Jump to content

Cramond

Coordinates:55°58.78′N3°18.04′W/ 55.97967°N 3.30067°W/55.97967; -3.30067
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cramond Village
Cramond Harbour
Cramond Village is located in the City of Edinburgh council area
Cramond Village
Cramond Village
Cramond Village is located in Scotland
Cramond Village
Cramond Village
Location withinScotland
Population13,409 (2024)
OS grid referenceNT18667629
Council area
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townEDINBURGH
Postcode districtEH4
Dialling code0131
PoliceScotland
FireScottish
AmbulanceScottish
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament
List of places
UK
Scotland
55°58.78′N3°18.04′W/ 55.97967°N 3.30067°W/55.97967; -3.30067

Cramond Village(/ˈkræmənd/;Scottish Gaelic:Cair Amain) is a village and suburb in the north-west ofEdinburgh,Scotland, at the mouth of theRiver Almondwhere it enters theFirth of Forth.

The Cramond area has evidence ofMesolithic,Bronze AgeandRomanactivity. In modern times, it was the birthplace of the Scottish economistJohn Law(1671–1729). Cramond was incorporated into the City of Edinburgh by theEdinburgh Boundaries Extension and Tramways Act 1920(10 & 11 Geo. 5.c. lxxxvii).[1]

Etymology

[edit]

It was once believed thatCramond Roman Fortwas known to the Romans asAlaterva.A stone altar was dug up in the grounds of Cramond House dedicated "To the AlatervanMothersand the Mothers of the Parade-ground. "[2]Earlyantiquariansinterpreted the inscription as referring to the place where the stone was found, but this idea is no longer accepted among scholars, and "Alatervae" is presumably a native name for the deities theMatres and Matronae,perhaps originating with theTungriancohort who erected the altar.[3]

In the centuries that followed the end of the Roman occupation, Cramond passed into the hands of theVotadini,who spokeCumbric,aBrythonicCeltic language,and gave the settlement its name. Cramond is derived from the compoundCaer Amon,meaning 'fort on the river', referring to the Roman fort that lay on the River Almond.[4]

History

[edit]
The inscription on the Roman altar dedicated to the Alatervan Mothers and the Mothers of the Parade-ground.

Early history

[edit]

Pre-Roman

[edit]

Archaeological excavations at Cramond have uncovered evidence of habitation dating to around8500 BC,making it, for a time, the earliest known site of human settlement in Scotland.[5]The inhabitants of the Mesolithic camp-site were nomadic hunter-gatherers who moved around their territories according to the season of the year.[6]Although no bones survived the acid soil, waste pits and stakeholes that would have supported shelters or windbreaks were excavated. Numerous discarded hazelnut shells, the waste product of the inhabitants' staple food, were found in the pits and used to carbon-date the site.[6]It is thought the site was chosen for its location near the junction of the Firth of Forth and the River Almond, where the rich oyster and mussel beds proved a reliable natural resource. Manymicrolithstone tools manufactured at the site were found, and pre-date finds of similar style in England.[7]

Roman period

[edit]
See also:Cramond Roman Fort

Around 142,Romanforces arrived at Cramond by order of the EmperorAntoninus Pius,with the task of establishing afortat the mouth of the River Almond. This fort would guard the eastern flank of the fortified frontier known as theAntonine Wall(named after the Emperor, as withHadrian's Wall) that the Romans had established across Scotland. Nearly five hundred men worked on the site, building a fort that covered nearly six acres, with a harbour for communication. However, the fort was only inhabited for a short time, perhaps fifteen years, before it was abandoned by the troops who were ordered to retreat south toHadrian's Wall.Pottery and coins of later date indicate that the fort and harbour were reinhabited and used as a base for the army and navy of the EmperorSeptimius Severus,sometime between 208 and 211.[8]

The medieval parish church of Cramond parish (which retains its late medieval western tower in altered form), was built within the Roman fort.

TheCramond Lionessin theNational Museum of Scotland,Edinburgh

Though knowledge of the Roman presence at Cramond was recorded afterwards, the remains of the fort itself were only rediscovered in 1954. Substantial archaeological research was carried out upon its discovery to build up a reasonably accurate picture of the site in Roman times. The fort was rectangular in shape, with walls fifteen feet high on all sides. Agatehousewas set in every wall, allowing access in all four directions. Inside, there were barracks, workshops, granaries, headquarters and the commander's house. Later excavations revealed other constructions outside the boundary of the fort, including abath-house,further industrial workshops and a native settlement.

In 1997, theCramond Lionesswas uncovered in the harbour mud by a local boatman (who received a substantial monetary reward for finding this major antiquity), and was identified as a sandstone statue of a lioness devouring a hapless male figure, probably one of a pair at the tomb of a military commander. After conservation, the statue was put on display in theNational Museum of Scotlandin Edinburgh. It is one of the most ambitious pieces of Roman sculpture to have survived in Scotland.

Medieval period

[edit]
A map showing the parish of Cramond in 1794.

After the departure of the Romans, little is known about the state of Cramond for several centuries. The historiography of the period has been summed up by the historian J. Wood, who wrote 'a dark cloud of obscurity again settled over the parish of Cramond, of which I cannot find the smallest memorial in any historian till the year 995.'[9]

Atower house,Cramond Tower,probably built in the early 15th century, and part of a now-demolished larger establishment, was once a manor house of theBishops of Dunkeld,of whose diocese Cramond was a part. It was made structurally sound and converted to a private dwelling in the 1980s.

Modern history

[edit]
Cramond causeway pylons in Edinburgh in the evening light with a walker strolling along the causeway.
View of Cramond Causeway looking towards Cramond

Cramond developed slowly over the centuries, withCramond Kirkbeing founded in 1656. After a brief period spent as an industrial village in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by the late 19th century it became a desirable suburb of Edinburgh, which it remains to this day.

Cramond was officially made part of Edinburgh on 1 November 1920.[10]

On 21 February 2009,Philippa Langleybegan her successful Looking For Richard Project at the Cramond Inn.[11][12]

Geography

[edit]

Cramond is located in northwest Edinburgh, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the city centre, at the mouth of the River Almond where it enters the Firth of Forth.

Historically, the parish of Cramond extended from the shore of the Firth of Forth in the north to the parish ofCorstorphinein the south, and was bounded on the west by the parishes ofDalmenyandKirklistonand on the east by the parish of St Cuthbert's.[13]It covered an area of fifteen square miles, and encompassed the villages ofGranton,Pilton,Muirhouse,Davidson's Mains,Blackhall,Ravelston,Craigcrook,TurnhouseandCraigiehall.[14]

The area has a low, gently undulatingtopographythat drops down from the top of Corstorphine hill to the shore in three gradual stages and is intersected by the River Almond which flows northward into the Forth.[15]John Philip Woodwriting in 1794 calls the river "Amon" and notes the stretch running from Craigiehall to the Firth of Forth has wooded, high and steep banks, "frequently chequered with bold and overhanging rocks".[16]During the last ice age the area was heavily glaciated, and the main direction of the ice flow was west to east. Consequently, there are rock deposits on the east side of landforms such as the Almond river valley, and until the Cramond promenade was built in the 1930s large glacial boulders were strewn along the shore.[15]

The geology of Cramond consists ofcalciferous sandstone,which mixed with two latersillsto give the area its characteristic chocolate-brown soil.[15]The leaflet "Geological history of cramond" provides information about the geology of the cramond area such as that there is a coal seam visible near the beach on the south west side of the river almond estuary.[17]

On the coast, west of the River Almond is Hunter's Craig or Eagle Rock, with a carving traditionally maintained to be that of an eagle. The carving was described byWilliam Maitlandin 1753 to have become "prey to time and the inclemency of the weather".[18]Canmorestates the age of the carving as uncertain and its present condition as extremely weathered.[19]

Landmarks and sculpture

[edit]

The 8 tonne workFishhas been permanently installed on the Waterfront at Cramond in 2009[20]after a successful campaign by the Cramond community, paying homage to the eight months of carving of the pink granite there by sculptorRonald Raein 2002.

Cramond Kirk Church Hall also displays the smallerCramond Fish.[21]In the car park, to the rear of the Kirk Hall, another sculpture (elephant) is taking shape.

Architecture

[edit]

The older houses along the wharf are typical of traditional south-east Scottishvernacular architecture,constructed in stone withharlingwhitelime renderfinish, with facing stone window and door surrounds andcrow-step gables,roofed with orangey-red clay pantiles imported from the Netherlands. A ruined water mill lies further up the Almond along a quiet walk past a yacht club and sailing boats moored in the river. To the east a sand beach and waterfront esplanade provides a popular walk toSilverknowesandGranton.On the other side of the Almond, (once accessible by a rowing-boat ferry) theDalmeny Estatehas a pleasant walk through Dalmeny Woods along the shore of theFirth of Forth.

A rare example of amorthouseis located in theChurch of Scotlandchurchyard.

Near the kirk stands the imposing Cramond House. Its central part is late 17th century, with classical front added in 1778 and back in 1820.Queen Victoriavisited while residing atHolyrood.It has been claimed as a possible original ofR. L. Stevenson’s "House of Shaws" inKidnapped.It is now owned by Trustees of the Church of Scotland and until 2010 was used as the headquarters of theScottish Wildlife Trust.The Trust relocated to Leith. The Manse dates originally from the mid-17th century and was rebuilt in the mid-18th century. The north wing was added about 1770 and a south wing in 1857. Reverend Walker, the skating minister inRaeburn's famous portrait, lived here from 1776 to 1784.[22]

Offshore,Cramond IslandhasWW IIfortifications and is linked to land by acausewaywith a line of concrete pylons on one side, constructed as an anti shipping barrier.[23]At certain low tides, sand extends to the island, tempting visitors to visit the island, though occasionally some are stranded by the incoming tide.

In fiction

[edit]

Cramond is associated withThe Prime of Miss Jean Brodie,where Mr. Lowther has his home and Miss Brodie spends much of her time. Cramond is also where the House of Shaws is located inRobert Louis Stevenson'sKidnapped.Cramond is also mentioned inIan Rankin'sFleshmarket Close.

Cramond features briefly in a series 2 episode of thePaul Temple (TV series)called 'Double Vision' filmed in 1970. More recently Cramond featured inYoung Sherlock Holmes: Fire Storm.

Notable residents

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ReDrawing Edinburgh: The Edinburgh Boundary Extension Centennial 1920 ProjectArchived3 March 2021 at theWayback Machine,City of Edinburgh Council
  2. ^Site Record for Cramond Edinburgh, Cramond Roman Fort Details– Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland
  3. ^"TheMatres Alatervae(orAlatervia), on the other hand, are mentioned only here, and the significance of the epithet they bear is wholly obscure. Sir John Clerk, in a letter which is printed by Gordon, suggested that it was local and thatAlatervawas the Roman name of Cramond. Endorsed byStukeley,this suggestion has been generally accepted. But it has no foundation in fact. It is much more probable that the Tungrians had brought the designation with them from their native land, and that it is there that Alaterva must be looked for, if indeed it be a place at all. "Tenth report with inventory of monuments and constructions in the counties of Midlothian and West Lothian,(1929), page 42. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions of Scotland
  4. ^Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007),http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html(appendix athttp://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html).
  5. ^"Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site".BBC News.26 May 2001.Retrieved28 June2008.
  6. ^abCramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 8
  7. ^British Archaeology."Earliest evidence found of settlers in Scotland".Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2012.Retrieved28 June2008.
  8. ^Elliott, Simon; Hughes, Tristan (18 March 2018)."The Scottish Campaigns of Septimius Severus".Turning Points of the Ancient World.Retrieved21 May2018.
  9. ^Wood (1794), p. 12
  10. ^Edinburgh and its Environs: Wardlock Guide
  11. ^Langley, Philippa; Jones, Michael (2013).The Lost King (previously titled: The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III).St. Martin's Press. pp. 11–13.ASINB011T7KE4Y.
  12. ^Ashdown-Hill, J.; Johnson, D.; Johnson, W.; Langley, P. (2014). Carson, A.J. (ed.).Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project.Imprimis Imprimatur. p. 36.ISBN978-0957684027.
  13. ^Wood (1794), p. 1
  14. ^Brown (2000), p. 1
  15. ^abcCramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 4
  16. ^Wood (1794), p. 2
  17. ^"Geological history of cramond Edinburgh... copyright 2014 lothian and borders geoconservation, a committee of the edinburgh geological society, a charity registered in Scotland. Charity no: sc008011. The cramond heritage trust is a charity registered in scotland. Charity no: sc000754”
  18. ^Maitland, William (1753).History of Edinburgh from Its Foundation to the Present Time. In 9 Books.Edinburgh: Hamilton Balfour & Neill. p. 508.
  19. ^Historic Environment Scotland."Eagle Rock (50390)".Canmore.Retrieved22 August2023.
  20. ^Mollison, Hazel (23 March 2009)."Neighbours chip in to net fish sculpture".The Scotsman.Edinburgh.
  21. ^"Ronald Rae Sculpture - Timeless, Hand Carved Granite Sculptures by a Renowned Scottish Sculptor".Archived fromthe originalon 3 November 2007.Retrieved9 May2009.
  22. ^"Cramond Association, Edinburgh".Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2012.Retrieved19 May2011.
  23. ^"Edinburgh, Cramond Island, Anti-shipping Barrier | ScotlandsPlaces".Government of the United Kingdom.Retrieved21 February2017.

Book references

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCramond.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cramond&oldid=1240871768"