Caraway
Caraway | |
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Scientific classification![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Apiales |
Family: | Apiaceae |
Genus: | Carum |
Species: | C. carvi
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Binomial name | |
Carum carvi |
Caraway,also known asmeridian fennelandPersian cumin(Carum carvi), is abiennial plantin thefamilyApiaceae,native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa.[1][2]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K%C3%BCmmel_2012-07-08-9523.jpg/220px-K%C3%BCmmel_2012-07-08-9523.jpg)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Energy | 1,390 kJ (330 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
49.90 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sugars | 0.64 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dietary fiber | 38.0 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14.59 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Saturated | 0.620 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monounsaturated | 7.125 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Polyunsaturated | 3.272 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19.77 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Water | 9.87 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[3]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[4] |
Etymology
[edit]The etymology of "caraway" is unclear. Caraway has been called by many names in different regions, with names deriving from theLatincuminum(cumin), theGreekkaron(again, cumin), which was adapted into Latin ascarum(now meaning caraway), and theSanskritkaravi,sometimes translated as "caraway", but other times understood to mean "fennel".[5]English use of the term caraway dates to at least 1440, possibly having Arabic origin.[5][6]
Description
[edit]The plant is similar in appearance to other members of thecarrotfamily, with finely divided, feathery leaves with thread-like divisions, growing on 20–30 cm (8–12 in) stems. The mainflowerstem is 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall, with small white or pink flowers in compoundumbelscomposed of 5–16 unequal rays 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) long. Carawayfruits,informally calledseeds,are smooth,crescent-shaped, laterally compressedachenes,around3 mm (1⁄8in) long, with five pale ridges and a distinctive pleasant smell when crushed.[7]It flowers in June and July.[7]
History
[edit]Caraway was mentioned by theearly Greek botanistPedanius Dioscoridesas a herb and tonic.[citation needed]It was later mentioned in the RomanApiciusas an ingredient in recipes.[8]Caraway was known in theArab worldaskarawiya,and cultivated inMorocco.[8]
Cultivation
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(March 2022) |
The only species that is cultivated isCarum carvi,its fruits being used in many ways in cooking and in the preparation of medicinal products and liqueurs.[9]
The plant prefers warm, sunny locations and well-drainedsoilrich in organic matter.[10]In warmer regions, it is planted in the winter as an annual. In temperate climates, it is planted as a summer annual or biennial.[1]
It is widely established as a cultivated plant. The Netherlands, Poland and Germany are the top caraway producers.[11]Finlandsupplies about 28% (2011) of the world's caraway production from some 1500 farms, the high output occurring possibly from its favorable climate and latitudes, which ensure long summer hours of sunlight.[12]
Nutrition
[edit]Caraway seeds are 10% water, 50%carbohydrates,20%protein,and 15%fat(table). In a 100 grams (3.5 oz) reference amount, caraway seeds are a rich source (20% or more of theDaily Value,DV) ofprotein,B vitamins(24–33% DV),vitamin C(25% DV), and severaldietary minerals,especiallyiron(125% DV),phosphorus(81% DV), andzinc(58% DV) (table).
Phytochemicals
[edit]Whenground,caraway seeds yield up to 7.5% ofvolatile oil,mostlyD-carvone,and 15% fixed oil of which the majorfatty acidsareoleic,linoleic,petroselinic,andpalmiticacids.[13]
Phytochemicalsidentified in caraway seed oil includethymol,o-cymene,γ‑terpinene,trimethylene dichloride,β-pinene,2-(1-cyclohexenyl),cyclohexanone,β-phellandrene,3-carene,α-thujene,andlinalool.[13]
Uses
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(September 2023) |
The fruits, usually used whole, have a pungent,anise-like flavor and aroma that comes from essential oils, mostlycarvone,limonene,andanethole.[14]Caraway is used as aspiceinbreads,especiallyrye bread.[15]A common use of caraway is whole as an addition to rye bread – often calledseeded ryeorJewish rye bread(seeBorodinsky bread). Caraway seeds are often used inIrish soda breadand other baked goods.
Caraway may be used indesserts,liquors,casseroles,and other foods. Its leaves can be added to salads, stews, and soups, and are sometimes consumed as herbs, either raw, dried, or cooked, similar toparsley.The root is consumed as a winterroot vegetablein some places, similar toparsnips.[15]
Caraway fruits are found in diverseEuropean cuisinesand dishes, for examplesauerkraut,and theUnited Kingdom'scaraway seed cake.InAustrian cuisine,it is used to season beef and, inGerman cuisine,pork. InHungarian cuisine,it is added togoulash,and inNorwegian cuisineandSwedish cuisine,it is used for making caraway black bread.[15]
Caraway oil is used to for the production ofKümmelliquor in Germany and Russia, Scandinavianakvavit,and Icelandicbrennivín.[15]Caraway can be infused in a variety of cheeses, such ashavartiandbondostto add flavor. InLatvian cuisine,whole caraway seeds are added to theJāņi sour milk cheese.InOxford,where the plant appeared to have become naturalised in a meadow, the seeds were formerly offered on a tray by publicans to people who wished to disguise the odour of their drinker's breath.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ab"North Carolina State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox: Carum Carvi".North Carolina State University.
- ^"Caraway".Word Crops Database.RetrievedFebruary 16,2016.
- ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on March 27, 2024.RetrievedMarch 28,2024.
- ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on May 9, 2024.RetrievedJune 21,2024.
- ^abKatzer's Spice Pages:Caraway Caraway (Carum carviL.)
- ^Walter William Skeat, Principles of English Etymology, Volume 2, page 319. 1891Words of Arabic Origin
- ^abTutin TG. 1980. Umbellifers of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 2.ISBN0-90-115802-X
- ^abPickersgill, Barbara(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).The Cultural History of Plants.Routledge. p. 157.ISBN0415927463.
- ^Tomanová, Eliška (1998).Wild Flowers.Prague, Czech Republic: Aventinum Nakladatelství. p. 113.ISBN978-1-84067-046-2.
- ^"Fragrant and Beautiful Herbs for Your Sunny Garden".The Spruce.RetrievedJune 1,2022.
- ^Peter, K.V. (2012).Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2.p. 229.
- ^"Finland a Global Leader in Caraway Exports".FinnFacts. April 22, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon April 19, 2014.RetrievedApril 19,2014.
- ^abPeter, K.V., ed. (2012).Handbook of Herbs and Spices, Volume 2.Woodhead Publishing Limited. p. 226.ISBN978-0-85709-039-3.
- ^María D. López; María J. Jordán; María J. Pascual-Villalobo (2008). "Toxic compounds in essential oils of coriander, caraway and basil active against stored rice pests".Journal of Stored Products Research.44(3): 273–278.doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2008.02.005.
- ^abcdRodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs
- ^Mabey R. 1996.Flora Britannica.Sinclair-StevensonISBN1-85-619377-2
External links
[edit]- Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 303.