Ruler of Lagash
Gudea (Sumerian :𒅗𒌤𒀀 ,Gu3 -de2 -a ) was a ruler (ensi ) of the state ofLagash in SouthernMesopotamia ,who ruledc. 2080 –2060 BC (short chronology ) or 2144–2124 BC (middle chronology ). He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla,daughter of the rulerUr-Baba (2164–2144 BC) of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash. He was succeeded by his sonUr-Ningirsu .Gudea ruled at a time when the center ofSumer was ruled by theGutian dynasty ,and whenIshtup-Ilum ruled to the north inMari .[ 1] Under Gudea, Lagash had a golden age, and seemed to enjoy a high level of independence from theGutians .[ 2]
GudeaEnsi Lagashki ,"Gudea, Governor of Lagash", in an inscription.
Cylinder seal of Gudea. It reads "Gudea, Ensi of Lagash; Lugal-me, scribe, thy servant".[ 3]
Gudea chose the title ofénsi (town-king or governor), not the more exaltedlugal (Akkadian šarrum ). Gudea did not style himself "god of Lagash" as he was not deified during his own lifetime, this title must have been given to him posthumouslyas in accordance with Mesopotamian traditions for all rulers except Naram-Sin of Akkad and some of the Ur III kings.[ 5]
The 20 years of his reign are all known by name; the main military exploit seems to have occurred in his Year 6, called the "Year whenAnshan was smitten with weapons ".[ 6]
Although Gudea claimed to have conqueredElam and Anshan, most of his inscriptions emphasize the building ofirrigation channels andtemples ,and the creation of precious gifts to the gods.[ 7]
Materials for his buildings and statues were brought from all parts of westernAsia :cedar wood from theAmanus mountains, quarried stones fromLebanon ,copper from northernArabia ,gold and precious stones from the desert betweenCanaan andEgypt ,diorite fromMagan (Oman), andtimber fromDilmun (Bahrain).[ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
Statue of Gudea,Louvre-Lens .
Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler Gudea,c. 2150 BC ,National Archaeological Museum
Foundation figurines of gods in copper alloy, reign of Gudea,c. 2150 BCE ,from the temple of Ningirsu atGirsu (British Museum, London).
Votive stele of Gudea, ruler of Lagash, to the temple of Ningirsu: Gudea being led byNingishzida into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2124 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
The inscription on a statue of Gudea as architect of theHouse of Ningirsu ,warns the reader of doom if the words are altered, but there is a startling difference between the warnings of Sargon or his line and the warnings of Gudea. The one is length; Gudea's curse lasts nearly a quarter of the inscription's considerable length,and another is creativity. The gods will not merely reduce the offender's progeny to ash and destroy his foundations, no, they will, "let him sit down in the dust instead of on the seat they set up for him". He will be "slaughtered like abull …seized like anaurochs by his fierce horn ".
Lagash under Gudea had extensive commercial communications with distant realms. According to his own records, Gudea brought cedars from the Amanus and Lebanon mountains inSyria ,diorite from eastern Arabia, copper and gold from central and southern Arabia and fromSinai ,while his armies were engaged in battles in Elam on the east.[ 14]
International relations [ edit ]
Location of foreign lands for the Mesopotamians, including Meluhha.
In an inscription, Gudea referred to theMeluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust,carnelian etc...[ 14] In another inscription, he mentioned his victory over the territories ofMagan ,Meluhha ,Elam andAmurru .[ 14]
In theGudea cylinders ,Gudea mentions that "I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend" (cylinder A, IX).[ 15] In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks oflapis lazuli and brightcarnelian from Meluhha. "[ 16]
The first known reference toGoa in India possibly appears asGubi in the records of Gudea.[ 17] At the time, Sumerians had establishedtrade contacts with India .[ 17]
Important artifacts [ edit ]
The "Libation vase of Gudea" with the dragon
Mušḫuššu ,dedicated to Ningishzida (21st century BC
short chronology ). The
caduceus (right) is interpreted as depicting god
Ningishzida .Inscription; "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea, Ensi (governor) of Lagash, for the prolongation of his life, has dedicated this"
Head of Gudea in polished diorite, reign of Gudea (
Boston Museum of Fine Arts ).
Lion macehead of Gudea, Girsu.
[ 18]
Gudea dedication tablet to God
Ningirsu :"For Ningirsu,
Enlil 's mighty warrior, his Master, Gudea, ensi of Lagash "
Gudea tablet: "For
Hendursaga ,his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built his house. "
[ 19] Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Foundation nail of Gudea, Cleveland Museum of Art
Name and title "Gudea, ensi of Lagash" on
Statue A of Gudea .
Foundation nail for the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash. Reign of Gudea.
Mudbrick stamped with a cuneiform text mentioning the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq,
c. 2115 BCE .Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Seal of Gudea, led by
Ningishzida .
^ Durand, M.L. (2008).Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible: TELL HARIRI/MARI: TEXTES (PDF) .p. 227.
^ Corporation, Marshall Cavendish (2010).Ancient Egypt and the Near East: An Illustrated History .Marshall Cavendish. pp. 54–56.ISBN 978-0-7614-7934-5 .
^ Ward, W. H. (1910).The seal cylinders of western Asia .Рипол Классик. pp. 23–24 Note 13, Seal N.38.ISBN 9785878502252 .
^ Brisch, Nicole (2013). "Of Gods and Kings: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia".Religion Compass .7 (2): 37–46.doi :10.1111/rec3.12031 .
^ Year-names for Gudea ,Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative .
^ Steinkeller, Piotr.Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered .p. 299.
^ Thomason, Allison Karmel (2017).Luxury and Legitimation: Royal Collecting in Ancient Mesopotamia .Routledge. p. 87.ISBN 978-1-351-92113-8 .
^ Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence .Eisenbrauns. p. 245.ISBN 978-1-57506-042-2 .
^ Thapar, Romila (1975). "A Possible Identification of Meluḫḫa, Dilmun and Makan".Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient .18 (1): 1–42.doi :10.2307/3632219 .ISSN 0022-4995 .JSTOR 3632219 .
^a b c "MS 2814 - The Schoyen Collection" .www.schoyencollection.com .
^ "J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront" (cylindre A, IX) "in"Louvre Museum" .Archived fromthe original on 2013-09-16.Retrieved2020-04-01 .
^ Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence .Eisenbrauns. p. 87.ISBN 978-1-57506-042-2 .
^a b Souza, Teotonio R. De (1990).Goa Through the Ages: An economic history .Concept Publishing Company. p. 2.ISBN 978-81-7022-259-0 .
^ de Sarzec, Ernest.Découvertes en Chaldée .L. Heuzey. p. 229. Archived fromthe original on 2021-03-07.Retrieved2020-03-16 .
^ D. O. Edzard,The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early periods, vol. 3/1, Gudea and His Dynasty ,Toronto, 1997, p. 117-118
^ "Louvre Museum" .Archived fromthe original on 2013-09-16.Retrieved2020-04-01 .
Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1997).Gudea and His Dynasty .University of Toronto Press.ISBN 9780802041876 .
Black, J.A.; Cunningham, G.; Dahl, Jacob L.; Fluckiger-Hawker, E.;Robson, E. ;Zólyomi, G. (1998)."The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature" .University of Oxford.
Frayne, Douglas R. (1993).Sargonic and Gutian Periods .University of Toronto Press.
F. Johansen, "Statues of Gudea, ancient and modern".Mesopotamia 6, 1978.
A. Parrot,Tello, vingt campagnes des fouilles (1877-1933) .(Paris 1948).
N.K. Sandars, "Introduction" page 16,The Epic of Gilgamesh ,Penguin, 1972.
H. Steible, "Versuch einer Chronologie der Statuen des Gudea von Lagas".Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 126 (1994), 81–104.
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Territories/ dates[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish /Assur
Akshak /Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I Naqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat ,4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests" )
Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes
Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep ♀ (regent)Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith ♀ (regent)Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite period (Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynastyJushur ,Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum ,Puannum ,Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ( "conqueror ofAratta ")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug ,Tizqar ,Ilku Iltasadum
Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ( "made the land of Elam submit" )[ 6]
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (FirstEgyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings)Uhub Mesilim
Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum
Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (QueenPuabi )Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun
Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi
Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba ♀
Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu
Uruk II dynastyEnsha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal
A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik
Ush Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)[ 6]
Shushun- tarana Napilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e Meskigal
Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (QueenBara-irnun )
Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty NanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynastyLugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari
Invasion byMari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[ 6]
Ukush
Lugalanda Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
SecondEblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty)Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi ,Imi ,Nanum ,Ilulu (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings)La-erabum Si'um
Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
Umma II dynastyLugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)[ 7]
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty )
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma
(Amorite Shakkanakkus )Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...)Lim Dynasty ofMari (Amorites )Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (QueenShibtu )
Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (Amorites )Dynasty of Isin :Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa :Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...)Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty :Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of UrukSîn-kāšid Sîn-iribamSîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ( "Old Babylonian Period" ) (Amorites )Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballit Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ( "Sealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar m DIŠ+U-ENPeshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ( "Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
Hittite Empire Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret ♀
Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ( "Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ( "Period of Chaos" ) Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat ♀ (regent)Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings)Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ( "Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser † Shalmaneser † Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon † Sennacherib † Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi † Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon † Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty andPtolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II ♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis ♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator ♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter ♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV ♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty :Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty :Antigonus I Seleucid Empire :Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra ♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia underTrajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia ♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima ,Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran ♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht ♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima ,Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
International National People Other