High-definition map
Ahigh-definition map(HD map) is a highly accuratemapused primarily in the field ofautonomous driving,[1] [2] containing details not normally present on traditional maps.[3][4]HD maps are often captured using an array of sensors, such asLiDARs,radars,digital cameras,andGPS,[3][5][6]and they can also be constructed usingaerial imagery.[7][8]Such maps can be precise at acentimetrelevel.[3][9]
High-definition maps for self-driving cars usually include map elements such as road shape,road marking,traffic signs,and barriers.[4][10]Maintaininghigh accuracyis one of the biggest challenges in building HD maps of real-world roads. With regard to accuracy, there are two main focus points that determine the quality of an HD map:
- Global accuracy (positioning of a feature on the surface of the Earth)
- Local accuracy (positioning of a feature in relation to road elements around it).
In areas with good GPS reception it is possible to achieve a global accuracy of less than 3 cm deviation using satellite signals and correction data from base stations.
In GPS-denied areas, however, inaccuracy rises with distance traveled through the area, being largest in its middle. This means that the maximum GPS error can be expressed as a percentage of the distance traveled through a GPS-denied area: this value is less than 0.5%.[11]
References
[edit]- ^Liu, Rong; Wang, Jinling; Zhang, Bingqi (27 August 2019)."High Definition Map for Automated Driving: Overview and Analysis".Journal of Navigation.73(2): 324–341.doi:10.1017/S0373463319000638.hdl:1959.4/unsworks_77182.ISSN0373-4633.S2CID202906063.
- ^Elghazaly, Gamal; Frank, Raphael; Harvey, Scott; Safko, Stefan (2023)."High-Definition Maps: Comprehensive Survey, Challenges, and Future Perspectives".IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems.4:527–550.doi:10.1109/OJITS.2023.3295502.S2CID259915452.
- ^abcVardhan, Harsha (2017-09-22)."HD Maps: New age maps powering autonomous vehicles".Geospatial World.Retrieved2021-01-20.
- ^abMatthews, Kayla (September 16, 2019)."What are HD maps, and how will they get us closer to autonomous cars?".EETimes.
- ^"HD maps—the hidden sensors that help autonomous vehicles see round corners".Automotive World.14 March 2019.Retrieved2021-01-20.
- ^Mueck, Markus; Karls, Ingolf (9 January 2018).Networking vehicles to everything: evolving automotive solutions.Boston: De Gruyter.ISBN978-1-5015-0724-3.OCLC1021887635.
- ^Javanmardi, Mahdi; Javanmardi, Ehsan; Gu, Yanlei; Kamijo, Shunsuke (2017-09-21)."Towards High-Definition 3D Urban Mapping: Road Feature-Based Registration of Mobile Mapping Systems and Aerial Imagery".Remote Sensing.9(10): 975.Bibcode:2017RemS....9..975J.doi:10.3390/rs9100975.ISSN2072-4292.
- ^Zang, Andi; Xu, Runsheng; Li, Zichen; Doria, David (2017-11-07)."Lane boundary extraction from satellite imagery".Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on High-Precision Maps and Intelligent Applications for Autonomous Vehicles.AutonomousGIS '17. Redondo Beach California: ACM. pp. 1–8.arXiv:2002.02362.doi:10.1145/3149092.3149093.ISBN978-1-4503-5497-4.S2CID11512991.
- ^Jiao, J. (22 June 2018)."Machine Learning Assisted High-Definition Map Creation".2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC).Vol. 01. pp. 367–373.doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2018.00058.ISBN978-1-5386-2666-5.S2CID52058583.
- ^Zang, Andi; Chen, Xin; Trajcevski, Goce (2018-06-05)."High definition maps in urban context".SIGSPATIAL Special.10(1): 15–20.doi:10.1145/3231541.3231546.ISSN1946-7729.S2CID47019015.
- ^"How Accurate Are HD Maps for Autonomous Driving and ADAS Simulation?".Atlatec.2020-10-22.Retrieved2021-05-20.
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