Fourth World

TheFourth Worldis an extension of thethree-world model,used variably to refer to

Sub-populations socially excluded fromglobal society,such asuncontacted peoples;
Hunter-gatherer,nomadic,pastoral,and somesubsistence farmingpeoples living beyond the modern industrial norm.^[1]
Sub-populations existing in aFirst Worldcountry, but with the living standards of those of aThird World.

The term is not commonly used. "Fourth World" has also been used to refer to other parts of the world in relation to the three-world model.

Etymology

Fourth Worldfollows theFirst World,Second World,andThird Worldclassification of nation-state status; however, unlike the former categories,Fourth Worldis not spatially bounded, and is usually used to refer to size and shape which does not map onto citizenship in a specific nation-state. It can denotenationswithout asovereign state,emphasizing the perceived non-recognition and exclusion of ethnically- and religiously-defined peoples from the politico-economic world system, such as theFirst Nationsgroups throughout North, Central and South America. Spanishsociologist Manuel Castellsof theUniversity of Southern California Annenberg School for Communicationhas made extensive use of the termfourth world.^[2]^[3]

Coinage

The term was coined in 1969 by FatherJoseph Wresinskiwhen he renamed the charity he had founded in 1957 with families from theNoisy-le-Grand(France)shanty towntoATD Quart Monde.

The term was recycled in the 1970s by Mbuto Milando, first secretary of theTanzanian High Commission,in conversation withGeorge Manuel,Chief of the National Indian Brotherhood (now theAssembly of First Nations). Milando stated that "When Native peoples come into their own, on the basis of their own cultures and traditions, that will be the Fourth World."^[4]^[5]

Since publication of Manuel'sThe Fourth World: An Indian Reality(1974), the termFourth Worldbecame synonymous with stateless, poor, and marginal nations.^[6]Since 1979, think tanks such as theCenter for World Indigenous Studieshave used the term in defining the relationships between ancient,tribal,and non-industrial nations and modern industrialised nation-states.^[7]With the 2007 UNDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,communications and organizing amongst Fourth World peoples have accelerated in the form of international treaties between aboriginal nations for the purposes of trade, travel, and security.^[8] In the Indian left movement,M. P. Parameswaran's ideas on the fourth world caused widespread debates, which eventually led to his expulsion from theCommunist Party of India (Marxist)in 2004.^[9]^[10]

References

^"International day of the world's indigenous people".Asian Center for the Progress of Peoples.Archived fromthe originalon 4 December 2008.
^Castells, Manuel(2000)."32: The Rise of the Fourth World"(PDF).In Held, David; McGrew, Andy (eds.).The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate.Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 348–354.ISBN 978-0745631356.Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 October 2022.
^Castells, Manuel(29 January 2010). "2: The Rise of the Fourth World: Informational Capitalism, Poverty, and Social Exclusion". InCastells, Manuel(ed.).End of Millennium.Vol. 3 (Second ed.).doi:10.1002/9781444323436.ch2.ISBN 9781405196888.
^Hall, Tony (2003).The American Empire and the Fourth World: The bowl with one spoon.McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 34. Montreal; Ithaca:McGill-Queen's University Press.p. 238.ISBN 0-7735-3006-1.ISBN 9780773530065,ISBN 0773523324,ISBN 9780773523326.
^McFarlane, Peter (1993).Brotherhood to nationhood: George Manuel and the making of the modern Indian movement.Toronto: Between the Lines. p. 160.ISBN 0-921284-67-5.ISBN 9780921284673,ISBN 0921284667,ISBN 9780921284666.
^Griggs, Richard."The breakdown of states".Center for World Indigenous Studies.
^Ryser, Rudolph C. (September 1993)."Toward the coexistence of nations and states".Center for World Indigenous Studies.Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2008.Retrieved1 February2008.
^Cloud, Redwing (10 August 2007)."United League of Indigenous Nations formed".Indian Country Today.
^"CPI(M) expels M.P. Parameswaran".The Hindu.16 February 2004.^{[dead link]}
^"KSSP to continue with existing policies".The Hindu.1 March 2004.^{[dead link]}

External links

Fourth World Journal
International Movement ATD Fourth World
Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politicsat University of Colorado at Denver (on archive.org)
Fourth World: Nations without a State - Nadesan Satyendra
Fourth World Eye Archived18 January 2008 at theWayback Machine
Fourth World Documentation Program

[1] "International day of the world's indigenous people".Asian Center for the Progress of Peoples.Archived fromthe originalon 4 December 2008.

[2] Castells, Manuel(2000)."32: The Rise of the Fourth World"(PDF).In Held, David; McGrew, Andy (eds.).The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate.Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 348–354.ISBN 978-0745631356.Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 October 2022.

[3] Castells, Manuel(29 January 2010). "2: The Rise of the Fourth World: Informational Capitalism, Poverty, and Social Exclusion". InCastells, Manuel(ed.).End of Millennium.Vol. 3 (Second ed.).doi:10.1002/9781444323436.ch2.ISBN 9781405196888.

[4] Hall, Tony (2003).The American Empire and the Fourth World: The bowl with one spoon.McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 34. Montreal; Ithaca:McGill-Queen's University Press.p. 238.ISBN 0-7735-3006-1.ISBN 9780773530065,ISBN 0773523324,ISBN 9780773523326.

[5] McFarlane, Peter (1993).Brotherhood to nationhood: George Manuel and the making of the modern Indian movement.Toronto: Between the Lines. p. 160.ISBN 0-921284-67-5.ISBN 9780921284673,ISBN 0921284667,ISBN 9780921284666.

[6] Griggs, Richard."The breakdown of states".Center for World Indigenous Studies.

[7] Ryser, Rudolph C. (September 1993)."Toward the coexistence of nations and states".Center for World Indigenous Studies.Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2008.Retrieved1 February2008.

[8] Cloud, Redwing (10 August 2007)."United League of Indigenous Nations formed".Indian Country Today.

[9] "CPI(M) expels M.P. Parameswaran".The Hindu.16 February 2004.^{[dead link]}

[10] "KSSP to continue with existing policies".The Hindu.1 March 2004.^{[dead link]}

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Fourth World

Etymology

Coinage

See also

References

Further reading

External links