Hitchhiking

For the genetics term, seeGenetic hitchhiking.For other uses of "Hitchhiker", seeHitchhiker (disambiguation).For other uses of "Hitchhike", seeHitchhike (disambiguation).

Hitchhiking waiting times worldwide with uncertainties of estimation (2024) - based on data fromHitchmap

A man and woman hitchhiking nearVicksburg, Mississippiin 1936, photograph byWalker Evans

A man with an outstretched thumb and a sign indicating his destination.

Hitchhiking(also known asthumbing,autostoporhitching) is a means oftransportationthat is gained by asking individuals, usually strangers, for a ride in theircaror other vehicle. The ride is usually, but not always, free.

Signaling methods

A typical hitchhiker's gesture

Hitchhikers use a variety of signals to indicate they need a ride. Indicators can be physical gestures or displays including written signs.The physical gestures, e.g., hand signals, hitchhikers use differ around the world:

• In some African countries, the hitchhiker's hand is held with the palm facing upwards.
• In most of Europe, North America, South America and Australia, most hitchhikers stand with their back facing the direction of travel. The hitchhiker typically extends their arm towards the road with the thumb of the closed hand pointing upward or in the direction of vehicle travel.

Legal status

Two of the signs used in the United States, forbidding hitchhiking

Hitchhiking is historically a common practice worldwide and hence there are very few places in the world where laws exist to restrict it. However, a minority of countries have laws that restrict hitchhiking at certain locations.In the United States, for example, some local governments have laws outlawing hitchhiking, on the basis of drivers' and hitchhikers' safety. InCanada,several highways have restrictions on hitchhiking, particularly inBritish Columbiaand the400-series highwaysin Ontario. In all countries in Europe, it is legal to hitchhike and in some places even encouraged. However, worldwide, even where hitchhiking is permitted, laws forbid hitchhiking where pedestrians are banned, such as theAutobahn(Germany),Autostrade(Italy),motorways(United Kingdom and continental Europe, with the exception of, at least, Lithuania) orinterstate highways(United States), although hitchhikers often obtain rides at entrances and truck stops where it is legal at least throughout Europewith the exception of Italy.

Community

In recent years, hitchhikers have started efforts to strengthen their community. Examples include the annualHitchgathering,an event organized by hitchhikers, for hitchhikers, and websites such ashitchwiki,which are platforms for hitchhikers to share tips and provide a way of looking up good hitchhiking spots around the world.

Decline

In 2011,Freakonomics Radioreviewed sparse data about hitchhiking, and identified a steady decline in hitchhiking in the US since the 1970s, which it attributed to a number of factors, including a greater lack of trust of strangers, lower air travel costs due to deregulation, the presence of more money in the economy to pay for travel and more numerous and more reliable cars.A marked increase in fear of hitchhiking is thought to have been spurred by movies such asThe Texas Chain Saw Massacre(1974),The Hitcher(1986), and a few real incidents involving imperiled hitchhikers, including thekidnapping of Colleen Stanin California.See§ Safety,below.

Some British researchers discuss reasonsfor hitchhiking's decline in the UK, and possible means of reviving it in safer and more-organized forms.

Public policy support

Mitfahrbankwith destination signs in Flensburg

Since the mid-2010s, local authorities in rural areas in Germany have started to support hitchhiking, and this has spread to Austria and the German-speaking region of Belgium. The objectives are both social and environmental: as ride sharing improves mobility for local residents (particularly young and old people without their own cars) in places where public transport is inadequate, thus improving networking among local communities in an environmentally friendly way. This support typically takes the form of providinghitchhiking benches(in GermanMitfahrbänke) where people hoping for a ride can wait for cars. These benches are usually brightly coloured and located at the exit from a village, sometimes at an existing bus stop lay-by where vehicles can pull in safely. Some are even provided with large fold-out or slide-out signs with place names allowing hitchers to clearly signal where they want to go. SomeMitfahrbänkehave been installed with the help of the EU'sLEADER programmefor rurallocal development

In Austria,Mitfahrbänkeare especially common inLower AustriaandTyrol,and are promoted by theFederal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourismunder itsklimaaktivclimate protection initiative.In 2018 the TyroleanMobilitäterInnennetwork published aManual for the Successful Introduction of Hitch-hiking Benches.

Safety

An episode ofAbout Safety,a 1970s educational children's show, about the safety of hitchhiking

Limited data is available regarding the safety of hitchhiking.Compiling good safety data requires counting hitchhikers, counting rides, and counting problems, all difficult tasks.

Two studies on the topic include a 1974California Highway Patrolstudy and a 1989 German federal police (Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden) study.The California study found that hitchhikers were not disproportionately likely to be victims of crime.The German study concluded that the actual risk is much lower than the publicly perceived risk; the authors did not advise against hitchhiking in general.They found that in some cases there were verbal disputes or inappropriate comments, but physical attacks were very rare.

Recommended safety practices include:

• Asking for rides at gas stations instead of signaling at the roadside
• Refusing rides fromalcohol impaired drivers
• Hitchhiking during daylight hours
• Trusting one's instincts
• Traveling with another hitchhiker; this measure decreases the likelihood of harm by a factor of six

Around the world

Two men tramping inJerusalem

Cuba

In Cuba, picking up hitchhikers is mandatory for government vehicles, if passenger space is available. Hitchhiking is encouraged, as Cuba has few cars, and hitchhikers use designated spots. Drivers pick up waiting riders on a first come, first served basis.

Israel

Main article:Hitchhiking in Israel

In Israel, hitchhiking is commonplace at designated locations calledtrempiyadas(טרמפיאדה‎ inHebrew,derived from theGermantrampen). Travelers soliciting rides, calledtrempists,wait attrempiyadas,typically junctions of highways or main roads outside of a city.

Poland

Hitchhiking inPolandhas a long history and is still popular. It was legalised and formalised in 1957 so hitchhikers could buy booklets including coupons from travel agencies.These coupons were given to drivers who took hitchhikers. By the end of each season drivers who collected the highest number of coupons could exchange them for prizes, and others took part in a lottery. This so-called "Akcja Autostop" was popular till the end of the 1970s, but the sale of the booklet was discontinued in 1995.

United States

Hitchhiking became a common method of traveling during theGreat Depressionand during the Counterculture of the 1960s.

A "slug line" of passengers waiting for rides in the US

Warnings of thepotential dangers of picking up hitchhikerswere publicized to drivers, who were advised that some hitchhikers would rob drivers and, in some cases, sexually assault or murder them. Other warnings were publicized to the hitchhikers themselves, alerting them to the same types of crimes being carried out by drivers. Still, hitchhiking was part of the American psyche and many people continued to stick out their thumbs, even in states where the practice had been outlawed.

Today, hitchhiking is legal in 44of the 50 states, provided that the hitchhiker is not standing in the roadway or otherwise hindering the normal flow of traffic. Even in states where hitchhiking is illegal, hitchhikers are rarely ticketed. For example, theWyoming Highway Patrolapproached 524 hitchhikers in 2010, but only eight of them were cited (hitchhiking was subsequently legalized in Wyoming in 2013).

See also

• Murders of Jacqueline Ansell-Lamb and Barbara Mayo– two unsolved murders of hitchhikers in England in 1970
• Carpool
• Flexible carpooling– hitchhiking formalized via designated meeting points
• Freighthopping
• Hitchwiki
• Ridesharing company
• Slugging– hitchhiking motivated byhigh-occupancy vehicle lanesin several urban areas

Bibliography

• Brunvand, Harold (1981).The Vanishing Hitchhiker. American Urban Legends and Their Meaning.New York NY: Norton & Company.
• Griffin, John H. (1961).Black Like Me.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Hawks, Tony (1996).Round Ireland with a Fridge.London: Ebury.
• Laviolette, Patrick (2016).Why did the anthropologist cross the road?Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology.81(3): 379–401.
• Nwanna, Gladson I. (2004).Americans Traveling Abroad: What You Should Know Before You Go,Frontier Publishers,ISBN1890605107.
• Packer, Jeremy (2008). Hitching the highway to hell: Media hysterics and the politics of youth mobility.Mobility Without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship.Chapel Hill: Duke Univ. Press (77–110).
• Reid, Jack. (2020)Roadside Americans: The Rise and Fall of Hitchhiking in a Changing Nation.Chapel Hill: Univ, of North Carolina Press.
• Smith, David H. & Frauke Zeller (2017). The death and lives of hitchBOT: the design and implementation of a hitchhiking robot.Leonardo.50(1): 77–8.
• Sykes, Simon & Tom Sykes (2005).No Such Thing as a Free Ride.UK Edition. London: Cassell Illustrated.
• Tobar, Héctor (2020).The Last Great Road Bum.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Kabourkova, Michaela (2022).Solo Female Traveller: What I Learnt from Hitchhiking in 70 Countries.Valencia: Amazon.