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Group 9 element

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Group 9in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
group 8←→group 10
IUPAC group number 9
Name by element cobalt group
CAS group number
(US, pattern A-B-A)
 part of VIIIB
old IUPAC number
(Europe, pattern A-B)
 part of VIII
↓Period
4
Image: Cobalt, electrolytic made, 99,9%
Cobalt(Co)
27Transition metal
5
Image: Rhodium, powder, pressed, remelted 99,99%
Rhodium(Rh)
45Transition metal
6
Image: Pieces of pure iridium
Iridium(Ir)
77Transition metal
7 Meitnerium(Mt)
109unknown chemical properties

Legend

primordial element
synthetic element

Group 9,by modernIUPACnumbering,[1]is a group (column) ofchemical elementsin thed-blockof theperiodic table.Members of Group 9 includecobalt(Co),rhodium(Rh),iridium(Ir) andmeitnerium(Mt).[2]These elements are among the rarest of thetransition metals.[3]

Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns inelectron configuration,especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior; however, rhodium deviates from the pattern.

History

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"Group 9" is the modern standard designation for this group, adopted by theIUPACin 1990.[2]In theolder group naming systems,this group was combined with group 8 (iron,ruthenium,osmium,andhassium) and group 10 (nickel,palladium,platinum,anddarmstadtium) and called group "VIIIB" in theChemical Abstracts Service(CAS) "U.S. system", or "VIII" in the old IUPAC (pre-1990) "European system" (and inMendeleev's original table).

Cobalt

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Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color toglass,glazes,andceramics.Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture, Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins ofPompeii,destroyed in 79 AD, and in China, dating from theTang dynasty(618–907 AD) and theMing dynasty(1368–1644 AD).[4]

Swedish chemistGeorg Brandt(1694–1768) is credited with discovering cobaltc. 1735, showing it to be a previously unknown element, distinct from bismuth and other traditional metals. Brandt called it a new "semi-metal".[5][6]He showed that compounds of cobalt metal were the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. Cobalt became the first metal to be discovered since the pre-historical period. All other known metals (iron, copper, silver, gold, zinc, mercury, tin, lead and bismuth) had no recorded discoverers.

Rhodium

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William Hyde Wollaston

Rhodium was discovered in 1803 byWilliam Hyde Wollaston,[7]soon after he discoveredpalladium.[8][9][10]He used crudeplatinumore presumably obtained fromSouth America.[11]His procedure dissolved the ore inaqua regiaand neutralized the acid withsodium hydroxide(NaOH). He then precipitated the platinum asammonium chloroplatinateby addingammonium chloride(NH
4Cl). Most other metals likecopper,lead,palladium,and rhodium were precipitated withzinc.Dilutednitric aciddissolved all but palladium and rhodium. Of these, palladium dissolved inaqua regiabut rhodium did not,[12]and the rhodium was precipitated by the addition ofsodium chlorideasNa
3[RhCl
6]·nH
2O.After being washed with ethanol, the rose-red precipitate was reacted with zinc, whichdisplacedthe rhodium in the ionic compound and thereby released the rhodium as free metal.[13]

Iridium

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Chemists who studied platinum dissolved it inaqua regia(a mixture ofhydrochloricandnitric acids) to create soluble salts. They always observed a small amount of a dark, insoluble residue.[14]In 1803, British scientistSmithson Tennant(1761–1815) analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal. Vauquelin treated the powder alternately with alkali and acids[15]and obtained a volatile new oxide, which he believed to be of this new metal—which he namedptene,from the Greek wordπτηνόςptēnós,"winged".[16][13]Tennant, who had the advantage of a much greater amount of residue, continued his research and identified the two previously undiscovered elements in the black residue, iridium and osmium.[14][15]He obtained dark red crystals (probably ofNa
2[IrCl
6]·nH
2O) by a sequence of reactions withsodium hydroxideandhydrochloric acid.[13]He named iridium afterIris(Ἶρις), the Greek winged goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the Olympian gods, because many of thesaltshe obtained were strongly colored.[a][17]Discovery of the new elements was documented in a letter to theRoyal Societyon June 21, 1804.[14][18]

Meitnerium

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Meitnerium wasfirst synthesizedon August 29, 1982, by a German research team led byPeter ArmbrusterandGottfried Münzenbergat theInstitute for Heavy Ion Research(Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) inDarmstadt.[19]The team bombarded a target ofbismuth-209with accelerated nuclei ofiron-58 and detected a single atom of theisotopemeitnerium-266:[20]

209
83Bi
+58
26Fe
→266
109Mt
+
n

This work was confirmed three years later at theJoint Institute for Nuclear ResearchatDubna(then in theSoviet Union).[20]

Properties

[edit]
Z Element No. of electrons
per shell		 M.P. B.P. Year of
Discovery		 Discoverer
27 cobalt 2, 8, 15, 2 1768 K
1495 °C		 3200 K
2927 °C		 ~1735 Georg Brandt
45 rhodium 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 2237 K
1964 °C		 3968 K
3695 °C		 1803 W. H. Wollaston
77 iridium 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 2719 K
2446 °C		 4403 K
4130 °C		 1803 S. Tennant
109 meitnerium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2[*] — — 1982 P. Armbrusterand
G. Münzenberg

[*] Predicted.

The first three elements are hard silvery-white metals:

  • Cobalt is a metallic element that can be used to turn glass a deep blue color. Cobalt is primarily used inlithium-ion batteries,and in the manufacture ofmagnetic,wear-resistant and high-strengthalloys.The compounds cobalt silicate andcobalt(II) aluminate(CoAl2O4,cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color toglass,ceramics,inks,paintsandvarnishes.Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stableisotope,cobalt-59.Cobalt-60is a commercially important radioisotope, used as aradioactive tracerand for the production of high-energygamma rays.Cobalt is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst when refining crude oil. This is to clean it of its sulfur content, which is very polluting when burned and causes acid rain.
  • Rhodium can be used in jewelry as a shiny metal. Rhodium is a hard, silvery, durable metal that has a highreflectance.Rhodium metal does not normally form anoxide,even when heated.Oxygenis absorbed from theatmosphereonly at themelting pointof rhodium but is released on solidification. Rhodium has both a higher melting point and lowerdensitythanplatinum.It is not attacked by mostacidsas it is completely insoluble innitric acidand dissolves slightly inaqua regia.
  • Iridium is mainly used as a hardening agent for platinum alloys. Iridium is the mostcorrosion-resistantmetal known as it is not attacked byacids,includingaqua regia.In the presence of oxygen, it reacts withcyanidesalts. Traditional oxidants also react, including thehalogensand oxygen at higher temperatures. Iridium also reacts directly withsulfurat atmospheric pressure to yieldiridium disulfide.

All knownisotopesof meitnerium are radioactive with short half-lives. Only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories. It has not been isolated in pure form, and its physical and chemical properties have not been determined yet.[citation needed]Based on what is known, meitnerium is considered a homologue to iridium.

Biological role

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Main article:Cobalt § Biological role

Of the group 9 elements, only cobalt has a biological role. It is a key constituent ofcobalamin,also known as vitamin B12,the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as anultratrace element.[21][22]Bacteriain the stomachs ofruminantanimals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B12,a compound which can only be produced by bacteria orarchaea.A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health ofgrazinganimals, and an uptake of 0.20 mg/kg a day is recommended, because they have no other source of vitamin B12.[23]

Proteins based on cobalamin usecorrinto hold the cobalt. Coenzyme B12features a reactive C-Co bond that participates in the reactions.[24]In humans, B12has two types ofalkylligand:methyland adenosyl.MeB12promotes methyl (−CH3) group transfers. The adenosyl version of B12catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine.Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase(MUT) convertsMMl-CoAtoSu-CoA,an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.[25]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Iridiumliterally means "of rainbows".

References

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  1. ^Fluck, E. (1988)."New Notations in the Periodic Table"(PDF).Pure Appl. Chem.60(3): 431–436.doi:10.1351/pac198860030431.S2CID96704008.Retrieved24 March2012.
  2. ^abLeigh, G. J.Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990.Blackwell Science,1990.p. 283.ISBN0-632-02494-1.
  3. ^"Group 9: Transition Metals".Chemistry LibreTexts.2020-08-15.Retrieved2022-03-24.
  4. ^Cobalt,Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  5. ^Georg Brandt first showed cobalt to be a new metal in: G. Brandt (1735) "Dissertatio de semimetallis" (Dissertation on semi-metals),Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Sveciae(Journal of Swedish literature and sciences), vol. 4, pages 1–10.
    See also:(1)G. Brandt (1746) "Rön och anmärkningar angäende en synnerlig färg—cobolt" (Observations and remarks concerning an extraordinary pigment—cobalt),Kongliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar(Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science), vol. 7, pp. 119–130;(2)G. Brandt (1748) "Cobalti nova species examinata et descripta" (Cobalt, a new element examined and described),Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis(Journal of the Royal Scientific Society of Uppsala), 1st series, vol. 3, pp. 33–41;(3)James L. Marshall and Virginia R. Marshall (Spring 2003)"Rediscovery of the Elements: Riddarhyttan, Sweden".The Hexagon(official journal of theAlpha Chi Sigmafraternity of chemists), vol. 94, no. 1, pages 3–8.
  6. ^Wang, Shijie (2006). "Cobalt—Its recovery, recycling, and application".Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.58(10): 47–50.Bibcode:2006JOM....58j..47W.doi:10.1007/s11837-006-0201-y.S2CID137613322.
  7. ^Wollaston, W. H.(1804)."On a New Metal, Found in Crude Platina".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.94:419–430.doi:10.1098/rstl.1804.0019.
  8. ^Griffith, W. P. (2003)."Rhodium and Palladium – Events Surrounding Its Discovery".Platinum Metals Review.47(4): 175–183.doi:10.1595/003214003X474175183.
  9. ^Wollaston, W. H.(1805)."On the Discovery of Palladium; With Observations on Other Substances Found with Platina".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.95:316–330.doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0024.
  10. ^Usselman, Melvyn (1978). "The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history of chemistry".Annals of Science.35(6): 551–579.doi:10.1080/00033797800200431.
  11. ^Lide, David R. (2004).CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data.Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.4–26.ISBN978-0-8493-0485-9.
  12. ^Greenwood, Norman N.;Earnshaw, Alan (1997).Chemistry of the Elements(2nd ed.).Butterworth-Heinemann.p. 1113.ISBN978-0-08-037941-8.
  13. ^abcGriffith, W. P. (2003). "Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals: Osmium and iridium – events surrounding their discoveries".Platinum Metals Review.47(4): 175–183.doi:10.1595/003214003X474175183.
  14. ^abcHunt, L. B. (1987)."A History of Iridium".Platinum Metals Review.31(1): 32–41.doi:10.1595/003214087X3113241.Archived fromthe originalon 2022-09-29.Retrieved2023-10-12.
  15. ^abEmsley, J. (2003)."Iridium".Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements.Oxford, England, UK:Oxford University Press.pp.201–204.ISBN978-0-19-850340-8.
  16. ^Thomson, T.(1831).A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies.Vol. 1. Baldwin & Cradock, London; and William Blackwood, Edinburgh. p.693.
  17. ^Weeks, M. E. (1968).Discovery of the Elements(7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp.414–418.ISBN978-0-8486-8579-9.OCLC23991202.
  18. ^Tennant, S. (1804)."On Two Metals, Found in the Black Powder Remaining after the Solution of Platina".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.94:411–418.doi:10.1098/rstl.1804.0018.JSTOR107152.
  19. ^Münzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Poppensieker, K.; Reisdorf, W.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Schneider, W. F. W.; Schmidt, K.-H.; Sahm, C.-C.; Vermeulen, D. (1982). "Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction58Fe on209Bi→267109 ".Zeitschrift für Physik A.309(1): 89.Bibcode:1982ZPhyA.309...89M.doi:10.1007/BF01420157.S2CID120062541.
  20. ^abBarber, R. C.; Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. (1993)."Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements".Pure and Applied Chemistry.65(8): 1757.doi:10.1351/pac199365081757.S2CID195819585.(Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991)
  21. ^Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.).Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases.Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9.ISBN978-94-007-7499-5.PMID24470095.
  22. ^Cracan, Valentin; Banerjee, Ruma (2013). "Chapter 10 Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).Metallomics and the Cell.Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 333–374.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_10.ISBN978-94-007-5560-4.PMID23595677.electronic-bookISBN978-94-007-5561-1ISSN1559-0836electronic-ISSN1868-0402.
  23. ^Schwarz, F. J.; Kirchgessner, M.; Stangl, G. I. (2000). "Cobalt requirement of beef cattle – feed intake and growth at different levels of cobalt supply".Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition.83(3): 121–131.doi:10.1046/j.1439-0396.2000.00258.x.
  24. ^Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (1995).Biochemistry.New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p.675.ISBN0-471-58651-X.OCLC31819701.
  25. ^Smith, David M.; Golding, Bernard T.; Radom, Leo (1999). "Understanding the Mechanism of B12-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase: Partial Proton Transfer in Action".Journal of the American Chemical Society.121(40): 9388–9399.doi:10.1021/ja991649a.
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