Eshmunazar I
Eshmunazar I | |
---|---|
Reign | c. 575 BC– c. 550 BC |
Predecessor | Not documented |
Successor | Tabnit I |
Phoenician language | 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓 |
Dynasty | Founder of his namesake dynasty |
Religion | Canaanite polytheism |
Eshmunazar I(Phoenician:𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓ʾšmnʿzr,atheophoric namemeaning 'Eshmunhelps') was a priest ofAstarteand thePhoenicianKing of Sidon(r. c. 575 – c. 550 BC). He was the founder of his namesake dynasty, and a vassal king of theAchaemenid Empire.Eshmunazar participated in theNeo-Babyloniancampaigns against Egypt under the command of eitherNebuchadnezzar IIorNabonidus.The Sidonian king is mentioned in the funerary inscriptions engraved on the royal sarcophagi of his sonTabnit Iand his grandsonEshmunazar II.The monarch's name is also attested in the dedicatory temple inscriptions of his other grandson, KingBodashtart.
Etymology
[edit]Eshmunazaris theRomanizedform of the Phoeniciantheophoric name𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓, meaning "Eshmun helps".[1][2]
Chronology
[edit]The absolute chronology of theKings of Sidonfrom the dynasty of Eshmunazar I has been much discussed in the literature; traditionally placed in the course of the fifth century BC, inscriptions of this dynasty have been dated back to an earlier period on the basis ofnumismatic,historical and archaeological evidence. The most complete work addressing the dates of the reigns of these Sidonian kings is by the French historianJosette Elayiwho shifted away from the use ofbiblical chronology.Elayi used extant documentation, including inscribedTyriansealsandstampsexcavated by the Lebanese archaeologistMaurice Chehabin 1972 from Jal el-Bahr, a neighborhood in the north of Tyre,[3][4][5][6][7]Phoenician inscriptions discovered by the French archaeologistMaurice Dunandin Sidon in 1965,[8]and the systematic study of Sidonian coins.[note 1][9][10]According to her work Eshmunazar reigned fromc.575 BC to c. 550 BC.[11][12][13]
Historical context
[edit]Sidon, which was a flourishing and independentPhoeniciancity-state,came underMesopotamianoccupation in the ninth century BC. TheAssyriankingAshurnasirpal II(883–859 BC) conqueredthe Lebanonmountain range and its coastal cities, including Sidon.[14]
In 705, the Sidonian kingLulijoined forces with theEgyptiansandJudahin an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule,[15][16]but was forced to flee toKitionwith the arrival of the Assyrian army headed bySennacherib.Sennacherib instatedIttobaalon the throne of Sidon, and reimposed the annualtribute.[17]WhenAbdi-Milkuttiascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian kingEsarhaddoncaptured and beheaded Abdi-Milkutti in 677 BC after a three-year siege; Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded toBaal I,the king of rival Tyre and loyalvassalto Esarhaddon.[18]
Reign
[edit]Little is known about Eshmunazar I's reign. According to Elayi, Eshmunazar was a usurper since, unlike the customs of the Phoenician royalty, the name of his father is not mentioned in any of the royal inscriptions.[19]Eshmunazar participated in theNeo-Babyloniancampaigns against Egypt under the command of eitherNebuchadnezzar IIorNabonidus.[19]The Sidonian king seized Egyptian stone sarcophagi belonging to members of the Egyptian elite; three of these sarcophagi were unearthed in the royal necropolis of Sidon.[20][21][22][23]
Epigraphic mentions
[edit]Eshmunazar I is mentioned in the funerary inscriptions engraved on the royal sarcophagi of his sonTabnitand his grandsonEshmunazar II.[24][25]The monarch's name is also attested in the dedicatory temple inscriptions of his other grandson, KingBodashtart.[26]
Genealogy
[edit]Eshmunazar I was the founder of his namesake dynasty; his heir was his sonTabnit,who fathered Eshmunazar II from his sisterAmoashtart.[27]
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See also
[edit]- King of Sidon– List of monarchs of Sidon.[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^Sidonian coins were the first coins to bear minting dates in antiquity based on the years of reign of the kings.
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^Hitti 1967,p. 135.
- ^Jean 1947,p. 267.
- ^Kaoukabani 2005,p. 4.
- ^Elayi 2006,p. 2.
- ^Chéhab 1983,p. 171.
- ^Xella & López 2005b.
- ^Greenfield 1985,pp. 129–134.
- ^Dunand 1965,pp. 105–109.
- ^abElayi 2006.
- ^Elayi & Elayi 2004.
- ^Elayi 2006,p. 22.
- ^Amadasi Guzzo 2012,p. 6.
- ^Elayi 2013,p. 229.
- ^Bryce 2009,p. 651.
- ^Netanyahu 1964,pp. 243–244.
- ^Yates 1942,p. 109.
- ^Elayi 2018b,p. 58.
- ^Bromiley 1979,pp. 501, 933–934.
- ^abElayi 2013,Tyr et Sidon à l'époque Nabonide ".
- ^Elayi 2006,p. 6.
- ^Versluys 2010,pp. 7–14.
- ^Buhl 1983,p. 201.
- ^Nitschke 2007,pp. 71–72.
- ^Derenbourg 1887,pp. 9–10.
- ^Haelewyck 2012,pp. 80–82.
- ^Halpern 2016,pp. 19–20.
- ^Elayi 2006,p. 5.
Sources
[edit]- Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia(2012)."Sidon et ses sanctuaires"[Sidon and its sanctuaries].Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale(in French).106.Presses Universitaires de France: 5–18.doi:10.3917/assy.106.0005.ISSN0373-6032.JSTOR42771737.
- Aubet, María Eugenia(2001).The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521795432.
- Boardman, John;Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière;Lewis, David Malcolm;Ostwald, Martin(2000).The Cambridge Ancient History: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c.525 to 479 B.C.Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521228046.
- Bromiley, Geoffrey(1979).The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z.Vol. 4. Grand Rapids, Mich.:Wm. B. EerdmansPublishing.ISBN9780802837844.
- Bryce, Trevor (2009).The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire.London: Routledge.ISBN9780415394857.
- Buhl, Marie Louise (1983).The Near Eastern pottery and objects of other materials from the Upper strata.København: Munksgaard.OCLC886631942.
- Chéhab, Maurice(1983). "Découvertes phéniciennes au Liban" [Phoenician discoveries in Lebanon].Atti del I congresso internazionale di studi Fenici e Punici[Proceedings of the first International Congress of Phoenician and Punic studies] (in French).
- Derenbourg, Hartwig (1887)."L'inscription de Tabnit: Père D'Eschmounʿazar"[The inscription of Tabnit: Father of Eshunazar].Revue de l'histoire des religions(in French).16:7–15.ISSN0035-1423.JSTOR23659587.
- Dunand, Maurice(1965). "Nouvelles inscriptions phéniciennes du temple d'Echmoun, près Sidon" [New Phoenician inscriptions from the temple of Echmoun, near Sidon].Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth(in French).18.Ministère de la Culture – Direction Générale des Antiquités (Liban): 105–109.
- Elayi, Josette (2018b).Sennacherib, King of Assyria.Atlanta: SBL Press.ISBN9780884143185.
- Elayi, Josette (2013).Histoire de la Phénicie[The history of Phoenicia] (in French). Paris: Perrin.ISBN9782262043254.
- Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G. (2004).Le monnayage de la cité phénicienne de Sidon à l'époque perse (Ve-IVe s. av. J.-C.): Texte[The coinage of the Phoenician city of Sidon in the Persian era (V-IV s. av. J.-C.): Text] (in French). Paris: Gabalda.ISBN9782850211584.
- Elayi, Josette (2006)."An updated chronology of the reigns of Phoenician kings during the Persian period (539–333 BCE)"(PDF).Digitorient.Collège de France – UMR7912.
- Greenfield, Jonas C.(1985)."A Group of Phoenician City Seals".Israel Exploration Journal.35(2/3). Israel Exploration Society: 129–134.ISSN0021-2059.JSTOR27925980– via JSTOR.
- Haelewyck, Jean-Claude (2012)."The Phoenician Inscription of Eshmunazar: An Attempt at Vocalization".Bulletin de l'Académie Belge pour l'Étude des Langues Anciennes et Orientales.1:77–98.doi:10.14428/BABELAO.VOL1.2012.19803.S2CID191414877.
- Halpern, Baruch(2016)."Annotations to royal Phoenician inscriptions from Persian Sidon, Zincirli (Kilamuwa), Karatepe (Azitawadda) and Pyrgi".Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies.32.Israel Exploration Society:18–27.ISSN0071-108X.JSTOR26732492.
- Hitti, Philip Khuri(1967).Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the Present.London: Macmillan.
- Jean, Charles François (1947)."L'étude du milieu biblique"[The study of the biblical environment].Nouvelle Revue Théologique(in French): 245–270.Retrieved10 February2021.
- Jidejian, Nina (1971).Sidon through the ages.Beirut: Dar el-Machreq.
- Kaoukabani, Ibrahim (2005)."Les estampilles phénicienne de Tyr"[The Phoenician stamps of Tyre](PDF).Archaeology & History in the Lebanon(in French) (21). AHL: 3–79 – via Archaeology & History in Lebanon.
- Netanyahu, Benzion(1964).The World History of the Jewish People.Tel Aviv: Jewish History Publications Limited.ISBN9780813506159.
- Nitschke, Jessica (2007).Perceptions of Culture: Interpreting Greco-Near Eastern Hybridity in the Phoenician Homeland(PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.
- Versluys, Miguel John (2010). "Understanding Egypt In Egypt And Beyond". In Bricault, Laurent (ed.).Isis on the Nile. Egyptian Gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt - Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liège, November 27–29, 2008: Michel Malaise in honorem.Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, 171. Leiden:Brill.pp. 7–36.doi:10.1163/EJ.9789004188822.I-364.10.ISBN9789004210868.S2CID56027286.
- Xella, Paolo; López, José-Ángel Zamora (2005b). "Nouveaux documents phéniciens du sanctuaire d'Eshmoun à Bustan esh-Sheikh (Sidon)" [New Phoenician documents from the sanctuary of Eshmun in Bustan esh-Sheikh (Sidon)]. In Arruda, A. M. (ed.).Atti del VI congresso internazionale di studi Fenici e Punici[Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic studies] (in French). Lisbon.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Yates, Kyle Monroe (1942).Preaching from the Prophets.New York: Harper & brothers.ISBN9780805415025.
- Zamora, José-Ángel(2016). "Autres rois, autre temple: la dynastie d'Eshmounazor et le sanctuaire extra-urbain de Eshmoun à Sidon" [Other kings, other temple: the dynasty of Eshmunazor and the extra-urban sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon]. In Russo Tagliente, Alfonsina; Guarneri, Francesca (eds.).Santuari mediterranei tra Oriente e Occidente: interazioni e contatti culturali: atti del Convegno internazionale, Civitavecchia – Roma 2014[Mediterranean sanctuaries between East and West: interactions and cultural contacts: Proceedings of the International Conference, Civitavecchia–Rome 2014] (in French). Rome: Scienze e lettere. pp. 253–262.ISBN9788866870975.