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Funk carioca

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Funk carioca
Audio sample of a simple funk carioca beat
Other names
  • Favela funk
  • baile funk
  • funk
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1980s,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil
Typical instruments
Subgenres

Funk carioca(Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈfɐ̃k(i)kɐɾiˈɔkɐ,-kaɾ-]), also known asfavela funk,in other parts of the world asbaile funkandBrazilian funk,or even simplyfunk,is ahip hop-influencedmusic genrefrom Rio de Janeiro, blending the rap subgenres ofMiami bassandgangsta rap.[1][2]Despite its name, funk carioca has no musical correlation with the Americanfunkby any means.[3]

InBrazil,"baile funk" refers not to the music, but to the actualpartiesordiscothequesin which the music is played (Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈbajli],frombaile,meaning "ball" ).[4]Although originated in Rio, "funkcarioca"has become increasingly popular among working classes in other parts of Brazil. In the whole country, funk carioca is most often simply known as" funk ", although it is very musically different from what with" funk music "is internationally meant.[5]In fact, it still shows its urbanAfrobeatinfluences.

Overview

[edit]
Funk carioca was born in the 1980s inRio de Janeiro'sfavelas.

Funk carioca was once a direct derivative ofsamba,Miami bass,Latin music,traditional African religiousmusic,candomble,hip-hopandfreestyle(another Miami-based genre) music from the US. The reason why these genres, very localized in the US, became popular and influential in Rio de Janeiro is due to proximity. Miami was a popular plane stop for Rio DJs to buy the latest American records. Along with the Miami influence came the longtime influence of theslave tradeinColonial Brazil.Various African religions likevodun,andcandomblewere brought with the enslaved Africans to the Americas. The same beat is found in Afro-religious music in theAfrican diasporaand many black Brazilians identify as being part of this religion. This genre of music was mainly started by those inblack communitiesin Brazil, therefore a boiling pot of influences to derive the hall-mark.

Many similar types of music genres can be found inCaribbeanisland nations such as;Jamaica,Cuba,Dominican Republic,Barbados,Haiti,Puerto Rico,among others.Bounce music,which originates fromNew Orleans,Louisiana, also has a similar beat. New Orleans, originally a French territory, was a hub forAtlantic slave tradebefore it was sold to the United States. All of these areas with similar music genres retain the influence of Americanhip hop,African musicandLatin music.[6]

During the 1970s, nightclubs in Rio de Janeiro playedfunkandsoulmusic.[3]One of the bands that was formed in this period wasSoul Grand Prix.[7]

Funk carioca was popularized in the 1980s inRio de Janeiro'sfavelas,the city's predominantlyAfro-Brazilianslums. From the mid-1990s on, it was a mainstream phenomenon in Brazil. Funk songs discuss topics as varied as poverty, human dignity,racial prideofblack people,sex, violence, and social injustice. Social analysts believe that funk carioca is a genuine expression of the severe social issues that burden the poor and black people in Rio.

According toDJ Marlboro,the main influence for the emergence of funk carioca was the single "Planet Rock"byAfrika Bambaataa and Soulsonic Force,released in 1982.[8]

Carioca in its early days were mostly loops of electronic drums fromMiami bassor freestyle records and the 4–6 beatafrobeattempo, while a few artists composed them with actual drum machines. The most common drum beat was a loop of DJ Battery Brain's "808 volt", commonly referred to as "Voltmix", though Hassan's "Pump Up the Party" is also notable.[9][10][11]Nowadays, carioca funk rhythms are mostly based on tamborzão rhythms instead of the older drum machine loops.

Melodies are usually sampled. Older songs typically chopped up freestyle samples for the melody, or had none at all. Modern funk uses a set of samples from various sources, notably horn and accordionstabs,as well as the horn intro to the "Rocky"theme. Funk carioca has always used a small catalog of rhythms and samples that almost all songs take from (commonly with several in the same song). Funk carioca songs can either be instrumental or include rapping, singing, or something in between the two. Popularized by Brazilians and otherAfro-Latinopeople, the saying "Bum-Cha-Cha, Bum Cha-Cha", "Bum-Cha-Cha, Cha Cha" or even "Boom-Pop-Pop, Pop,Pop" is a representation of the beat that comes along in most funk songs. [1][12]

Funk carioca is different from the funk originated in the US. Starting in 1970, styles likebailes da pesada,black soul,shaft,andfunkstarted to emerge in Rio de Janeiro. As time went on, DJs started to look for other rhythms of black music, but the original name did not remain. Funk carioca first emerged and is played throughout the state of Rio de Janeiro, but not only in the city of Rio, like Rio natives like to believe. Funk carioca is mostly appealing to the youth. In the decade of the 1980s, anthropologist Herman Vianna was the first social scientist to take funk as an object to study in his masters thesis, which gave origin to the bookO Mundo Funk carioca,which translates toThe Carioca Funk World(1988). During that decade, funk dances lost a bit of popularity due to the emergence ofdiscomusic, a pop version of soul and funk, especially after the release of the filmSaturday Night Fever(1977) starringJohn Travoltaand with its soundtrack of the bandBee Gees.At the time, the then teenager Fernando Luís Mattos da Matta was interested in the discotheque when listening to the programCidade Disco Clubon Radio City of Rio de Janeiro (102.9 FM). Years later, Fernando would adopt the nickname ofDJ Marlboroand the radio would be known as the Rio "rock radio".

Bailes funk

[edit]

The termbaile funkis used to refer to the parties in which funk carioca is played. The history of these parties were important in shaping the Brazilian funk scene, and in fact predate the genre itself. In the late '60s, legendary Brazilian DJ and radio personality Big Boy (born Newton Alvarenga Duarte) was on a personal mission to introduce Brazil to the best sounds from around the globe.

Collecting records covering genres such aspop,rock,jazz,andsoulfrom all over the world, he gained popularity on air for his wide taste of music, as well as the relaxed way of presenting his programs.[13]His success on air also attracted large audiences for parties he DJ'd in theZona Sularea ofRio,which like his show, featured a wide array of different music. His sound mainly featured elements of rock,psych,and soul music, and many described the tunes he played as 'heavy'. At the same time, Ademir Lemos had been hosting his own block parties centering more around soul andfunk,both of which had a growing audience in Brazil. The two eventually came to host parties together, infusing the heavy sounding records from Big Boy's (primarily) rock background with Lemos' funkier influences. Thus formed the Baile da Pesada, or "Heavy Dance", which brought (North American) funk music to the forefront of Rio's street scene as the city entered the 70's.[14]

For almost two decades afterwards, other DJs from the streets of Rio would use evolving forms of African-American and American music in their own block parties, put together byequipes de som(sound teams). Soul music became the immediate focus of the parties, and quickly ushered in a new wave of Brazilian soul artists to the mainstream. Soon, the soul movement was overshadowed bydisco,but disco music was not easily embraced by many of the DJs hosting thebailes.Many of these DJs bought records from the US, particularlyMiamigiven its closer proximity to Brazil. The DJs took a liking to various forms of hip-hop, most notablyMiami bassandelectro/freestyle,which changed the style of thebailesonce again.[15]Still, the termfunkremained in Rio's party scene. DJs would incorporate local sound with Miami bass beats, including their own lyrics in Portuguese.DJ Marlborowas the pioneer of this phenomenon, and was the first to engineer the sound that would become known in Rio asfunk carioca.[16][17]

Subgenres

[edit]

There are a number of subgenres derived from funk carioca.

Brega funk

[edit]

Brega funk born in Recife, influenced bybregain the early 2010s in theNortheast region of Brazil.Unlike funk carioca, brega funk has a glossy sound that features glistening syncopated MIDI pianos, synths, often filtered guitars, and the distinct pitched metallic snares called caixas, vocal chops are a common companion to the wonky kick rhythm and up-down bass inherited from brega, and even though the genre commonly ranges from 160 to 180 BPM, the half-time beat makes it feel slower than other funk subgenres. An example of the Brega funk genre is the song "Parabéns" byPabllo Vittar.[18][19]

Funk melody

[edit]
Main article:Funk melody

Funk melody is based on electro rhythms but with a romantic lyrical approach.[20]It has been noted for being powered by female artists. Among the popular funk melody singers areAnitta,Perlla,Babi and Copacabana Beat.

Funk ostentação

[edit]
Main article:Funk ostentação

Funk ostentação is a sub-genre of Rio de Janeiro funk created inSão Pauloin 2008. The lyrical and thematic content of songs in this style focuses mainly on conspicuous consumption, as well as a focus on materialistic activities, glorification of style of urban life and ambitions to leave the favela. Since then, funk ostentação has been strongly associated with the emergingnova classe média(new middle class) in Brazil.[21]

Proibidão

[edit]
Main article:Proibidão

Proibidão is a derivative of funk carioca related to prohibited practices. The content of the genre involves the sale of illegal drugs and the war against police agencies, as well as the glorification and praise of the drug cartels, similar to gangsta rap.

Rasteirinha

[edit]
Main article:Rasteirinha

Rasteirinha or Raggafunk[22]is a slower style of Rio de Janeiro funk that rests around 96 BPM and usesatabaques,tambourinesandbeatboxing.It also incorporates influences fromreggaetonandaxé."Fuleragem" by MC WM is the best known songs of the Rasteirinha genre.[23]

Rave funk

[edit]

Rave funk is a mix of funk carioca andelectronic music,created in 2016 by DJ GBR.[24]Among rave funk's most popular songs is "É Rave Que Fala Né" byKevinho.

Funk 150 BPM

[edit]

In 2018, the Funk carioca of 150beats per minuteor 150 BPM was created by DJs Polyvox and Rennan da Penha.[25][26]In 2019, the funk carioca 150 BPM was adopted bycarnival blocks.[27]"Ela É Do Tipo", by Kevin O Chris, is one of the most popular songs of the genre.[28]

Funk mandelão

[edit]

Funk mandelão, also known as Ritmo dos Fluxos, is a subgenre that emerged inSão Pauloin the late 2010s, inspired by the Baile do Mandela, a popular party inPraia Grande.The term “mandelão” comes from “Mandela”, a reference to theSouth AfricanleaderNelson Mandela.Mandelão is characterized by having simple and repetitive lyrics. The musical production is minimalist and raw, with heavy beats and blown basses, that create a catchy and danceable rhythm. Some of the instruments used in mandelão are thepiano,synthesizer,samplerand thecomputer.Funk mandelão is also marked by having its own choreography, which consists of fast and synchronized movements of the arms and legs.[29]

An example of the success of Mandelão was the song “Automotivo Bibi Fogosa”,sung by the Brazilian artist Bibi Babydoll, which reached the top of Spotify music charts inUkrainein 2023 and reached #3 on bothBelarusandKazakhstan.It spread throughout the rest ofEurope,[30]mainly in formerSoviet Unionstates.

Brazilian phonk

[edit]

Brazilian Phonk is a subgenre that combines elements of funk carioca anddrift phonk,creating a distinct and aggressive sound, with lyrics that address topics such as violence, drugs, sex and ostentation. Both VanMilli and MC Binn are two of the heavy-hitters in the genre.[31]The term “Brazilian phonk” was popularized by the Norwegian producer William Rød, better known as Slowboy. The genre itself was popularised by Slowboy, FXRCE, $pidxrs808, $werve and many others.[32]

Pagofunk

[edit]

Fusion of funk carioca with pagode,[33][34][35]the term also refers to parties where both genres are played,[36]the origins of the subgenre can be traced back to the mid 90s, in 1997, the duo Claudinho & Buchecha released the song Fuzuê on the albumA Forma,the song uses acavaquinho,an instrument present in genres such as samba,choroand pagode, in the lyrics, the duo pays tribute to pagode artists.[37]Grupo Raça was successful with "Ela sambou, eu dancei", written byArlindo Cruz,A. Marques and Geraldão,[38]which alluded to funk carioca. In 2014, the song was reinterpreted with elements of carioca funk with Arlindo Cruz himself withMr. Catra.[39]

Mc Leozinho, made use of the cavaquinho in the song Sente a pegada from 2008.[40]Artists such as MC Delano andLudmillaalso use the cavaquinho in some songs,[40]in 2015, Ludimilla also participated in a duet with the bandMolejoin Polivalência from the album of the same name released in 2000, in 2020, she released Numanice, an EP dedicated to the pagode.[41][42]

Beat Bruxaria

[edit]

A particularly extreme subgenre of funk originating in the late 2010s and early 2020s inSao Paulothat combines funk vocals with loud reverb,four-on-the-floorkick drum drops, and over-the-top loud mixing to the point of extreme distortion. Beat Bruxaria (literally "Witchcraft Beat" ) is commonly associated with imagery of evil clowns and first reached notoriety online with producers such as DJ ARANA and DJ MENOR 7.[43]

Recognition in Europe

[edit]

Until the year 2000, funk carioca was only a regional phenomenon. Then the European media began to report its peculiar combination of music, social issues with a strong sexual appeal (often pornographic).

In 2001, for the first time, funk carioca tracks appeared on a non-Brazilian label. One example is the albumFavela Chic,released byBMG.It contained three old-school funk carioca hits, including the song "Popozuda Rock n' Roll" by De Falla.[44]

In 2003, the tune Quem Que Caguetou (Follow Me Follow Me) byBlack Alien & Speed,[45]which was not a big hit in Brazil, was then used in a sports car commercial in Europe, and it helped increase the popularity of funk carioca. Brazilian duo Tetine compiled and mixed the compilation Slum Dunk Presents Funk Carioca, released by British labelMr Bongo Recordsfeaturing funk artists such asDeize Tigrona,Taty Quebra Barraco, Bonde do Tigrão amongst others. From 2002Bruno VernerandEliete Mejoradoalso broadcastFunk Cariocaand interviewed artists in their radio show Slum Dunk onResonance Fm.Berlin music journalist and DJDaniel Haaksmanreleased the seminal CD-compilationsRio Baile Funk Favela Booty Beatsin 2004 andMore Favela Booty Beatsin 2006 through Essay Recordings.[46]He launched the international career of Popozuda Rock n´Roll artist Edu K,[47]whose baile funk anthem was used in a soft drink commercial in Germany. Haaksman continued to produce and distribute many new baile funk records, especially theEPseries "Funk Mundial"[48]and "Baile Funk Masters"on his label Man Recordings.

In 2004, dance clubs from Eastern Europe, mainlyRomaniaandBulgaria,increased the popularity of funk carioca due to the strong sexual appeal of the music and dance, also known as Bonde das Popozudas. Many funk carioca artists started to do shows abroad at that time.DJ Marlboroand Favela Chic Paris club were the pioneer travelers and producers. The funk carioca production was until then limited to playing in theghettosand the Brazilian pop market. DJ Marlboro,[49]a major composer of funk carioca's tunes declared in 2006 in the BrazilianIsto É magazinehow astonished he was with the sudden overseas interest in the genre. He would go on to travel in over 10 European countries.

In London, duo Tetine assembled a compilation album called Slum Dunk Presents Funk Carioca,which was released byMr Bongo Recordsin 2004. Tetine also ran the weekly radio show Slum Dunk on London's radio art stationResonance Fm104.4. Their radio show was entirely dedicated to funk carioca and worked as a platform for the duo to produce and organize a series of film programmes as well as interviews and gigs involving funk carioca artists from Rio. Tetine were also responsible for the first screening of thepost-feministdocumentary Eu Sou Feia Mas Tô Na Moda by filmmaker Denise Garcia which was co-produced by Tetine in London, and first shown in the city at the Slum Dunk Film Program at Brady Arts Centre in Bricklane in March 2005. Apart from this, Tetine also produced two albums with experimental DIYqueerfunk carioca tracks: Bonde do Tetão,released by Brazilian label Bizarre Records in 2004, andL.I.C.K My Favela,released byKute Bash Recordsin 2005. Tetine also recorded withDeize Tigronathe track "I Go to the Doctor", included in the LP L.I.C.K My Favela in 2005 and later on their album Let Your X's Be Y's, released bySoul Jazz Recordsin 2008.

In Italy,Irma Recordsreleased the 2005 compilation Colors Music #4: Rio Funk. Many small labels (notably European label Arcade Mode and American labels Flamin´Hotz and Nossa) labels released several compilations and EPs in bootleg formats.

The artistMIAbrought mainstream international popularity to funk carioca with her single Bucky Done Gun released in 2005,[citation needed]and brought attention to American DJDiplo,who had worked on M.I.A.'s 2004 mixtapePiracy Funds Terrorismon the tracks Baile Funk One, Baile Funk Two, and Baile Funk Three.[50]Diplomade a bootleg mixtape,Favela on Blastin,in 2004[51]after Ivanna Bergese shared with him some compiled remix mixtapes of her performance act Yours Truly. He also produced documentaryFavela on Blast,which was released in July 2010 and documents the role, culture, and character of funk carioca in Rio'sfavelas.[51]

Other indie video-documentaries have been made in Europe, especially in Germany and Sweden. These generally focused on the social issues in the favelas. One of the most famous of these series of documentaries is Mr Catra the faithful[52](2005) by Danish filmmaker Andreas Rosforth Johnsen, broadcast by many European open and cable television channels.

London-based artist Sandra D'Angelo was the first Italian singer-producer to bring funk carioca to Italy.[citation needed]She performed in London with MC Gringo atNotting Hill Arts Clubin 2008. She performed her baile funk productions for the contestEdison Change the Musicin 2008. Sandra D'Angelo performed Baile Funk also in New York and produced tracks with EDU KA (Man Recordings) and DJ Amazing Clay from Rio.

In 2008, Berlin label Man Recordings releasedGringão,the debut album by German MC Gringo — the only non-Brazilian MC performing in the bailes of Rio de Janeiro.

English indie pop bandEverything Everythingclaim the drum patterns used on their Top 40 singleCough Coughwere inspired by those used onMajor Lazer'sPon de Floor,a funk carioca song.

Stylistic differences

[edit]

In African music

[edit]
Main article:Gqom

Gqom, an electronic dance music genre fromDurban,South Africa, is often conflated with baile funk due to similar origins in ghettos,heavy bassand associations with illegalities. Despite these parallels, gqom and baile funk are distinct, especially in their production styles. Over time, it became common for musical artists to integrate baile funk with gqom.[53][54][55][56][57]

Criticism

[edit]

In Brazil, funk carioca lyrics are often criticized due to their violent and sexually explicit lyrics. Girls are called "cachorras" (bitches) and "popozudas" – women with large buttocks, and many songs revolve around sex. "Novinhas" (young/pubescent girls) are also a frequent theme in funk carioca songs. Some of these songs, however, are sung by women.

The extreme banalization of sex and the incitement ofpromiscuityis viewed as a negative aspect of the funk carioca culture. Besides the moral considerations, in favelas, where sanitary conditions are poor andsex educationlow, this might lead topublic healthand social issues. In such communities, definitivecontraceptive methodsare hardly available and due to lack of education and awareness,family planningis close to nonexistent. This environment results in unwanted pregnancies, population overgrowth, and eventually the growth of the communities (favelização).[58][59]

Theglamorizationof criminality in the favelas is also frequently viewed as another negative consequence of funk carioca. Some funk songs, belonging to a style known as "proibidão" ( "the forbidden" ), have very violent lyrics and are sometimes composed by drug-dealing gangs. Its themes include praising the murders of rival gang members and cops, intimidating opposers, claiming power over the favelas, robbery, drug use and the illicit life of drug dealers in general. Authorities view some of these lyrics as "recruiting" people to organized crime and inciting violence, and playing some of these songs are thus considered a crime.[60]

Due to the lack of regulation and the locations where they usually take place, "bailes funk" are also very crime prone environments. They are popular hot spots for drug trade and consumption, dealers display power frequenting the parties heavily armed,[61]and even murder rates are high.[62]

More popular funk carioca artists usually compose two different sets of similar lyrics for their songs: one gentler, more "appropriate" version, and another with a harsher, cruder set of lyrics (not unlike the concept of "clean" and "explicit" versions of songs). The first version is the one broadcast by local radio stations; the second is played in dance halls, parties, and in public by sound cars.[63]Recurrent lyric topics in funk carioca are explicit sexual positions, the funk party, the police force, and the life of slum dwellers in thefavelas.[64]Another large part of the lyrics is the use of the world around them – mainly the poverty that has enveloped the area. This is usually denounced in the lyrics and the hope for a better life is carried through many of their messages.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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