a state by theSoviet Military Administration in Germany,and becamea stateof theGerman Democratic Republicin 1949. In 1952, the state was dissolved and broken up into multiple regional districts. FollowingGerman reunification,Brandenburg was re-established in 1990 and became one of the fivenew statesof the Federal Republic of Germany.

Southeastern Brandenburg contains part of the historicalLower Lusatia,and most of these localities have two official languages,GermanandLower Sorbian(of theSorbs/Wends).[6]

Names[edit]

Brandenburg takes its name fromBrandenburg an der Havel.The name's origin is unclear but it is thought to derive from theSlavicbranyi(marshy/boggy)[7][8]orGermanicbranda(fire).[7]Other theories have includedWest Slavicbranný bor(defensive forest)[8]andbrani-bor(pine forest).[9]BurginGermanmeans castle. In the extinct local languagePolabian,Brandenburg wasBranibor.

In the modern local languages,Brandenburgand theState of Brandenburgare named:

History[edit]

History ofBrandenburgandPrussia
Present

In late medieval and early modern times, Brandenburg was, with varying borders, one of sevenelectoral statesof theHoly Roman Empire,and, along withPrussia,formed the original core of theGerman Empire,the first unified German state. Governed by theHohenzollern dynastyfrom 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin. After 1618 theMargraviate of Brandenburgand theDuchy of Prussiawere combined to formBrandenburg-Prussia,which was ruled by the same branch of theHouse of Hohenzollern.In 1701 the state was elevated as theKingdom of Prussia.FranconianNurembergandAnsbach,SwabianHohenzollern,the eastern European connections of Berlin, and the status of Brandenburg's ruler asprince-electortogether were instrumental in the rise of that state.

Early Middle Ages[edit]

Main article:Northern March

Brandenburg is situated in territory known in antiquity asMagna Germania,which reached to the Vistula river. By the 7th century,Slavic peoplesare believed to have settled in the Brandenburg area. The Slavs expanded from the east, possibly driven from their homelands in present-day Ukraine and perhaps Belarus by the invasions of theHunsandAvars.They relied heavily on river transport. The two principal Slavic groups in the present-day area of Brandenburg were theHevelliin the west and theSprevanein the east.

Beginning in the early 10th century,Henry the Fowlerand his successors conquered territory up to theOder River.Slavic settlements such as Brenna[10](Brandenburg an der Havel), Budusin[11](Bautzen), and Chośebuz[12](Cottbus) came underimperialcontrol through the installation of margraves. Their main function was to defend and protect the easternmarches.In 948 EmperorOtto Iestablished margraves to exert imperial control over the pagan Slavs west of the Oder River. Otto founded the Bishoprics ofBrandenburgandHavelberg.TheNorthern Marchwas founded as a northeastern border territory of theHoly Roman Empire.However, a great uprising ofWendsdrove imperial forces from the territory of present-day Brandenburg in 983. The region returned to the control of Slavic leaders. The eastern parts of current Brandenburg, i.e. theLubusz LandandLower Lusatia,became part of Poland in the 10th-11th centuries.

Late Middle Ages[edit]

Main article:Margraviate of Brandenburg
Eisenhardt Castle inBad Belzig

In the early 12th century, the SlavicDuchy of Kopanicawas established in the central part of present-day Brandenburg, whereas theLubusz Landin the east remained part of medieval Poland. During the 12th century, the German kings and emperors re-established control over the Slav-inhabited lands of present-day Brandenburg, excluding Polish-controlled Lubusz Land, although some Slavs like theSorbsinLusatiaadapted toGermanizationwhile retaining their distinctiveness. The Roman Catholic Church broughtbishopricswhich, with their walled towns, afforded protection from attacks for the townspeople. With the monks and bishops, the history of the town ofBrandenburg an der Havel,which was the first center of the state of Brandenburg, began.

In 1134, in the wake of a Germancrusadeagainst theWends,the German magnate,Albert the Bear,was granted theNorthern Marchby the EmperorLothar III.He formally inherited the town of Brandenburg and the lands of the Hevelli from their last Wendish ruler,Pribislav,in 1150. After crushing a force of Sprevane who occupied the town of Brandenburg in the 1150s, Albert proclaimed himself ruler of the newMargraviate of Brandenburg.Albert, and his descendants theAscanians,then made considerable progress in conquering, colonizing, Christianizing, and cultivating lands as far east as the Oder. Within this region, Slavic and German residents intermarried. During the 13th century, the Ascanians began acquiring and seizing territory around and east of the Oder from Poland (Lubusz Landand north-westernGreater Poland), later known as theNeumark,in contrast to theAltmark,the cradle of the March of Brandenburg.

In 1320, the Brandenburg Ascanian line came to an end, and from 1323 up until 1415 Brandenburg was under the control of theWittelsbachsofBavaria,followed by theLuxembourgDynasties. Under the Luxembourgs, theMargrave of Brandenburggained the status of aprince-electorof the Holy Roman Empire. In the period 1373–1415, Brandenburg was a part of theBohemian Crown.In 1415, the Electorate of Brandenburg was granted by EmperorSigismundto theHouse of Hohenzollern,which would rule until the end of World War I. The Hohenzollerns established their capital in Berlin, by then the economic center of Brandenburg.

16th and 17th centuries[edit]

Main article:Brandenburg-Prussia
Brandenburg's victory over Swedish forces at theBattle of Fehrbellinin 1675

Brandenburg converted to Protestantism in 1539 in the wake of theProtestant Reformation,and generally did quite well in the 16th century, with the expansion of trade along the Elbe, Havel, and Spree rivers. The Hohenzollerns expanded their territory by co-rulership since 1577 and acquiring theDuchy of Prussiain 1618, theDuchy of Cleves(1614) in theRhineland,and territories inWestphalia.The result was a sprawling, disconnected country known asBrandenburg-Prussiathat was in poor shape to defend itself during theThirty Years' War.

Beginning near the end of that devastating conflict, however, Brandenburg enjoyed a string of talented rulers who expanded their territory and power in Europe. The first of these wasFrederick William,the so-called "Great Elector", who worked tirelessly to rebuild and consolidate the nation. He moved the royal residence toPotsdam.At thePeace of Westphalia,his envoyJoachim Friedrich von Blumenthalnegotiated the acquisition of several important territories such asHalberstadt.Under theTreaty of OlivaChristoph Casparvon Blumenthal(son of the above) negotiated the incorporation of theDuchy of Prussiainto the Hohenzollern inheritance.

Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire[edit]

Main articles:Kingdom of PrussiaandProvince of Brandenburg
TheSanssouci Palacein Potsdam, the former summer palace ofFrederick the Great,is today aWorld Heritage Site.

When Frederick William died in 1688, he was followed by his sonFrederick,third of that name in Brandenburg. As the lands that had been acquired in Prussia were outside the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick assumed (as Frederick I) the title of "King in Prussia"(1701). Although his self-promotion from margrave to king relied on his title to the Duchy of Prussia, Brandenburg was still the most important portion of the kingdom. However, this combined state is known as theKingdom of Prussia.

TheProvince of Brandenburg,as superimposed on modern borders

Brandenburg remained the core of the Kingdom of Prussia, and it was the site of the kingdom's capitals, Berlin and Potsdam. When Prussia was subdivided into provinces in 1815, the territory of the Margraviate of Brandenburg became theProvince of Brandenburg,again subdivided into thegovernment region of Frankfurtand Potsdam. It also includedLower Lusatia,previously ruled at various times by Poland,Bohemia,HungaryandSaxony.In 1881, the City of Berlin was separated from the Province of Brandenburg.[13]However, industrial towns ringing Berlin lay within Brandenburg, and the growth of the region's industrial economy brought an increase in the population of the province. The Province of Brandenburg had an area of 39,039 km2(15,073 sq mi) and a population of 2.6 million (1925).

Under theNazi governmentand duringWorld War II,repressions ofPoles,especially autochtones in the eastern part of the province, intensified withexpulsions of Poles,censorship of Polish newspapers, invigilation, arrests andassassinationsof Polish leaders, activists, teachers, entrepreneurs, editors, etc., deportations toconcentration campsand closure of Polish organizations, enterprises, schools and libraries.[14]TheSachsenhausen concentration campwith a network ofsubcampswas located in Brandenburg, and severalprisoner-of-war camps,includingStalag III-A,Stalag III-B,Stalag III-C,Stalag III-D,Oflag II-A,Oflag III-A, Oflag III-B,Oflag III-C,Oflag 8 and Oflag 80 for Polish, Belgian, British, Dutch,French,Serbian,Italian,American, Czechoslovak, Soviet, Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian and otherAlliedPOWs with numerousforced laboursubcamps.[15]In early 1945, thedeath marchesof prisoners of various nationalities from various dissolved camps passed through the region.[16][17]In the final stages of the war, it was the place of heavy fights, including theBattle of the Seelow HeightsandBattle of Berlin,won by the Allied Soviet and Polish armies. After Germany's defeat, the part of Brandenburg east of theOder–Neisse line,which formed part of Poland in the Middle Ages and partly also in the early modern period, became again part of Poland. The entire population of former East Brandenburg wasexpelled en massein accordance with thePotsdam Agreement.The remainder of the province became a state in theSoviet Zone of occupation in Germanywhen Prussia was dissolved in 1947.

East Germany[edit]

Glienicke Bridge,which connected East Germany to the American sector of West Berlin, became known for the exchange of captured spies.

After the foundation ofEast Germanyin 1949, Brandenburg formed one of its component states. The State of Brandenburg was completely dissolved in 1952 by theSocialist government of East Germany,doing away with all component states. The East German government then divided Brandenburg among severalBezirkeor districts. (SeeAdministrative division of the German Democratic Republic). Most of Brandenburg lay within theBezirke of Cottbus,Frankfurt,orPotsdam,but parts of the former province passed to theSchwerin,NeubrandenburgandMagdeburg districts(townHavelberg). East Germany relied heavily onlignite(the lowest grade of coal) as an energy source, and lignite strip mines marred areas of south-eastern Brandenburg. The industrial towns surrounding Berlin were important to the East German economy, while rural Brandenburg remained mainly agricultural.

Federal Republic of Germany[edit]

The present State of Brandenburg was re-established on 3 October 1990 uponGerman reunification.[18]The newly elected Landtag of Brandenburg first met on 26 October 1990.[19]As in other former parts of East Germany, the lack of modern infrastructure and exposure to West Germany's competitive market economy brought widespread unemployment and economic difficulty. In the recent years, however, Brandenburg's infrastructure has been modernized and unemployment has slowly declined.

Berlin-Brandenburg fusion attempt[edit]

Main article:Fusion of Berlin and Brandenburg
The coat of arms proposed in the interstate treaty

The legal basis for a combined state ofBerlinand Brandenburg is different from other state fusion proposals. Normally, Article 29 of theBasic Lawstipulates that states may only merge after a specific federal Act of Parliament is enacted.[20]However, a clause added to the Basic Law in 1994, Article 118a, allows Berlin and Brandenburg to unify without federal approval, requiring a referendum and a ratification by both state parliaments.[21]

In 1996, an attempt of unifying the states of Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected at referendum.[22]Both share a common history, dialect and culture and in 2020, over 225,000 residents of Brandenburg commute to Berlin. The fusion had the near-unanimous support by a broad coalition of both state governments, political parties, media, business associations, trade unions and churches.[23]Though Berlin voted in favor by a small margin, largely based on support in formerWest Berlin,Brandenburg voters disapproved of the fusion by a large margin.[24]It failed largely due to Brandenburg voters not wanting to take on Berlin's large and growing public debt and fearing losing identity and influence to the capital.[22]

Geography[edit]

See also:Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan RegionandList of cities in Brandenburg by population

Brandenburg is bordered byMecklenburg-Vorpommernin the north,Polandin the east, theFreistaat Sachsenin the south,Saxony-Anhaltin the west, andLower Saxonyin the northwest.

TheOder riverforms a part of the eastern border, theElbe rivera portion of the western border. The main rivers in the state itself are theSpreeand theHavel.In the southeast, there is a wetlands region called theSpreewald;it is the northernmost part ofLusatia.

Further information:Mathiasberg

Protected areas[edit]

Brandenburg is known for its well-preserved natural environment and its ambitious natural protection policies which began in the 1990s. 15 large protected areas were designated followingGermany's reunification.Each of them is provided with state-financed administration and a park ranger staff, who guide visitors and work to ensure nature conservation. Most protected areas have visitor centers.

National parks

Biosphere reserves

TheSpreewald,abiosphere reservebyUNESCO

Nature parks

Demographics[edit]

Brandenburg has thesecond lowest population densityamong the German states, after Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Population density in Berlin-Brandenburg in 2015

Development[edit]

Development of Brandenburg's population from 1875 within current borders
Land Brandenburg: Population development
within the current boundaries (2020)[25][26]
YearPop.±%
18751,444,441—
18901,578,138+9.3%
19101,879,375+19.1%
19252,048,866+9.0%
19392,433,881+18.8%
19502,746,002+12.8%
19642,620,071−4.6%
YearPop.±%
19712,667,096+1.8%
19812,667,052−0.0%
19902,602,404−2.4%
20002,589,504−0.5%
20112,455,780−5.2%
20222,534,075+3.2%

Religion[edit]

Religion in Brandenburg – 2011
religion percent
Other
 
 79.8%
RegisteredEKD Protestants
 
 17.1%
RegisteredRoman Catholics
 
 3.1%

17.1% of the Brandenburgers are registered members of the local, regionalProtestant church(mostly theEvangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia), while 3.1% are registered with theRoman Catholic Church(mostly theArchdiocese of Berlin,and a minority in theDiocese of Görlitz).[27]The majority (79.8%)[27]of Brandenburgers, whether of Christian or other beliefs, choose not to register with the government as members of these churches, and therefore do not pay thechurch tax.

Foreign population[edit]

Significant foreign citizens populations[28]
Nationality Population (31.12.2023)
Ukraine 35,685
Poland 29,460
Syria 22,320
Russia 12,100
Afghanistan 12,070
Romania 8,945
Turkey 6,420
Vietnam 4,215
Bulgaria 3,815
India 3,695

Politics[edit]

See also:List of rulers of Brandenburg

Politically, Brandenburg is a stronghold of theSocial Democratic Party,which won the largest share of the vote and seats in every state election. All threeMinister-Presidents of Brandenburghave come from the Social Democratic Party (unlike any other state exceptBremen) and they even won an absolute majority of seats and every single-member constituency in the1994 state election.

On a federal level, the Social Democratic Party has also been the strongest party in mostfederal elections,their strongholds being thenorthwestern part of the stateandPotsdam and its surrounding areas.However, theChristian Democratic Unionwon the most votes in1990,their2013 landslideand in2017.In2009,The Leftwon the most votes in a year where, like in 2017, the Social Democratic collapsed. Prominent politicians from Brandenburg include Social DemocratsFrank-Walter Steinmeier,who served in theBundestagfor Brandenburg before being electedPresident of Germany,and likelyChancellor of GermanyOlaf Scholz,who sits in the Bundestag forPotsdam.

Like in all otherNew states of Germany,the populist partiesThe Leftand, more recently, theAlternative for Germanyare especially strong in Brandenburg.

Brandenburg has 4 out of 69 votes in theBundesratand, as of 2021, 25 seats out of 736 in theBundestag.

Subdivisions[edit]

Brandenburg is divided into 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte), shown with their population in 2011:[29]

Administrative divisions of Brandenburg
District Population
Barnim 176,953
Dahme-Spreewald 161,556
Elbe-Elster 110,291
Havelland 155,226
Märkisch-Oderland 189,673
Oberhavel 203,508
Oberspreewald-Lausitz 120,023
Oder-Spree 182,798
Ostprignitz-Ruppin 102,108
Potsdam-Mittelmark 205,678
Prignitz 80,872
Spree-Neiße 124,662
Teltow-Fläming 161,546
Uckermark 128,174
StadtBrandenburg an der Havel 71,534
StadtCottbus 102,129
StadtFrankfurt (Oder) 60,002
StadtPotsdam 158,902

Government[edit]

Main articles:2019 Brandenburg state election,List of Ministers-President of Brandenburg,andLandtag of Brandenburg
Further information:Land Brandenburg Commissioner for the Study of the Repercussions of the Communist Dictatorship
The Brandenburg parliament building (Landtag) in Potsdam
Dietmar Woidke, current Minister-President of Brandenburg

The most recent election took place on 1 September 2019. A coalition government was formed by theSocial Democrats,The Greens,and theChristian Democratic Unionled by incumbent Minister-PresidentDietmar Woidke(SPD), replacing the previous coalition between the Social Democrats andThe Left.[30]The next ordinary state election will likely occur in autumn 2024.[31]

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/- Seats %
Social Democratic Party(SPD) 331,238 26.2 Decrease5.7 25 Decrease5 28.4
Alternative for Germany(AfD) 297,484 23.5 Increase11.3 23 Increase12 26.1
Christian Democratic Union(CDU) 196,988 15.6 Decrease7.4 15 Decrease6 17.0
Alliance 90/The Greens(Grüne) 136,364 10.8 Increase4.6 10 Increase4 11.4
The Left(Linke) 135,558 10.7 Decrease7.9 10 Decrease7 11.4
Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters(BVB/FW) 63,851 5.05 Increase2.3 5 Increase2 5.7
Free Democratic Party(FDP) 51,660 4.1 Increase2.6 0 ±0 0
Human Environment Animal Protection 32,959 2.6 Increase2.6 0 ±0 0
Pirate Party Germany(Piraten) 8,712 0.7 Decrease0.8 0 ±0 0
Others 10,292 0.8 0 ±0 0
Total 1,265,106 100.0 88 ±0
Voter turnout 61.3 Increase13.4

Economy[edit]

TheGross domestic product(GDP) of the state was 72.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.2% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,700 euros or 88% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 91% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the third lowest of all states in Germany.[32]

The unemployment rate stood at 5.6% in November 2022 and was higher than the German average but lower than the average of Eastern Germany.[33]

Year[34] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Unemployment rate in % 17.0 17.5 17.5 18.8 18.7 18.2 17.0 14.7 13.0 12.3 11.1 10.7 10.2 9.9 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.0 6.3 5.8 6.3 5.9

TeslaGigafactory Berlin-Brandenburgis located in Brandenburg.

Transport[edit]

Berlin Schönefeld Airport(IATA code: SXF) was the largest airport in Brandenburg. It was the second largestinternational airportof the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region and was located 18 km (11 mi) southeast of centralBerlininSchönefeld.The airport was a base forCondor,easyJetandRyanair.In 2016, Schönefeld handled 11,652,922 passengers (an increase of 36.7%).

Schönefeld's existing infrastructure and terminals were incorporated into the newBerlin Brandenburg Airport(BER),[35]which opened in 2020.[36]Berlin Brandenburg Airport had an initial capacity of 35–40 million passengers a year. Due to increasing air traffic in Berlin and Brandenburg, plans for airport expansions were in the making.

Berlin Brandenburg Airport receives over sixty combined passenger, charter and cargo airlines.

Education and research[edit]

Higher education[edit]

The University of Potsdam

In 2016, around 49,000 students were enrolled in Brandenburg universities and higher education facilities.[37]The largest institution is theUniversity of Potsdam,located southwest ofBerlin.[38]In 2019 the state of Brandenburg adopted anOpen Accessstrategy calling on universities to develop transformation strategies to make knowledge from Brandenburg freely accessible to all.[39]

Universities in Brandenburg:

Culture[edit]

Music[edit]

TheBrandenburg ConcertosbyJohann Sebastian Bach(original title:Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments)[40]are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach toChristian Ludwig,Margraveof Brandenburg-Schwedt,[41]in 1721 (though probably composed earlier). They are widely regarded as among the finest musical compositions of theBaroque eraand are among the composer's best known works.

Cuisine[edit]

Main article:Brandenburg cuisine
Spreewald gherkins

A famous speciality food from Brandenburg are theSpreewald gherkins.The wet soil of theSpreewaldmakes the region ideal for growing cucumbers. Spreewald gherkins are protected by theEUas aProtected Geographical Indication(PGI). They are one of the biggest exports of Brandenburg.[42]

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Bevölkerungsstand im Land Brandenburg 3. Quartal 2019"(PDF).Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg(in German). 2019.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.Retrieved23 May2020.
  2. ^"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de".Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal(in German).Retrieved31 July2023.
  3. ^BP = Brandenburg Province, SB = Soviet Zone, Brandenburg. With the abolition of states in East Germany in 1952 vehicle registration followed the new Bezirk subdivisions. Since 1991 distinct prefixes are specified for each district.
  4. ^"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab".hdi.globaldatalab.org.Retrieved13 September2018.
  5. ^"Berlin-Brandenburg | IKM".31 August 2020.
  6. ^"Das sorbische Volk".Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung.
  7. ^abBerger, Dieter (1999).Geographische Namen in Deutschland(in German). Duden. p. 68.ISBN978-3-411-06252-2.
  8. ^abFrinta, Antonín (1961)."Brandenburg = Branibor?".Listy filologické / Folia philologica(in Czech, Russian, and German).84(1).Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences:44–49.
  9. ^Benmohel, N.L. (1860).Epea Pteroenta: Conveying Revelations of the Past.Dublin: University Press at Trinity College. p. 15.ISBN9781152653214.
  10. ^Barford, Paul M. (2001).The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe.Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 421.ISBN0-8014-3977-9.
  11. ^Institut für Sorbische Volksforschung in Bautzen (1962).Lětopis Instituta za serbski ludospyt.Bautzen: Domowina.
  12. ^Room, Adrian (2006).Placenames of the World.Jefferson: McFarland & Company. p. 433.ISBN0-7864-2248-3.
  13. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Berlin §Government Administration and Politics".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 778.
  14. ^Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945".Przegląd Zachodni(in Polish) (4): 45–46, 49–51, 53–54.
  15. ^Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022).The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV.Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 211–212, 226, 229, 234–235, 402–410.ISBN978-0-253-06089-1.
  16. ^"Świecko (Lager Schwetig): Odnaleziono szczątki 21 osób".Instytut Pamięci Narodowej(in Polish).Retrieved23 June2024.
  17. ^"Ewakuacja piesza".Muzeum Martyrologiczne w Żabikowie(in Polish).Retrieved23 June2024.
  18. ^"Ländereinführungsgesetz (1990)"(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 29 May 2004.
  19. ^"Historischer Kalender - 20 Jahre Land Brandenburg".Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2010.Retrieved26 October2010.
  20. ^Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany] (Article 29) (in German). Parlamentarischer Rat. 24 May 1949.
  21. ^Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany] (Einzelnorm 118a) (in German). Bundestag. 27 October 1994.
  22. ^ab"LÄNDERFUSION / FUSIONSVERTRAG (1995)".2004.Retrieved31 March2022.
  23. ^"Die Brandenburger wollen keine Berliner Verhältnisse".Tagesspiegel(in German). 4 May 2016.Retrieved30 March2022.
  24. ^Barry, Colleen (6 May 1996)."Eastern Voters Block Merger With Berlin".AP News.Retrieved4 January2022.
  25. ^Detailed data sources are to be found in the Wikimedia Commons.Population Projection Brandenburg at Wikimedia Commons
  26. ^"Germany: States and Major Cities".citypopulation.de.Retrieved26 June2024.
  27. ^abDie kleine Brandenburg–Statistik 2011.Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg.Archived24 August 2012 at theWayback Machine
  28. ^[1]31 December 2014 German Statistical Office.Zensus 2014: Bevölkerung am 31. Dezember 2014
  29. ^"Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg – Statistiken".www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2021.Retrieved24 April2015.
  30. ^SPIEGEL, DER (20 November 2019)."Dietmar Woidke in Brandenburg als Ministerpräsident wiedergewählt – DER SPIEGEL – Politik".Der Spiegel(in German).Retrieved11 January2021.
  31. ^"Bundesrat – Election dates in the federal states".www.bundesrat.de.Retrieved11 January2021.
  32. ^"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018".Eurostat.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2022.
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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBrandenburg.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forBrandenburg.
Wikisourcehas the text of the 1921Collier's EncyclopediaarticleBrandenburg.
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