Gunung Gangsir

Candi Gunung Gangsir
Candi Gunung Gangsir
	Gunung Gangsir temple from front
General information
Architectural style	Candi
Town or city	Pasuruan,East Java.
Country	Indonesia
Coordinates	7°35′12″S112°44′0″E/ 7.58667°S 112.73333°E
Technical details
Size	15 x 15 x 15 m

Gunung Gangsir(Indonesian:Candi Gunung Gangsir) is an 11th-centuryHindu candi(temple) located approximately 5 kilometers west from the town ofBangil.This red brick structure is located in Gunung Gangsir village, Beji subdistrict,Pasuruan Regency,East Java Indonesia.^[1]

Gunung Gangsir is quite unique among East Javanese temples, because it was the only temple that combines East Javanese and Central Javanesecandistyles. It is also the only known temple in East Java that uses clay casting techniques to display a variety of decorations.

This unique distinctions has led for the experts to suggests that the temple is actually far older than the nearbyPariandJabungtemples of Majapahit period, thus dated the temple circa 11th century CE, approximately during the reign of KingAirlanggaofKahuripanKingdom.^[1]Regarding the structure of this temple, Marijke J. Klokke, a Dutch archaeologist, suggests that Gunung Gangsir Temple possibly had been restored during the end of East Javanese kingdom period by using material from an older temple.^[2]

Etymology

The history of this temple – such as its original name, which deity being venerated in this temple, who was the king or regional ruler that commissioned the construction and when was it – are still unknown, since no records nor inscriptions found near the temple that could shed the information about this temple. Formerly, this temple was known by locals asKeboncanditemple.^[3]

There are myths circulating among surrounding populations about this temple. The termgunungmeans "mountain" in local language – possibly refer to the shape of temple ruins prior to reconstruction – an earthen brick mound that resembles a mountain. While the wordgangsir(Javanese:nggangsir) means "to dig a hole" under the surface of the ground, or "digging a tunnel". According to local residents, this name appears when one day there was someone who tried to dig a hole into the mound to loot valuable objects under the temple building. Subsequently, the temple was known by the name ofCandi Gunung Gangsir.

Structure and design

The temple structure was made from redbricks,which is a common temple building materials in the region duringMajapahitperiod (c. 14th to 15th century), as demonstrated byPariandJabungtemple nearby. However, the design, shape and proportion, also the decorations is more similar to Central Javanese temples from earlier period. The proportion for example, is quite similar to the 8th centuryMenduttemple near Borobudur. Thus, experts put the construction period circa 11th century CE.

The temple is facing East-Southeast direction, with a flight of stairs and portal facing that direction protruding on the east side of temple structure. The temple base is rectangular in shape with dimension of 15 metres x 15 metres. The temple is 15 metres in height, with visible distinction between foot (base) part, body, and roof. The elevated terrace and the room is about 5 metres in high from the ground, accessible through the stairs. Inside the temple, there is a spaciouscellaserved asgarbagrihaor inner sanctum.^[1]The roof is arranged in stepped pyramid arranged in three stages, the top stage and its pinnacle however is now missing.

The temple is quite richly adorned with niches, seams and decoratedantefixes.Intricate panels, featuring ornaments in the form of bas-reliefs, vessels with floral motifs, pilasters, images of trees and animals, which are made with clay molding techniques. There are traces of plasters known asvajralepa,which suggest originally the entire surface of the temple was covered with plaster, which is similar to theKalasanandSari templenear Prambanan.^[4]

References

^^a ^b ^c"Gununggangsir Temple".National Library of Indonesia.2014. Archived fromthe originalon 2021-12-01.
^Rujivacharakul, Vimalin; Hahn, H. Hazel; Oshima, Ken Tadashi; Christensen, Peter (2013-11-01).Architecturalized Asia: Mapping a Continent through History.Hong Kong University Press.ISBN 978-988-8208-05-0.
^"Gunung Gangsir Temple".www.eastjava.com.Retrieved2020-04-07.
^Sedyawati, Edi, 1938-.Candi Indonesia(in Indonesian). Latief, Feri, Indonesia. Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman (Cetakan pertama ed.). Jakarta.ISBN 9786021766934.OCLC 886882212.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

External links

[Perpusnas-Gangsir-1] "Gununggangsir Temple".National Library of Indonesia.2014. Archived fromthe originalon 2021-12-01.

[2] Rujivacharakul, Vimalin; Hahn, H. Hazel; Oshima, Ken Tadashi; Christensen, Peter (2013-11-01).Architecturalized Asia: Mapping a Continent through History.Hong Kong University Press.ISBN 978-988-8208-05-0.

[3] "Gunung Gangsir Temple".www.eastjava.com.Retrieved2020-04-07.

[4] Sedyawati, Edi, 1938-.Candi Indonesia(in Indonesian). Latief, Feri, Indonesia. Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman (Cetakan pertama ed.). Jakarta.ISBN 9786021766934.OCLC 886882212.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

v t e Tourist attractionsinIndonesia
Sumatra	Aceh Tsunami Museum Ampera Bridge Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Bagansiapiapi Bandar Lampung City Barelang Bridge Berastagi Bintan Island Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Bukit Lawang East Lampung Regency Gunongan Historical Park Jam Gadang Kerinci Seblat National Park Krakatoa Lagundri Bay Lampung Bay Lake Maninjau Lake Singkarak Lake Toba Lumbini Natural Park Maimun Palace Mentawai Islands Regency Metro City Mursala Island Nias Pagaruyung Palace Penyengat Island Pugung Raharjo Sabang Samosir Island Sipura Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra Way Kambas National Park
Java	Alas Purwo National Park Ancol Dreamland Anyer Arjuno-Welirang Baluran National Park Banyuwangi Regency Batu City Baturraden Bogor Palace Borobudur Cemoro Lawang Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark Cukang Taneuh Dieng Volcanic Complex Ceto Temple G-Land Gembira Loka Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa National Park Kawah Putih Kenjeran Bridge Keraton Kasepuhan Keraton Kacirebonan Keraton Kanoman Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Malang Meru Betiri National Park Mount Bromo Mount Halimun Salak National Park Mount Merapi Mount Semeru Mrapen Museum Angkut Nusa Barong Pangandaran Patenggang Lake Palabuhanratu Penataran Prambanan Puncak Ragunan Zoo Ranu Kumbolo Ranu Pani Sangiran Sempu island Sidoarjo mud flow Sukorambi Botanical Garden Surabaya Zoo Suramadu Bridge Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Tangkuban Perahu Thousand Islands Tirto Samodra Beach Tretes Trowulan Yogyakarta City Ujung Kulon National Park
Kalimantan	Beras Basah Island Betung Kerihun National Park Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park Baning Nature Tourist Park Danau Sentarum National Park Derawan Islands Kakaban Kutai National Park Sabangau National Park Samboja Lestari Tanjung Puting The Equator monument
Sulawesi	Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park Bunaken National Park Gandang Dewata National Park Kepulauan Togean National Park Lake Tempe Lore Lindu National Park Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Taka Bone Rate National Park Toraja Trans Studio Makassar Wakatobi National Park
Lesser Sunda Islands	Awang Bay Bedugul Bali Bird Park Bali Safari and Marine Park Canggu Cempi Bay Dreamland Beach Garuda Wisnu Kencana Gili Air Gili Meno Gili Trawangan Goa Gajah Gunung Rinjani National Park Jimbaran Kelimutu Kintamani Komodo National Park Kuta Lake Segara Anak Lovina Beach Mandalika Mount Rinjani Mount Tambora Moyo Island Nusa Dua Nusa Penida Nusa Lembongan Pecatu Rinca Sanur Seminyak Senggigi Tampaksiring Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre Tanah Lot Tanjung Ringgit Tirta Gangga Ubud Ujung Water Palace Uluwatu
MalukuandPapua	Fort Belgica Lorentz National Park Puncak Jaya Raja Ampat Islands Teluk Cenderawasih National Park Wasur National Park

v t e Hindu temples in Indonesia
Candi	Asu Badut Banon Barong Bojongmenje Bumiayu Cangkuang Ceto Dieng Gebang Gedong Songo Gunung Gangsir Gunung Wukir Ijo Jago Jawi Kedulan Kidal Kimpulan Liyangan Merak Morangan Pari Prambanan Penataran Sambisari Singhasari Sukuh Surawana Trowulan Umbul
Pura	Pura Beji Sangsit Pura Besakih Pura Dalem Agung Padangtegal Pura Dalem Segara Madhu Pura Gede Perancak Pura Goa Lawah Gunung Kawi Pura Kehen Pura Lempuyang Luhur Pura Luhur Batukaru Pura Maospahit Pura Meduwe Karang Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta Pura Rambut Siwi Pura Taman Ayun Pura Tanah Lot Pura Tirta Empul Pura Ulun Danu Batur Pura Ulun Danu Bratan Pura Uluwatu
Koil	Sri Mariamman Temple Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple Sri Shiva Temple Palani Andawer Temple

Etymology

Structure and design

See also

References

External links