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Brecon

Coordinates:51°56′53″N3°23′28″W/ 51.948°N 3.391°W/51.948; -3.391
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For the small suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, seeBrecon, Ohio.

Brecon
Brecon is located in Powys
Brecon
Brecon
Location withinPowys
Population8,250 (2011)[1]
OS grid referenceSO045285
Community
Principal area
Preserved county
CountryWales
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBRECON
Postcode districtLD3
Dialling code01874
PoliceDyfed-Powys
FireMid and West Wales
AmbulanceWelsh
UK Parliament
Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
List of places
UK
Wales
Powys
51°56′53″N3°23′28″W/ 51.948°N 3.391°W/51.948; -3.391
Front page of the earliest surviving copy onThe Brecon County Times,5 May 1866

Brecon(/ˈbrɛkən/;[3]Welsh:Aberhonddu;pronounced[ˌabɛrˈhɔnði]),[citation needed]archaically known asBrecknock,is amarket towninPowys,midWales.In 1841, it had a population of 5,701.[4]The population in 2001 was 7,901,[5]increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census. Historically it was thecounty townofBrecknockshire(Breconshire); although its role as such was eclipsed with the formation of the County of Powys, it remains an important local centre. Brecon is the third-largest town in Powys, afterNewtownandYstradgynlais.It lies north of theBrecon Beaconsmountain range, but is just within theBrecon Beacons National Park.

History

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Early history

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TheWelshname, Aberhonddu, means "mouth of the Honddu". It is derived from theRiver Honddu,which meets theRiver Usknear thetown centre,a short distance away from the River Tarell which enters the Usk a few hundred metres upstream. After theDark Agesthe original Welsh name of the kingdom in whose territory Brecon stands was (in modern orthography) "Brycheiniog",which was lateranglicisedto Brecknock or Brecon, and probably derives fromBrychan,the eponymous founder of the kingdom.[6]

Before the building of the bridge over the Usk, Brecon was one of the few places where the river could beforded.InRoman BritainY Gaer(Cicucium) was established as a Roman cavalry base for the conquest ofRoman Walesand Brecon was first established as a military base.[7]

Norman control

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Theconfluenceof theRiver Hondduand theRiver Uskmade for a valuable defensive position for theNormancastlewhich overlooks the town, built byBernard de Neufmarchein the late 11th century.[8]: 80 Gerald of Walescame and made some speeches in 1188 to recruit men to go to theCrusades.[9]

Town walls

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Brecon's town walls were constructed byHumphrey de Bohunafter 1240.[10]: 8 The walls were built of cobble, with fourgatehousesand was protected by ten semi-circularbastions.[10]: 9 In 1400 the Welsh princeOwain Glyndŵrrose in rebellion against English rule, and in response in 1404, 100markswas spent by the royal government improving the fortifications to protect Brecon in the event of a Welsh attack. Brecon's walls were largely destroyed during theEnglish Civil War.Today only fragments survive, including some earthworks and parts of one of the gatehouses; these are protected asscheduled monuments.[11]

In Shakespeare's playKing Richard III,the Duke of Buckingham is suspected of supporting the Welsh pretender Richmond (the future Henry VII), and declares:

O, let me think on Hastings and be gone
To Brecknock, while my fearful head is on![12]

Priory and cathedral

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Brecon Cathedral

A priory was dissolved in 1538, and Brecon's Dominican Friary of St Nicholas was suppressed in August of the same year.[13]About 250 m (270 yd) north of the castle standsBrecon Cathedral,a fairly modest building compared to many cathedrals. The role of cathedral is a fairly recent one, and was bestowed upon the church in 1923 with the formation of theDiocese of Swansea and Breconfrom what was previously thearchdeaconryof Brecon — a part of theDiocese of St Davids.[14]

St Mary's Church

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Saint Mary's Churchbegan as achapel of easeto the priory but most of the building is dated to later medieval times. The West Tower, some 27 m (90 ft) high, was built in 1510 byEdward, Duke of Buckinghamat a cost of £2,000. The tower has eight bells which have been rung since 1750, the heaviest of which weighs 810 kg (16 long hundredweight). They were cast byRudhall of Gloucester.In March 2007 the bells were removed from the church tower for refurbishment. When the priory was elevated to the status of a cathedral, St Mary's became the parish church.[15][16]It is a Grade II*listed building.[17]

St David's Church, Llanfaes

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St David's Church

TheChurch of St David,referred to locally as Llanfaes Church, was probably founded in the early sixteenth century. The first parish priest, Maurice Thomas, was installed there by John Blaxton, Archdeacon of Brecon in 1555. The name is derived from the Welsh – Llandewi yn y Maes – which translates as 'St David's in the field'.[18]

Plough Lane Chapel, Lion Street

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Plough Lane Chapel,also known as Plough United Reformed Church, is aGrade II* listed building.The present building dates back to 1841 and was re-modelled by Owen Morris Roberts.[19]

St Michael's Church

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After the Reformation, some Breconshire families such as the Havards, the Gunters and the Powells persisted with Catholicism despite its suppression. In the 18th Century a Catholic Mass house in Watergate was active, and Rev John Williams was the local Catholic priest from 1788 to 1815. The present parish priest is Rev Father Jimmy Sebastian Pulickakunnel MCBS since 2012. The Watergate house was sold in 1805, becoming the current Watergate Baptist Chapel, and property purchased as the priest's residence and a chapel between Wheat Street and the current St Michael Street, including the "Three Cocks Inn"; about this time Catholic parish records began again. The normal round of bishop's visitations and confirmations resumed in the 1830s. In 1832 most civil liberties were restored to Catholics and they became able to practise their faith more openly. A simple Gothic church, dedicated to St Michael and designed byCharles Hansom,was built in 1851 at a cost of £1,000.[13]

Military town

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The east end of town has two military establishments:

Approximately 9 miles (14 km) to the west of Brecon isSennybridge Training Area,an important training facility for theBritish Army.[22]

Geography

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The town sits within the Usk valley at the point where the Honddu and Tarell rivers join it from north and south respectively. Two low hills overlook the town, the 331m highPen-y-crugto its northwest and 231m highSlwch Tumpto the east. Both are crowned by Iron Age hillforts. The modern administrative community includes the town of Brecon on the north bank of the Usk together with the smaller settlement of Llanfaes on its southern bank. Llanfaes is built largely on the floodplain of the Usk and the Tarell; embankments and walls protect parts of both Brecon and Llanfaes from this risk.[23]

Governance

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Brecon Guildhall

Brecon Town Council, based atBrecon Guildhall,represents the town at the local level, with up to fifteen councillors elected from four wards: St David's,St Mary's,St John's East and St John's West.[24]The town elects a mayor annually. In May 2018 it elected its first mixed race mayor, local hotelier Emmanuel (Manny) Trailor, who is a town councillor for St John's West.[25]

Until 2022 there were three county councilelectoral wardsin the town (St David Within, St John andSt Mary) which each elected a county councillor toPowys County Council.All three are represented byLabour Partycouncillors, the St Mary ward being gained from theConservativesin a November 2019 by-election.[26]

In 2018 a review of electoral arrangements proposed that all three Brecon county wards be merged into a single, three councillor ward.[27]

Controversy

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In 2010 the Town Council installed a plaque to the slave-trader Captain Thomas Phillips captain of theHannibalslave ship.[28]During the worldwideBlack Lives Matterprotests the plaque was removed and thrown into the River Usk.[citation needed][29]Following the protests the Council passed two resolutions on 20 September 2020 to display the plaque in the local museum, Y Gaer, and to request that it is displayed as part of a suitable exhibit detailing the wider context, without being restored. It was also resolved unanimously that a working group is established to consider whether a new plaque, new work of art, or loaned artwork should be commissioned, and where any new piece should be located. [30]

Education

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Laboratory, Brecon County School for Girls

Brecon hasprimary schools,with asecondary schoolandfurther educationcollege (Brecon Beacons College) on the northern edge of the town. The secondary school, known as Brecon High School, was formed from separate boys' and girls' grammar schools ('county schools') and Brecon Secondary Modern School, after comprehensive education was introduced into Breconshire in the early 1970s. The town is home to an independent school,Christ College,which was founded in 1541.[31]

Transport

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TheMonmouthshire and Brecon Canalbasin at Brecon, the northern starting point of theTaff Trail

The junction of the east–westA40(London-Monmouth-Carmarthen-Fishguard) and the north–southA470(Cardiff-Merthyr Tydfil-Llandudno) is on the east side of Brecon town centre. The nearest airport isCardiff Airport.[32]

The town's primary public transport hub is the Brecon Interchange at the B4601 Heol Gouesnou, served mainly by the long-distance T4, T6 and T14 routes operated byTrawsCymru.Local services 40A and 40B, operated byStagecoach South Wales,connect the town centre with the suburbs, operating at a roughly-hourly frequency.[33]

Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal

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TheMonmouthshire and Brecon Canalruns for 35 miles (56 km) between Brecon andPontnewydd,Cwmbran.It then continues toNewport,the towpath being the line of communication and the canal being disjointed by obstructions and road crossings. The canal was built between 1797 and 1812 to link Brecon with Newport and theSevern Estuary.The canalside in Brecon was redeveloped in the 1990s and is now the site of two mooring basins andTheatr Brycheiniog.[34]

Usk bridge

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Main article:Usk Bridge (Brecon)
Usk Bridge plaque

The bridge carries the B4601 across the River Usk. A plaque on a house wall adjacent to the eastern end of the bridge records that the present bridge was built in 1563 to replace a medieval bridge destroyed by floods in 1535. It was repaired in 1772 and widened in 1794 by Thomas Edwards, the son ofWilliam EdwardsofEglwysilan.It had stone parapets until the 1970s when the present deck was superimposed on the old structure. The bridge was painted byJ. M. W. Turnerc.1769.[35]

Former railways

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TheNeath and Brecon Railwayreached Brecon in 1867, terminating atFree Street.By this point, Brecon already had two other railway stations:

Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway

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A train arriving at Brecon station on 6 October 1962, the last day of service. The steam locomotive is aGWR 5700 Class

TheHereford, Hay and Brecon Railwaywas opened gradually from Hereford towards Brecon. The first section opened in 1862, with passenger services on the complete line starting on 21 September 1864.[39] TheMidland RailwayCompany (MR) took over the HH&BR from 1 October 1869, leasing the line by an Act of 30 July 1874 and absorbing the HH&BR in 1876.[40]The MR was absorbed into theLondon, Midland and Scottish Railway(LMS) on 1 January 1923.[41]

Passenger services toMerthyrended in 1958,Neathin October 1962 andNewportin December 1962. In 1962 the important line toHerefordclosed. Therefore, Brecon lost all its train services before the 1963Reshaping of British Railwaysreport (often referred to as theBeeching Axe) was implemented.[42]

Culture

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Brecon hosted theNational Eisteddfodin 1889.[43]

August sees the annualBrecon Jazz Festival.Concerts are held in both open air and indoor venues, including the town's market hall and the 400-seatTheatr Brycheiniog,which opened in 1997.[34]

October sees the annual 4-day weekend Brecon Baroque Music Festival, organised by leading violinistRachel Podger.[44]

Idris Daviesput "the pink bells of Brecon" in his poem published as XV inGwalia Deserta(byT. S. Eliot). This was copied in "Quite Early One Morning" byDylan Thomas,put to music byPete Seegeras the song "The Bells of Rhymney",then recorded bythe Byrdswhere it became known to millions although by then the Brecon line had gone missing.[45]

Points of interest

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Brecon Castle

Notable people

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Gerald of Walesat St.David's Cathedral
SeeCategory:People from Brecon
Sarah Siddonsby Thomas Gainsborough, 1785
Nia Roberts,2015

Sport

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Town twinning

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Brecon istwinnedwith:

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Town population 2011".Archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2015.Retrieved14 November2015.
  2. ^"Brecon Town Council".Brecon Town Council.Retrieved23 July2021.
  3. ^"Brecon".CollinsDictionary.com.HarperCollins.Retrieved15 January2024.
  4. ^The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol III,(1847) London, Charles Knight, p.765.
  5. ^"Parish Headcounts: Powys",Census,Office for National Statistics, 2001, archived fromthe originalon 13 June 2011,retrieved22 November2009.
  6. ^"Brychan Brycheiniog, King of Brycheiniog".Early English Kingdoms.Retrieved11 June2022.
  7. ^"A short guide to Brecon Gaer Roman Fort".Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust.Retrieved2 February2013.
  8. ^Davies (2008).
  9. ^"Gerald's Journey through Wales in 1188".History Points.Retrieved11 June2022.
  10. ^abPettifer (2000).
  11. ^Davis, Philip, "Brecon Town Walls",Gatehouse,retrieved13 October2011.
  12. ^Cornwall, Barry (1853).The Plays of Shakspere, Carefully Revised from the Best Authorities.Vol. 2. p. 1250.
  13. ^ab"History of St. Michael's Church – St. Michael's Catholic Church, Brecon".stmichaelsrcbrecon.org.uk.Retrieved23 July2021.
  14. ^"Swansea and Brecon".Crockford's Clerical Directory.Retrieved11 June2022.
  15. ^"Bellringing".St Mary's Church in Wales.Retrieved22 February2024.
  16. ^"History".St Mary's Church Brecon.Retrieved22 February2024.
  17. ^Cadw."Church of St Mary, Brecon, Powys (Grade II*) (7015)".National Historic Assets of Wales.Retrieved22 February2024.
  18. ^Poole, Edwin (1886).The Illustrated History and Biography of Brecknockshire: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Illustrated by Several Engravings and Portraits(Public domain ed.). Edwin Poole. p. 67.
  19. ^Cadw."Plough Lane Chapel, Brecon (6945)".National Historic Assets of Wales.Retrieved11 June2022.
  20. ^"Brecon",Brigade of Gurkhas,UK: Army, archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2004.
  21. ^"Summary of Future Reserves 2020 (FR20) implementation measures within Wales"(PDF).Retrieved20 April2012.
  22. ^"160the Wales Brigade",5th Division,UK: Army[permanent dead link].
  23. ^Barclay, W.J.; Davies, J.R.; Humpage, A.J.; Waters, R.A.; Wilby, P.R.; Williams, M.; Wilson, D. (2005).Geology of the Brecon District.Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. p. 31.ISBN0-85272-511-6.
  24. ^"Council Information".Brecon Town Council. Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2018.Retrieved22 September2018.
  25. ^"First mixed-race mayor elected by Brecon Town Council".The Brecon & Radnor Express.16 May 2018.Retrieved22 September2018.
  26. ^"Labour wins by-election in Brecon and Radnorshire".The Brecon & Radnor Express.15 November 2019.Retrieved15 November2019.
  27. ^"Review of Electoral Arrangements – Draft Proposals - County of Powys"(PDF).Powys County Council. 8 March 2018.Retrieved22 September2018.
  28. ^Brecon & Radnor Express, 11 June 2020.https://www.brecon-radnor.co.uk/news/controversial-plaque-commemorating-brecons-links-to-slave-trader-is-removed-ahead-of-review-82586
  29. ^Thomas, James (12 June 2020)."Slave trader's town centre plaque stripped from wall in Brecon".Hereford Times.p. 1.
  30. ^https://brecontowncouncil.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DRAFT-Council-Minutes-28-September-2020.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  31. ^"Christ College Brecon in £5m anniversary investment boost".BBC News.BBC. 5 July 2012.Retrieved10 August2018.
  32. ^"Getting There".Brecon Beacons.Retrieved11 June2022.
  33. ^"40A, 40B - Brecon - Brecon".
  34. ^ab"Theatr Brycheiniog - The Theatres Trust".theatrestrust.org.uk.Retrieved27 November2014.
  35. ^"Joseph Mallord William TurnerBrecon Bridge c.1798-9".Tate.Retrieved19 January2014.
  36. ^Barrie, D.S.M. (1980) [1957].The Brecon and Merthyr Railway.Trowbridge: The Oakwood Press.ISBN0-85361-087-8.
  37. ^"Railway stations",Victorian Brecon,UK: Powys
  38. ^Railway Passenger Stations by M.Quick page 96
  39. ^Butt 1995,p. 103
  40. ^Awdry 1990,p. 80
  41. ^Railways Act 1921,HMSO, 19 August 1921
  42. ^Garry Keenor."The Reshaping of British Railways – Part 1: Report".The Railways Archive.Retrieved25 July2010.
  43. ^"Past locations".National Eisteddfod. Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2019.Retrieved15 October2017.
  44. ^"Brecon Baroque Music Festival".Music at Oxford. 21 October 2020.Retrieved11 June2022.
  45. ^"The Bells of Rhymney".Welsh Not. 2 May 2013.Retrieved11 June2022.
  46. ^"Braose, William de".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 432.
  47. ^"Vaughan, Henry".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 955.
  48. ^Caldicott, Rosemary L (1 March 2024).Voyage of Despair. The Hannibal, its captain and all who sailed in her, 1693-1695(1st ed.). Bristol: Bristol Radical History Group. p. 250.ISBN978-1-911522-63-8.Retrieved20 March2024.
  49. ^"Coke, Thomas".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 655.
  50. ^"Siddons, Sarah".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 37–38.
  51. ^"Kemble".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 723–724, see page 724.Charles Kemble (1775–1854), a younger brother of....

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toBrecon.
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Brecon".
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