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Myanmar Air Force

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Myanmar Air Force
တပ်မတော် (လေ)(Burmese)
lit. 'Tatmadaw (Lay)'
'Armed Forces (Air Force)'
Emblem of the Myanmar Air Force
Founded15 January 1947;77 years ago(1947-01-15)
CountryMyanmar
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size
  • 15,000 personnel[1]
  • 348 aircraft[1]
Part ofTatmadaw
Nickname(s)Tatmadaw (Lay)
Anniversaries15 January 1947
Engagements
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Armed ForcesSenior GeneralMin Aung Hlaing
Minister of DefenceGeneralMya Tun Oo
Commander-in-Chief of the Air ForceGeneralHtun Aung
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Ensign
Aircraft flown
AttackNanchang Q-5
FighterSukhoi Su-30,Mikoyan MiG-29,JF-17 Thunder
HelicopterMil Mi-2,Mil Mi-17,Bell UH-1 Iroquois,Aérospatiale Alouette III,PZL W-3 Sokół
Attack helicopterMil Mi-35P
InterceptorF-7llK
PatrolBritten-Norman BN-2 Islander
TrainerYak-130,FTC 2000G,K-8W,Grob G 120TP,HAL HJT-16 Kiran,K-8 Karakorum
TransportShaanxi Y-8,Harbin Y-12,Beechcraft 1900,ATR 42,ATR 72,Fokker 70

TheMyanmar Air Force(Burmese:တပ်မတော် (လေ),pronounced[taʔmədɔ̀(le)]) is the aerial branch of theTatmadaw,the armed forces ofMyanmar.The primary mission of the Myanmar Air Force (MAF) since its inception has been to provide transport, logistical, andclose air supportto theMyanmar Armyincounter-insurgencyoperations.[2]It is mainly used ininternal conflicts in Myanmar,and, on a smaller scale, in relief missions,[3]especially after the deadlyCyclone Nargisof May 2008.

History

[edit]

Post-Independence era (1948–1990)

[edit]

The Myanmar Air Force (MAF) was formed as theBurmese Air Forceon 16 January 1947, whileBurma(asMyanmarwas known until 1989) was still underBritish rule.By 1948, the fleet of the new air force included 40Airspeed Oxfords,16de Havilland Tiger Moths,fourAusters,and threeSupermarine Spitfirestransferred from theRoyal Air Force,and had a few hundred personnel.[2]

The Mingaladon Air Base HQ, the main air base in the country, was formed on 16 June 1950. No.1 Squadron, Equipment Holding Unit and Air High Command - Burma Air Force, and the Flying Training School, were placed under the jurisdiction of the base. A few months later, on 18 December 1950, No. 2 Squadron was formed with nineDouglas Dakotasas a transport squadron. In 1953, the Advanced Flying Unit was formed under the Mingaladon Air Base withde Havilland Vampire T55s,and by the end of 1953 the Burmese Air Force had three main airbases, atMingaladon,Hmawbi,andMeiktila,in central Burma.[2]

In 1953, the Burmese Air Force bought 30Supermarine SpitfiresfromIsraeland 20Supermarine Seafiresfrom theUnited Kingdom,and in 1954 it bought 40Percival ProvostT-53s and 8de Havilland VampireMark T55s from theUnited Kingdom.In late 1955, the Burmese Air Force formed a Maintenance Air Base in Mingaladon, No. 501 Squadron Group (Hmawbi Airbase) and No. 502 Squadron Group (Mingaladon Air Base). In 1956, the Burmese Air Force bought 10Cessna 180aircraft from theUnited States.The same year, 6Kawasaki Bell 47Gsformed its first helicopter unit. The following year, the Burmese Air Force procured 21Hawker Sea Furyaircraft from theUnited Kingdomand 9de Havilland Canada DHC-3 OttersfromCanada.In 1958, it procured 7 additional Kawasaki Bell 47Gs and 12Vertol H-21 Shawneesfrom theUnited States.[2]Five years later, No. 503 Squadron Group was formed with No. 51 Squadron (de Havilland Canada DHC-3 OttersandCessna 180s) and No. 53 Squadron (Bell 47Gs,Kaman HH-43 Huskies,andAérospatiale Alouettes) inMeiktila.[2]

On 15 February 1961, an unmarkedRepublic of China Air ForceConsolidated PB4Y Privateercame into Burmese air space carrying supplies for ChineseKuomintangforces fighting in northern Burma, and was intercepted by threeHawker Sea Furyfighters of the Burmese Air Force. The intruding bomber and one Burmese fighter crashed inThailandduring the incident.[4]On 17 February, a team from Burmese 9th Front Brigade left for the crash site. A 12.7mm bullet was fired into the fuselage of UB-466, hitting pilot officer Peter as well,[clarification needed]breaking five of his ribs. Peter was recorded in the history of Burmese Air Force as an airman who gave his life for the country and the people.[5] In 1962, a new radar station in Mingaladon and a mobile radar station in Lwemwe (near Tachileik) were put into operation. By December 1964, the Burmese Air Force had 323 officers and 5,677 other ranks and it acquiredLockheed T-33 Shooting Starjet trainers and a new radar station, which could operate within a 120-mile (193-km) radius, was opened inNamsang.In 1966, the radar arm of the air force underwent a complete overhaul and upgrade, with new radar stations being operated. The Namsang Radar station was upgraded to cover about a 200-mile (322-km) radius and renamed No.71 Squadron. In the same year, the Burmese Air Force formed the No. 1Airborne Battalionwith 26 officers and 750 other ranks.[citation needed]

On 1 January 1967, the Burmese Air Force reorganized its command structure. No. 501 Squadron Group inHmawbibecame No. 501 Air Base HQ; No. 502 Squadron Group in Mingalardon became No. 502 Air Base HQ; and No. 503 Squadron Group inMeiktilabecame No. 503 Air Base HQ in Meiktila. It also maintained airfield detachments inLashioandKengtungto cope with the insurgency ofCommunist Party of Burmain the northeast border region of the country.[2]

In 1975, the Burmese Air Force took delivery of 18Bell 205A and sevenBell 206B helicopters from the United States under the International Narcotic Control Program (INCP). In March 1975, it bought 20SIAI-Marchetti SF.260trainers fromItaly.[2]

Between 1976 and 1987, the Burmese Air Force bought sevenPilatus PC-6Turbo porter STOL aircraft; and 16Pilatus PC-7and 10Pilatus PC-9turboprop trainers fromSwitzerland.These aircraft were deployed inLashiofor close air support in counter-insurgency operations.[2]

In 1989, the Burmese Air Force was renamed the Myanmar Air Force in accordance with the country changing its name fromBurmatoMyanmar.

Modernisation programme (1990–present)

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In the early 1990s, the Burmese Air Force upgraded its facilities and introduced two new air base headquarters and existing air base headquarters were renamed. It also significantly upgraded its radar and electronic warfare facilities. The Burmese Air Force bought more than 100 aircraft from thePeople's Republic of China,which includedF7 IIK interceptors,FT-7 Trainers,A-5C Ground Attack Aircraft,FT-6M trainers,K-8 trainersandY-8 transport aircraft.

By 2000, the Myanmar Air Force had received 62F7 IIK interceptorsfromChina.[2]Assistance fromIsraelwas sought to refurbish and upgrade all operationalF-7s and FT-7s:these were to get theEltaEL/M-2032air-to-air radar,[6][unreliable source?]Rafael PythonMk. III and evenLiteninglaser-designator pods. The same equipment was then installed on the two-seater FT-7 fighter trainers as well. In a related deal, Israel transferred at least one consignment of laser-guided bombs, but no deliveries of any other weapons are known.[citation needed]Since theElbitcontract was won in 1997, the air force had acquired at least one more squadron of F-7 and FT-7 aircraft from China, but these were not upgraded.

Between 1992 and 2000, the Myanmar Air Force took delivery of 36A-5C Ground Attack Aircraft.In addition, the Myanmar Air Force also bought 20Soko G-4 Super Galebarmed jet trainers fromYugoslaviain 1991, but only approximately 6 aircraft were delivered due to the breakup of Yugoslavia.

PresidentHtin Kyawand Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi,pass in front of the MAF Honour Guards during an arrival ceremony at thePresidential Palace, Naypyidawin 2017.

The Myanmar Air Force procured a range of helicopters fromRussiaandPolandbetween 1991 and 1997; it bought 20 PZL-SwidnikMil Mi-2and 13PZL W-3 Sokolhelicopters from Poland and 13Mil Mi-17fromRussia.These helicopters were put into counter-insurgency operations against ethnic rebels in theIrrawaddy Riverdelta. FourMil Mi-2,fourPZL W-3 Sokol,and twoBell 205helicopters were grouped as an air detachment stationed inBogalayfor "Operation Monediang" in October 1991. During this operation,Mil Mi-2 helicopterswere fitted with a wide range of weapons to provide ground attack and air cover for heliborneair assaultoperations. FourMil Mi-2sof the air detachment made a total of 80 sorties over 17 targets with nearly 82 flying hours. FourPZL W-3 Sokolhelicopters, unarmed and used for troop transport carrying 20 airborne commandos, each flew 443 missions with 197 flying hours.Bell 205helicopters carried outsearch and rescue,and they flew 263 missions with over 114 flying hours.[2]

In 2001, the Myanmar Air Force bought 12MiG-29 Fighter Aircraft(10 MiG-29Bs and two MiG-29UB two seats trainers)[2]fromBelarus.This was followed by an additional order of 20 MiG-29 (10 MiG-29B, 6 MiG-29SE and 4 MiG-29UB) as part of a $570 million defence package in December 2009. 10 MiG-29B were upgraded to SM (mod) standard in 2017.[7]The air force also ordered 10Mil Mi-35gunship helicopters as part of a $71 million defence package signed in December 2009.[8]

Despite these modernisation measures, the capability of the Myanmar Air Force remained questionable, due to its absence during the Battle of Border Post 9631 withThailandand the rescue missions related toCyclone Nargisin May 2008.

A contract had been signed in December 2015 withPakistanfor the purchase ofJF-17 Thundermultirole fighter, which was jointly developed byChengdu Aircraft Industry GroupandPakistan Aeronautical Complex,to Myanmar Air Force. However, in March 2018 it was reported that the deal for the purchase ofJF-17 Thunderhas been suspended by Pakistan.[9]However, four JF-17 Block-IIs were seen at Air Force Day celebrated in December 2018. Under a bilateral contract, the MAF ordered sixSu-30SM fighters fromRussiain 2018.[10]

Since themilitary coupin February 2021, Myanmar Air Force aircraft have been used in airstrikes on villages,[11][unreliable source?]killing noncombatant civilians including elders, humanitarian workers and children while forcing thousands of others to flee their homes.

Commanders in Chief and Chiefs of Air Staff since 1948

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Commander-in-Chief and Chief of Air Staff in chronological order:

ID Rank Name Serial
1 Wing Commander Saw Shi Sho BAF1020
2 Major Tommy Clift (T. Clift) BAF1005
3 Lieutenant Colonel ThuraSelwyn James Khin BAF1009
4 Brigadier General ThuraTommy Clift BAF1005
5 Brigadier General Thaung Dan BAF1042
6 Major General ThuraSaw Phyu BAF1047
7 Major General Ko Gyi BAF1059
8 Lieutenant General Tin Tun BAF1127
9 Lieutenant General Thein Win BAF1193
10 Lieutenant General Tin Ngwe BAF1312
11 Lieutenant General Kyaw Than BAF1334
12 Major General Myint Swe BAF1587
13 General Myat Hein BAF1682
14 General Khin Aung Myint BAF1754
15 General Maung Maung Kyaw BAF1925
16 General Htun Aung BAF1982

Rank structure

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Main article:Military ranks of Myanmar

Commissioned officer ranks

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The rank insignia ofcommissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Myanmar Air Force
 General
ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး
bauilaʻ khayupaʻ mahūʺkarīʺ 		ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး
dautaiya bauilaʻ khayupaʻ mahūʺkarīʺ 		ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး
bauilaʻ khayupaʻ karīʺ 		ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး
dautaiya bauilaʻ khayupaʻ karīʺ 		ဗိုလ်ချုပ်
bauilaʻ khayupaʻ 		ဗိုလ်မှူးချုပ်
bauilaʻ mahūʺkhayupaʻ 		ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး
bauilaʻ mahūʺkrīʺ 		ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီး
dautaiya bauilaʻ mahūʺ krīʺ 		ဗိုလ်မှူး
bauilaʻ mahūʺ 		ဗိုလ်ကြီး
bauilaʻ krīʺ 		ဗိုလ်
bauilaʻ 		ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်
dautaiya bauilaʻ

Other ranks

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The rank insignia ofnon-commissioned officersandenlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Myanmar Air Force
 No insignia No insignia
အရာခံဗိုလ်
’araākhaṃ bauilaʻ 		ဒုတိယအရာခံဗိုလ်
dautaiya ’araākhaṃ bauilaʻ 		အုပ်ခွဲတပ်ကြပ်ကြီး
aupaʻ khavai tapaʻ karpaʻ karīʺ 		တပ်ကြပ်ကြီး
tapaʻ karpaʻ karīʺ 		တပ်ကြပ်
tapaʻ karpaʻ 		ဒုတိယတပ်ကြပ်
dautaiya tapaʻ karpaʻ 		တပ်သား
tapaʻ saāʺ 		တပ်သားသစ်
tapaʻ saāʺ sacaʻ

Organisations

[edit]
  • Air Force headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Naypyitaw)[2]
  • Aircraft Production and Repair Base Headquarters (Hmawbi)
  • Air Force - Ground Training Base (Meiktila)
  • Air Force - Fly Training Base (Shante)

Air bases

[edit]
Meiktila Shante Air Base

Myanmar Air Force also utilised civilian airfields as front-line air fields in case of foreign invasion.

Air Defence

[edit]
Main article:Office of the Chief of Air Defence (Myanmar)

The Office of the chief of Air Defence is one of the major branches of theTatmadaw.It was established as the Air Defence Command in 1997 but was not fully operational until late 1999. It was renamed the Bureau of Air Defence in the early 2000s.In early 2000s, the Tatmadaw established the Myanmar Integrated Air Defence System (MIADS) with help fromRussia,UkraineandChina.It is a tri-service bureau with units from all three branches ofMyanmar Armed Forces.All Air Defence assets except Anti-Aircraft Artillery are integrated into MIADS.[12]

Equipment

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Aircraft

[edit]
AMiG-29Bsits on the tarmac
AShaanxi Y-8lifts off fromYangon International Airport
ANanchang A-5CFantan
A retired Myanmar Air ForceFokker F27
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat aircraft
Chengdu J-7 China fighter F-7M 36[13] 6 used forconversion training[13]
JF-17 Thunder Pakistan multirole JF-17E 11 5 on order[13]
Mikoyan MiG-29 Russia multirole SMT/SM/UB 38[13] 5 used forconversion training[13]
Nanchang Q-5 China attack A-5 24[13]
MTX-1A Myanmar CAS 2 Domestic product
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30SME 18 12 on order
Transport
ATR 42/ATR 72 France/Italy VIP transport 10[13] of which four areATR-72s[14]
Beechcraft 1900 United States utility / transport 7[13]
Britten-Norman BN-2 United Kingdom maritime patrol 5[13]
CASA-295 Spain tactical transport 2 on order
Fokker 70 Netherlands VIP transport 2[15]
Harbin Y-12 China transport 7[13]
Pilatus PC-6 Switzerland utility / transport 5[13] STOLcapable aircraft
Shaanxi Y-8 China transport 6[13]
Helicopters
Alouette III France utility 13[13]
Bell 206 United States utility 3[13]
Bell UH-1 United States utility 2[13]
Kamov Ka-27 Russia utility/CSAR Ka-28 2[16]
Mil Mi-2 Poland utility/ liaison 22[13]
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility 20+[13]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35P 24
PZL W-3 Sokół Poland utility 12[13]
Trainer aircraft
Eurocopter EC120 France rotorcrafttrainer 3[13]
Grob G 120TP Germany basic trainer 20[13]
Guizhou JL-9 China advanced trainer FTC 2000G 6[13] 60 on order[17]
Hongdu JL-8 China jet trainer K-8 60[13] unknown number on order[13]
Pilatus PC-7 Switzerland light trainer 16[13]
Pilatus PC-9 Switzerland trainer 10[13]
Soko G-4 Yugoslavia trainer / light attack 3[13]
Yakovlev Yak-130 Russia advanced trainer 22[13]
UAV
CASC Rainbow China UCAV CH-3A unknown[18]
CASC Rainbow[19] China UCAV CH-4 produced under license[20]
Sky 02 China surveillance 11[18]
Yellow Cat A2 Myanmar surveillance 22[18] domestic variant of theCH-3A

Armament

[edit]
Name Origin Type Notes
Air-to-air missile
PL-2 China air to air missile 340 missiles obtained[21]
PL-5 China Air to air missile 200 missiles obtained[22]
PL-12 China Air to airBVRmissile 60 missiles obtained[22]
R-27 Russia Air to airBVRmissile 100 missiles obtained[22]
R-73 Russia Air to airShort range IRMissile 285 missiles obtained[22]
Anti-ship missile
YJ-83 China 30 missiles obtained[21]
Aerial bomb
LY-502 China unknown[23]

Radars

[edit]

The Air Force has several radar installations including the three-dimensional surveillanceYLC-2 Radar,theP-37Early-warning radarsystem, theJLP-40defensive radar, and the GalaxyEWRsystem, which is linked withIntegrated Air Defence office.[12][24][25][26][27][21]

Markings

[edit]

Myanmarnational insignia(white triangle with yellow field in the centre and borders in blue) is usually applied on six positions. The serialling system of Myanmar Air Force aircraft is suggested to serve as both – unit and individual aircraft identity, this could not be confirmed so far, however. Most of the older aeroplanes carried the serials with the prefix "UB" and the numbers in Burmese. Sometimes the serials were outlined in white. Combat aircraft generally carry serials in black.

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

On 11 June 2014, aMig-29UBcaught fire and crashed on to farmland nearMyothit townshipofMagwayat 8:30 a.m. (local time). Two pilots safely ejected.[28] [29] [30]

On 10 February 2016, aBeech 1900aircraft crashed after taking off fromNaypidaw Airport,killing 5 military personnels.[31]

On 14 June 2016, aMi-2 helicoptercrashed near theYangon–Mandalay Expresswayat being refueled at theTaungnguairbase, killing three military servicemen on board.[32]

2017 Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8 crash:On 7 June 2017, aShaanxi Y-8was reported missing 30 nautical miles (56 km) west toDawei.The aircraft was carrying 122 people. There were no survivors.

On 3 April 2018, An F-7 fighter aircraft of Taungoo Air Base crashed into a farm near KyunKone Village inTaungoo.The aircraft was on a training route during the crash while trying to land the ground at around 11:30 am, killing its pilot.[33]

On 16 October 2018, two F-7Ms crashed nearMagway,Myanmar,killing both pilots and a civilian on the ground. Both aircraft struck a broadcast tower. One plummeted into a rice paddy, while the other nose-dived near a Buddhist pagoda in theMagway regionof central Myanmar.[34]

On 3 May 2021, one Mi-35 helicopter was shot down near the town ofMoemaukin Kachin province by theKachin Independence Armyin response to the MAF's air raid. There was no confirmation from the MAF nor theKIAon which AA system was used by the KIA in the incident.[35][36]

On 11 June 2021, aBeechcraft 1900crashed on its landing approach toPyin Oo Lwin's airport, killing 12 people including a senior Buddhist monk, the abbot of Zay Kone Monastery inPyinmana.[37]

On 16 February 2022, an A-5 fighter jet crashed near Ohn Taw village inSagaing Region.[38]

On 29 March 2022, aMi-17 helicoptercrashed and injured five people on board nearHakha,Chin State.[39]

On 11 November 2023, a K-8W trainer aircraft of the Myanmar Air Force crashed inHpruso Township,Karenni State.Local rebels claimed to have shot it down, while the Myanmar Air Force claimed that it was a mechanical failure, and the pilot was later captured.[40]

On 3 January 2024, aMi-17was shot down by theKachin Independence Armyusing FN-6 MANPAD in Waimaw Township,Kachin State,killing all seven people on board.[41]

On 16 January 2024, theKachin Independence Armysuccessfully shot down an FTC-2000G trainer/fighter of the Myanmar Air Force in the Namhpatkar area ofnorthern Shan State.[42]

In January 2024, a Myanmar Air Force Y-8 on a mission to evacuate troops who had sought refuge inMizoram,India,overshot its landing inLengpui Airport.There were no deaths but the plane was badly damaged.[43]

On 29 January 2024, theKaren National Liberation Armyshot down a Junta helicopter aboveMyawaddy Townshipnear the Thai border. During the incident Brigadier General Aye Min Naung, the 44th LI Division commander, Colonel Soe Tun Lwin, LI Battalion 9's acting commander, pilot Colonel Toe Oo and two army captains were supposedly killed according to military sources.[44]

On 29 February 2024, one MiG-29SMT fighter of Myanmar Air Force crashed in southwest of Salin District, Magway Region. This aircraft crashed when it was on its way to combat mission, Myanmar military blamed the crash on a technical failure. One pilot ejected successfully and escaped the crash.[45][46]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toAir force of Myanmar.
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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Aloni, Shlomo & Arnold, Peter R. (January–February 1999). "From Israel to Burma: Operation Orez, Supplying and Ferrying Spitfires, Part Two".Air Enthusiast(79): 2–11.ISSN0143-5450.
  • Gurdon, Philip (March–April 1999). "A Sudden & Dusty Arrival: Belly-landing a Spitfire During a Ferry Flight".Air Enthusiast(80): 60.ISSN0143-5450.
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory".Flight International,Vol. 182, No. 5370, 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64.ISSN0015-3710.
  • Hoyle, Craig (25 November 2022)."2023 World Air Forces".FlightGlobal.Retrieved3 January2023.
  • World Aircraft Information Files. Brightstar Publishing, London. File 333 Sheet 05
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