Deutsche Mark

"DEM" redirects here. For other uses, seeDEM (disambiguation).

This article is about the mark issued by the Federal Republic of Germany. For the mark issued by the German Democratic Republic, seeEast German mark.For the currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914, seeGerman mark (1871).

Deutsche Mark

Deutsche Mark(German) German mark(English) D-Mark
Deutsche Mark banknotes from 1989
ISO 4217
Code	DEM
Unit
Unit	Mark
Plural	Mark
Symbol	DM‎
Denominations
Subunit
1⁄100	Pfennig
Plural
Pfennig	Pfennig
Symbol
Pfennig	pf
Banknotes
Freq. used	DM5, DM10, DM20, DM50, DM100, DM200
Rarely used	DM500, DM1,000
Coins
Freq. used	1pf, 2pf, 5pf, 10pf, 50pf, DM1, DM2, DM5
Demographics
Official user(s)	None, previously: List Trizone(1948–1949) West Germany(1949–1990) West Berlin(1949–1990) East Germany(July–October 1990) Germany(1990–2002)
Unofficial user(s)	List UNMIK(1999–2002) FR Yugoslavia(1992–2002, in parallel with theYugoslav dinaruntil 2002) Republic of Montenegro(1996–2002, in parallel with theYugoslav dinaruntil 2002) Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina(1992–1998, in parallel with theBosnia and Herzegovina dinar) Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia(1991–1996, in parallel with theBosnia and Herzegovina dinar,Croatian dinar,andCroatian kuna) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia(1993–1995, in parallel with theUnited States dollar,French franc,Croatian kuna,andYugoslav dinar) UNTAES(1996–1998, in parallel with theCroatian kunaandYugoslav dinar)
Issuance
Central bank	Deutsche Bundesbank
Website	www.bundesbank.de
Printer	Bundesdruckerei Giesecke & Devrient
Website	Bundesdruckerei Giesecke & Devrient
Mint	List Bayerisches Hauptmünzamt,Munich (Mint mark:D) Hamburgische Münze(J) Staatliche Münze Berlin(A) Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg,formed by Staatliche Münze Karlsruhe (G) and Staatliche Münze Stuttgart (F)
Website	List Munich mint Hamburg mint Berlin mint Karlsruhe-Stuttgart mints
Valuation
Inflation	1.4%, December 2001
Pegged by	Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark,Bulgarian levat par
EU Exchange Rate Mechanism(ERM)
Since	13 March 1979
Fixed rate since	31 December 1998
Replaced by euro, non cash	1 January 1999
Replaced by euro, cash	1 March 2002
1 €=	DM 1.95583
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

TheDeutsche Mark(German:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈmaʁk];"Germanmark"), abbreviated"DM"or"D-Mark"([ˈdeːˌmaʁk]), was the officialcurrencyofWest Germanyfrom 1948 until 1990 and later the unifiedGermanyfrom 1990 until the adoption of theeuroin 2002. In English, it was typically called the "Deutschmark"(/ˈdɔɪtʃmɑːrk/DOYTCH-mark). One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100pfennigs.

It was first issued underAllied occupationin 1948 to replace theReichsmarkand served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year. On 31 December 1998, theCouncil of the European Unionfixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1.In 1999, the Deutsche Mark was replaced by the euro; itscoinsandbanknotesremained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to belegal tenderimmediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the othereurozonestates, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 1 March 2002.

TheDeutsche Bundesbankhas guaranteed that all German marks in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so in person at any branch of the Bundesbank in Germany. Banknotes and coins can even be sent to the Bundesbank by mail.In 2012, it was estimated that as many as 13.2 billion marks were in circulation, with one poll from 2011 showing a narrow majority of Germans favouring the currency's restoration (although only a minority believed this would bring any economic benefit).Polls in the early 2020s indicated only a minority of Germans supported reintroduction of the Deutsche Mark.

History

Before 1871

See also:North German thaler,South German gulden,andGerman gold mark

A mark had been the currency of Germany since itsoriginal unificationin 1871. Before that time, the differentGerman statesissued a variety of different currencies, the most common being theNorth German thalerand theSouth German gulden.By 1857, both currencies were linked to theVereinsthaler,a silver coin containing16+2⁄3gramsof pure silver. Although theGerman gold markwas based on gold rather than silver (at 2.79 marks per gram of fine gold), a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the mark of 3 marks = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.

1873–1948

The first mark, known as theGoldmark,was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak ofWorld War I,the mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as thePapiermark,especially as highinflation,thenhyperinflationoccurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. ThePapiermarkwas replaced by theRentenmark(RM) from 15 November 1923, and theReichsmark(ℛ︁ℳ︁) in 1924.

Early military occupation following WWII

During the first two years of occupation the occupying powers of France, United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union were not able to successfully negotiate a possible currency reform in Germany. Due to the strains between the Allies each zone was governed independently as regards monetary matters. The US occupation policy was governed by the directiveJCS 1067(in effect until July 1947), which forbade the US military governor "to take any steps to strengthen German financial structure".As a consequence a separate monetary reform in the U.S. zone was not possible.Each of the Allies printed itsown occupation currency.

Currency reform of June 1948

The Deutsche Mark was officially introduced on Sunday 20 June 1948 byLudwig Erhard.Large amounts were exchanged for 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ to 65pf. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of DM 60 in two parts, the first being DM 40 and the second DM 20.

A few weeks later Erhard, acting against orders, issued an edict abolishing many economic controls which had been originally implemented by the Nazis, and which the Allies had not removed. He did this, as he often confessed, on Sunday because the offices of the American, British, and French occupation authorities were closed that day. He was sure that if he had done it when they were open, they would have countermanded the order.

The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave ofhyperinflationand to stop the rampant barter andblack markettrade (where cigarettes were used as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered theSovietauthorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones andWest Berlin,starting theBerlin Blockade.In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well.

Economics of 1948 currency reform

Since the 1930s, prices and wages had been controlled, but money had been plentiful. That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking place unofficially. The reform replaced the old money with the new Deutsche Mark at the rate of one new per ten old. This wiped out 90% of government and private debt, as well as private savings. Prices were decontrolled, and labor unions agreed to accept a 15% wage increase, despite the 25% rise in prices. The result was the prices of German export products held steady, while profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $1.4 billion inMarshall Planmoney coming in from the United States, which primarily was used for investment. In addition, the Marshall plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices, and take account of the wider market.

Marshall plan funding overcame bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls (which were removed in 1949), and opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports. Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for higher prices.While the availability of consumer goods is seen as a giant success story by most historians of the present, the perception at the time was a different one: prices were so high that average people could not afford to shop, especially since prices were free-ranging but wages still fixed by law. Therefore, in the summer of 1948 a giant wave of strikes and demonstrations swept over West Germany, leading to an incident in Stuttgart where strikers were met by US tanks ( "Stuttgarter Vorfälle" ). Only after the wage-freeze was abandoned, Deutschmark and free-ranging prices were accepted by the population.

Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone

In theSoviet occupation zoneof Germany (later theGerman Democratic Republic), theEast German mark(also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948 to 1964 and colloquially referred to as theOstmark—literallyEastmark) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. In July 1948, a completely new series of East German mark banknotes was issued.

Bank deutscher Länderand theDeutsche Bundesbank

Later in 1948, theBank deutscher Länder( "Bank of the German States" ) assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by theDeutsche Bundesbank.The Deutsche Mark earned a reputation as a strongstore of valueat times when other national currencies succumbed to periods ofinflation.It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity,particularly during the years of theWirtschaftswunderin the 1950s.

Currency union with the Saarland

The population in theSaar Protectoraterejected in a referendum the proposal to turn it into a "European territory". Despite French pre-referendum claims that a "no" vote would mean that the Saar would remain a Frenchprotectorateit in fact resulted in the incorporation of the Saar into theFederal Republic of Germanyon 1 January 1957. The new Germanmember stateof theSaarlandmaintained its currency, theSaar franc,which was in a currency union at par with theFrench franc.On 9 July 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar franc at a ratio of 100 francs = DM 0.8507.

German reunification

The Deutsche Mark played an important role in thereunificationof Germany. It was introduced as the official currency ofEast Germanyin July 1990, replacing theEast German mark(Mark der DDR), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for Deutsche Marks at a rate of 1:1 for the first M 4,000 and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was givenBegrüßungsgeld(welcome money), a per capita allowance of DM 100 in cash. The government of Germany and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German mark and the German mark.

France and the United Kingdom were opposed to German reunification, and attempted to influence theSoviet Unionto stop it.However, in late 1989 France extracted German commitment to theMonetary Unionin return for support for German reunification.

Stability

The German mark had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of theBundesbank.The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy was the foundation of theEuropean Central Bank's present policytowards the euro. The German mark's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in theEuropean Exchange Rate Mechanism.However, it should be remembered that "hard" is relative only if it is compared to other currencies, as in its 53-year history, the purchasing power of the German mark was reduced by over 70%.

Coins

The first Deutsche Mark coins were issued by theBank deutscher Länderin 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscriptionBundesrepublik Deutschland(Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins. These coins were issued in denominations of 1pf, 2pf, 5pf, 10pf, and 50pf. The 1pf and 2pf coins were struck in bronze clad steel (although during some years the 2pf was issued in solid bronze) while 5pf and 10pf were brass clad steel and the 50-pfennig was incupronickel.In 1950, cupronickel DM1 coins were released, while a cupronickel DM2 and a.625 silver DM5 were released in 1951. Cupronickel replaced silver in the DM5 in 1975. The DM2 and DM5 coins have often been used for commemorative themes, though typically only the generic design for the DM5 is intended for circulation. Commemorative silver DM10 coins have also been issued which have periodically found their way into circulation. Unlike other European countries, Germany retained the use of the smallest coins (1pf and 2pf) until adoption of the euro.

Image	Denomination	Dates issued	Composition	Diameter	Reverse	Obverse
	1pf	1948–2001	1948–1949: Bronze-plated steel 1950–2001: Copper-plated steel	16.5 mm	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	2pf	1949–2001	1949–1968: Bronze 1968–2001: Bronze-plated steel	19.25 mm	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	5pf	1949–2001	Brass-plated steel	18.5 mm	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	10pf	1949–2001	Brass-plated steel	21.5 mm	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	50pf	1949–2001	Cupro-nickel	20 mm	Denomination	Woman planting an oak seedling
	DM 1	1950–2001	Cupro-nickel	23.5 mm	Denomination between oak leaves	German eagle
	DM 2	1951–1956	Cupro-nickel	25.5 mm	Denomination between rye stalks and grapes	German eagle
		1957–1971	Cupro-nickel	26.75 mm	Max Planck	German eagle, denomination below
		1969–2001	Cupro-nickel (Cu75%Ni25%)	26.75 mm	1969–1987:Konrad Adenauer 1970–1987:Theodor Heuss 1979–1993:Kurt Schumacher 1988–2001:Ludwig Erhard 1990–2001:Franz Josef Strauss 1994–2001:Willy Brandt	German eagle, denomination below
	DM 5	1951–1974	.625 silver (Ag62.5%Cu37.5%)	29 mm	Denomination	German eagle
		1975–2001	Cupro-nickel (Cu75%Ni25%)	29 mm	Denomination	German eagle

The weights and dimensions of the coins can be found in an FAQ of theBundesbank.Unlike other countries (such as Australia) there was no attempt or proposal suggested for the withdrawal of the 1pf and 2pf coins. Both coins were still in circulation in 2001 and supermarkets in particular still marked prices to the nearest pfennig. This penchant for accuracy continues with the euro (whileFinlandor theNetherlandsfor example, price to the nearest 5 cents) with the 1-cent coin still encountered in Germany.

There were a considerable number ofcommemorative silver DM 5 and DM 10 coins,which actually had the status oflegal tenderbut were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.

Obverse view of the 2001 special gold issue of the DM1 coin

On 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing theBundesbankto issue, in 2001, a special.999 pure gold DM 1 coin commemorating the end of the German mark. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel DM 1 coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which readDeutsche Bundesbank(instead ofBundesrepublik Deutschland), as theBundesbankwas the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold DM 1 coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of theBundesbank.The issue price varied by the dealer but averaged approximately US$165.

German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during theSecond World Warinclude the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for German mark coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on theGerman euro coins.

Between 1 July 1990 (thecurrency union with East Germany) and 1 July 1991, East German coins in denominations up to 50pfennigs continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, owing to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of the former East Germany.

Colloquial expressions

In colloquial German the 10pf coin was sometimes called agroschen(compare:groat). Likewise,sechser('sixer') could refer to a coin of 5pf. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independentstates(notablyPrussia), where agroschenwas subdivided into 12pfennigs, hence half agroscheninto 6. After 1871, 12 oldpfennigs would be converted into 10pf of the mark, hence 10pf coins inherited thegroschenname and 5pf coins inherited thesechsername. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where agroschencoin did not exist before 1871. In particular, the usage ofsechseris less widespread. In northern Germany the DM 5 coin used to be also called aHeiermann,whereas inBavariathe DM 2 coin was calledZwickland this expression is now used for the €2 coin in the region.

Banknotes

One Deutsche Mark (1948), first series,Allied military issue

There were four series of German mark banknotes:

• The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of DM1⁄2,DM 1, DM 2, DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100, with two designs of DM 20 and DM 50.
• The second series (BdL) was introduced in 1948 by theBank deutscher Länder,an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to theUS DollarandFrench franc,as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between theBank of Franceand the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5pf and 10pf, DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 marks. The last of the banknotes (DM 5 and DM 10) were phased out by 31 July 1966.
• The third series (I/Ia BBk) was introduced in 1960 by theBundesbank,depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painters, and buildings. There were denominations of DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50, DM 100, DM 500 and DM 1,000. The series ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995.
• The fourth (BBk III/III a) was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances inforgerytechnology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a DM200 denomination, to decrease the use of DM 100 banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the DM 100 and DM 500 denominations. In 1997–1998, new versions of DM 50, DM 100 and DM 200 were issued with improved security elements.

The notes with a value greater than DM 200 were rarely seen. A reserve series (BBk II) was commissioned on 1 July 1960, consisting of DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 banknotes. 670 million BBk II banknotes in value of 25 billion marks were printed. The notes were printed between 1963 and 1974 in fear if the Eastern Bloc would start systematically counterfeiting the BBk I series of banknotes to cripple the economy, then they would quickly be replaced by emergency notes. Another reserve series for West Berlin (BBk IIa) was commissioned on 1 July 1963, consisting of DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 banknotes. 115 million West Berlin banknotes were printed, total value 4 billion marks. 15 billion marks worth of the banknotes were held in Bundesbank's custom-builtunderground bunkerinCocheminRheinland-Pfalz,the rest was stored in Bundesbank's vault inFrankfurt.

Banknotes of the third series (BBk I/Ia)

In 1957, withBank deutscher Länderand the states' central banks merging to form the Bundesbank, new banknotes were being designed, as "Bank deutscher Länder" on the previous series was no longer correct. The previous series' notes had been made out of less durable paper and had a rather short life. While previously damaged notes could be replaced from reserve stocks, this stock was also coming to an end, necessitating a reprint.

The penalty for counterfeiting and forgery of banknotes (imprisonment at least two years) appeared on the upper right corner of the reverse of all third series banknotes. Note this is the post-1970 variant, featuring "Freiheitsstrafe" instead of "Zuchthaus".

Typical security features at the time were guilloches, a multi-level head watermark and a security thread. Note numbers that fluoresced under UV light and green, yellow, and blue. 27 fluorescent fibers embedded in the paper appeared on most banknotes; however, some specimens without these features were in circulation. Starting in 1976, banknotes were equipped with machine-readable feature - a colorless inorganic oxide mixture applied to the security thread. Banknotes featuring that were designated BBk Ia within the Bundesbank. All banknotes of the third series bore the penalty for counterfeiting and forgery on the upper right corner of the reverse, fromGerman penal codesection 146: "Wer Banknoten nachmacht oder verfälscht, oder nachgemachte oder verfälschte sich verschafft und in Verkehr bringt, wird mit Zuchthaus/Freiheitsstrafe nicht unter zwei Jahren bestraft."(" Who falsifies or counterfeits banknotes, or procures falsified or counterfeit banknotes and releases them into circulation, is liable to imprisonment for at least two years ".

The third series banknotes entered circulation on 10 February 1961, with the DM 20 note. DM 100 and DM 50 followed next year, and DM 5 and DM 10 in 1963. High-denomination DM 1000 and DM 500 followed in 1964 and 1965, respectively.

The banknotes were printed exclusively in West Germany; inBundesdruckereiinWest Berlinand inGiesecke+DevrientinMunich.The third series banknotes ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995, when the fourth series notes had been in circulation for 3–5 years. There were a total of five issues of the third series, main differences being the dates, and signatures of the Presidents and Vice Presidents of Bundesbank:

Issue	Date	President	Vice President	Notable other changes
1	2 January 1960	Karl Blessing	Heinrich Troeger
2	2 January 1970	Karl Klasen	Otmar Emminger	"Zuchthaus" has been replaced with "Freiheitsstrafe" following 1969 Great Penal Code Reform
3	1 June 1977	Otmar Emminger	Karl Otto Pöhl	Machine-readable "M" feature, now designated BBk Ia
4	2 January 1980	Karl Otto Pöhl	Helmut Schlesinger
5	2 January 1980	Karl Otto Pöhl	Helmut Schlesinger	"Deutsche Bundesbank" copyright notice with year of the denomination's first issue added on the bottom of the reverse

1960 series

Image		Dimensions	Paper color	Main color	Description		Date of
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	Issue	Withdrawal
		120×60 mm	Green	Green	Portrait of a Venetian WomanbyAlbrecht Dürer(1505)	A branch with oak leaves and acorns symbolizesGerman nature	6/5/1963	30/6/1995
		130×65 mm	Blue	Blue	Beardless Young ManbyLucas Cranach the Elder(1500)	Training ship Gorch FocksymbolizesGerman cosmopolitanism	21/10/1963	30/6/1995
		140×70 mm	Green	Green	Portrait of Elsbeth Tucher, née PuschbyAlbrecht Dürer(1499)	Aviolinand aclarinetsymbolizesthe world of German music	10/2/1961	30/6/1995
		150×75 mm	Yellow	Brown	Portrait of Hans Urmiller fromPortrait of Hans Urmiller and his SonbyBarthel Beham(1525)	HolstentorinLübecksymbolizesGerman civic pride	18/6/1962	30/6/1995
		160×80 mm	Blue	Blue	CosmographSebastian MünsterbyChristoph Amberger(1552)	Aneaglewith stretched-out wings (Federal Eagle) symbolizesGerman state awareness	26/2/1962	30/6/1995
		170×85 mm	Yellow	Red	Portrait of a beardless manbyHans Maler zu Schwaz(1521)	Burg EltzinRhineland-PalatinatesymbolizesGerman chivalry	26/4/1965	30/6/1995
		180×90 mm	Yellow	Brown	Portrait of Dr. Johannes ScheyringbyLucas Cranach the Elder(1529)	Limburg CathedralsymbolizesRomanesque architecturein Germany	27/7/1964	30/6/1995
For table standards, see thebanknote specification table.

Banknotes of the fourth series

The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances and so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a DM 200 denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.

The new security features were: a windowed security thread (with the notes' denominations in microprinting), watermarks, microprinting,intaglio printing(viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as aBraillerepresentation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the DM 500 and DM 1000 denominations), a see-through registration device and ultraviolet-visible security features.

First to be issued were the DM 100 and DM 200 denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "Frankfurt am Main,2. Januar 1989 "). The next denomination was DM 10 on 16 April 1991, followed by DM 50 on 30 September 1991.Next was the DM 20 note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the DM 5, DM 500, and DM 1000 denominations on 27 October 1992. The DM 500, and DM 1000 denominations were rarely seen in circulation due to value and all were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (DM 50, DM 100 and DM 200) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the neweuro banknotes), and theEURion constellationon the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colours were changed slightly to hamper counterfeiting.

1989 series

Image		Dimensions	Value in Euros (€)	Main color	Description			Date of
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	First Printing	Issue	Withdrawal
		122×62 mm	€2.56	Green	Bettina von Arnim,historical buildings ofBerlin	Brandenburg Gate	1/8/1991	27/10/1992	31/12/2001
		130×65 mm	€5.11	Purple	Carl Friedrich Gauss,historical buildings ofGöttingen	Sextant	2/1/1989	16/4/1991	31/12/2001
		138×68 mm	€10.23	Aqua	Annette von Droste-Hülshoff,historical buildings ofMeersburg	Aquillpen and aEuropean beechtree	1/8/1991	20/3/1992	31/12/2001
		146×71 mm	€25.56	Olive Green	Balthasar Neumann,historical buildings ofWürzburg	Partial view of theWürzburg Residence	2/1/1989	30/9/1991	31/12/2001
		154×74 mm	€51.13	Blue	Clara Schumann,historical buildings ofLeipzig	Grand Piano	2/1/1989	1/10/1990	31/12/2001
		162×77 mm	€102.26	Orange	Paul Ehrlich,historical buildings ofFrankfurt am Main	Microscope	2/1/1989	1/10/1990	31/12/2001
		170×80 mm	€255.65	Red	Maria Sibylla Merian,historical buildings ofNuremberg	Dandelion,Inchworm,Butterfly	1/8/1991	27/10/1992	31/12/2001
		178×83 mm	€511.29	Brown	WilhelmandJacobGrimm,historical buildings ofKassel	The 'German Dictionary',Alte Bibliothekin Berlin	1/8/1991	27/10/1992	31/12/2001
Hologram variant
		As previous					2/1/1996	2/2/1998	31/12/2001
							2/1/1996	1/8/1997	31/12/2001
							2/1/1996	1/8/1997	31/12/2001
For table standards, see thebanknote specification table.

Spelling and pronunciation

The German name of the currency isDeutsche Mark(fem.,German pronunciation:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈmaʁk]); its plural form instandard Germanis the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" infemininesingularnominativeform) is capitalized because it is part of a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The Englishloanword"Deutschmark" has a slightly different spelling and one syllable fewer (possibly due to the frequency ofsilent ein English, or due to English's lack of adjectival endings), and a plural form in-s.

In Germany and other German speaking countries, the currency's name was often abbreviated asD-Mark(fem.,[ˈdeːmaʁk]) or simplyMark(fem.) with the latter term also often used in English. LikeDeutsche Mark,D-MarkandMarkdo not take the plural in German when used with numbers (like all names of units), the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e.g.eine (one) Markanddreißig (thirty) Mark). Sometimes, a very colloquial plural form ofMark,Märker[ˈmɛʁkɐ]was used either ashypocoristicform or to refer to a small number of D-Mark coins or bills, e.g.Gib mir mal ein paar Märker( "Just give me a few marks" ) andDie lieben Märker wieder( "The lovely money again", with anironicundertone).

The subdivision unit is spelledPfennig(masc.;[ˈpfɛnɪç]), which unlikeMarkdoes have a commonly used plural form:Pfennige([ˈpfɛnɪɡə]), but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. (e.g.:ein (one) Pfennig,dreißig (thirty) Pfennigeordreißig (thirty) Pfennig). The official form is singular.

Reserve currency

Main article:Reserve currency

Before the switch to the euro, the Deutsche Mark was the largest international reserve currency after theUnited States dollar.

The percental composition of currencies of official foreignexchange reservesfrom 1995 to 2022.

US dollar	Euro	German mark	French franc
Sterling	Japanese yen	Renminbi	Other

See also

• Economy of Germany
• German adoption of the euro
• German euro coins
• German PapiermarkandNotgeld
• German Reichsmark
• List of commemorative coins of the Federal Republic of Germany

External links

• Coins of the Third Reich
• Overview of German Mark from BBC online
• Historical US Dollars to German Marks currency conversion, 1913–2005
• Historical banknotes of GermanyincludingEast German banknotes

Preceded by: Reichsmark,Rentenmark,AM-Mark Reason:intended to protect West Germany from the second wave ofhyperinflationand stop the rampant barter andblack markettrade Ratio:1 DM = 1 RM (either) below 600 RM 1 DM = 10 RM above 600 RM and each person received 40 DM	Currency of West Germany (incl. West Berlin) 21 (24 W-Berlin) June 1948 – 30 June 1990 Note:except of the state of the Saarland (1957–1959)	Currency of Germany 1 July 1990 – 31 December 2001 Note:euroexisted asmoney of accountsince 1 January 1999, with DM coins and banknotes being the German appearance of the euro	Succeeded by: Euro Reason:deployment of euro cash Ratio:1 euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark
Preceded by: French francandSaar Franc Reason:currency union (9 July 1959), after theSaarlandhad joinedWest Germany(1 January 1957) Ratio:100 Francs = 0.8507 Deutsche Mark
Preceded by: Markof theGDR Reason:currency union (1 July 1990) preparing theGerman reunification(3 October 1990) Ratio:at par up to 4000 GDR marks 2 GDR marks = 1 DM above 4000 GDR marks
Preceded by: Yugoslav new dinar Reason:political and economic reasons		Currency ofKosovo,Montenegro 1999 – 31 December 2001