Jakub Berman

Jakub Berman
Jakub Berman
Born	23 December 1901 Warsaw,Congress Poland,Russian Empire
Died	10 April 1984(1984-04-10)(aged 82) Warsaw,Poland
Nationality	Polish
Occupation	Politician
Known for	Involvement with theMinistry of Public Securityand its activities
Political party	Polish United Workers' Party
Other political affiliations	KPP PPR

Jakub Berman(23 December 1901 – 10 April 1984) was a Polishcommunistpolitician. An activist during theSecond Polish Republic,in post-warcommunist Polandhe was a member of thePolitburoof thePolish Workers' Party(PPR) and then of thePolish United Workers' Party(PZPR). From 1948, he was considered the second most powerful politician in Poland after PresidentBolesław Bierut,until he was removed from power in 1956, following Bierut's death.

Alongside Bierut, Berman was responsible for party oversight of theStalinistMinistry of Public Security,commonly known as the "UB". Under Berman's leadership, 200,000 people were imprisoned for alleged political crimes, and 6000 were executed.Berman also oversaw Poland's cultural affairs.

Early career

Jakub Berman was born into a middle-classJewishfamily inWarsawon 23 December 1901. His younger brother wasAdolf Berman.Jakub became a member of the Communist Youth Union and in 1928 joined theCommunist Party of Poland(KPP).He was arrested a few times, but unlike many other activists, had not been imprisoned for a prolonged period.He received alaw degreein 1925 from theUniversity of Warsaw.He wrote amagisterthesisentitledSłużba domowa w Warszawie w końcu w. XVIII oraz próby jej zrzeszenia się zawodowego('Domestic servantry in Warsaw at the end of the 18th century and its attempts to establish a trade association'). Berman's academic adviser,Marxistsociologist Prof.Ludwik Krzywicki,wanted to hire Berman at the university as his assistant, but this was not allowed because of Berman's Jewish origin. Krzywicki's efforts to find Berman a mainstream non-university job also failed and Berman ended up working for a Jewish agency, in a poorly paid position.The family was supported largely by Berman's wife, Gustawa (néeGrynberg), who was a well-regarded physician and dentist.

Berman's social contacts in Warsaw included many communist sympathizing members of the Polishintelligentsia;JaninaandWładysław Broniewski,as well asWanda Wasilewska,were among his associates.Between 1935–36, he worked withAleksander Wat(as his tutor on behalf of the KPP) in an attempt to establish aleftistperiodical, with the intention of the cooperation of the communists with other leftist forces in Poland (mostly thePolish Socialist Party(PPS)), within thePopular Front.

World War II

On 6 September 1939, after theinvasion of PolandbyNazi Germany,Berman followed government directions for "able-bodied men" and took a train going in an easterly direction.He went toBiałystok,occupied by theSoviet Unionafter theSoviet invasion of Poland.With his friendAlfred Lampe,Berman was active in Polish-communist circles there and became a Soviet citizen. In March 1941 he moved toMinsk,where he worked as an editor atSztandar Wolności('The Banner of Freedom'), a Polish-language bulletin published by theCommunist Party of Byelorussia.Berman'sdoctoral dissertation,written under the direction of Krzywicki and entitledO strukturze miast polskich na podstawie spisu ludności w 1791 r.('On the structure of Polish cities based on the population census of 1791'), was brought to Białystok by his friend and colleague Irena Sawicka, but burned in Minsk when a dormitory where Berman and other journalists were housed was bombed by the Germans.

After theGerman invasion of the Soviet Unionin 1941, Berman escaped toMoscow.He later became an instructor at theInternational Lenin School,theCominternschool, where he trained displaced Polish communists, activists for the new Soviet-sponsored Polish Workers' Party (PPR).With the help fromGeorgi DimitrovandJerzy Borejsza,Berman was able to bring his wife and daughter Lucyna there too.

In December 1943, Berman metJoseph Stalinat aKremlinreception for activists of theUnion of Polish Patriots(ZPP). Berman became a prominent figure among the Polish communists in the Soviet Union (according to Berman, however, Stalin hated him).

In 1945, after a survey suggested that 4.8 million Polish citizens including 3 million Jews had died in the war, Berman stated "if we accept that 3 million Jews were murdered, we must significantly increase the number of Polish victims".He declared that 3 million non-Jewish Poles had died, in order to equalize the numbers, to make them acceptable to Polish public opinion.According toJan Grabowski,this policy of "equalizing" the respective numbers of Jewish and Polish victims has since been propagated in Poland and that is how the issue is presently taught to students in public schools.

Political career in communist-ruled Poland

In the summer of 1944, Berman joined the Politburo of thePolish Workers' Party(PPR) and returned to Poland.InLublin,at thePolish Committee of National Liberation(PKWN), Berman practically led the foreign affairs department; which was primarily concerned with securing international recognition for the new communist-led governing entity.

In January 1945, with the liberation of Warsaw from the Nazis by the Red Army, theProvisional Government of the Republic of Poland(formerly the PKWN) moved from Lublin to thePragadistrict of Warsaw. Berman, as a member of the Politburo of the PPR, was charged with oversight of the state security apparatus (theMinistry of Public Security).In post-war Poland Berman organizedstate censorship,supervised the development of, and permissions for political parties and organizations, and was the main liaison between the PPR and the PKWN.^[a]Berman's decisions had to be consulted with and could be vetoed by two resident Soviet advisers, who remained in Poland until 1953 and 1954.

From 1948, together with Bolesław Bierut, general secretary of thePolish United Workers' Party(PZPR), a successor of the PPR, and economistHilary Minc,Berman formed a triumvirate of Stalinist leaders of Poland.^[b]According to Lucyna Tych, Berman's daughter, all three "Stalinist" leaders sought to implement communism in Poland in ways different from the manner in which it was done earlier in the Soviet Union (while remaining entirely loyal to the Soviet leadership).Berman and Minc were close friends and partners. They successfully cooperated in protecting Poland's economic interests. For example, after their repeated interventions with the Soviets, the practice of dismantling industrial equipment in Poland and taking it to the Soviet Union was discontinued. They were somehow able to fend off Soviet attempts to introduce broader (Soviet-like) railroad tracks in Poland, which would cut-off Poland's transportation links with Germany and the West.

In late 1949, Stalin attempted to remove Berman from his position of power, accusing him of participation in an international anti-communist conspiracy and illicit foreign contacts, but the effort did not succeed.In 1952 Berman's friend Wasilewska, having found out Stalin's plan to eliminate Berman, traveled fromKyivto Warsaw to warn him.Berman attributed his own survival to Bierut's protection.

In August 1951, Gomułka was arrested, probably on Stalin's andLavrentiy Beria's orders; they demanded his quick trial. Berman and Bierut, however, managed to keep delaying the proceedings to the point that the trial never took place.

Berman became a member of the Politburo of the PZPR and remained in that capacity until 1956. He was responsible for science, literature and cultural affairs, propaganda and ideology.From 1949 to 1953, he was officially and personally involved in the fight for the dominant position ofsocialist realismin art and literature, but in the post-war years he also helped and cultivated contacts with many Polish artistic personalities and his influence was essential to the establishment and continuous existence of such Polish mainstream institutions as theCzytelnikpublishing house orCepeliachain of craft stores. The canon of classicalPolish literaturewas published and the production of memorable films commenced.Berman helped Tadeusz Sygietyński organize the folk ensembleMazowsze.Following Berman's repeated interventions withVyacheslav Molotovand other Soviet authorities, theOssolineumcollections were transferred fromLvivtoWrocławin 1946 and 1947.In the spring of 1955, Berman authorized the creation of theCrooked Circle Club,a free discussion forum in Warsaw, which marked the gradual departure from Stalinism.

While Berman was one of the officials responsible for party oversight of the security apparatus, at least 200,000 people were imprisoned and some 6,000 executed on political charges.Hundreds of former members of thePolish resistance movement in World War IIwere persecuted, especially from theHome Armyand theNational Armed Forces.^[c]

Fall from power

In 1952, Anna Duracz, Berman's secretary, was arrested. In 1954, he was attacked during a party plenum byAleksander Zawadzki,who claimed that, as he originated from abourgeoisJewish family, Berman lacked a proper understanding of the Polish workers' movement. After the death of First Secretary Bierut, Berman resigned from the PZPR Politburo (and from the position of first deputy prime minister) in May 1956.He was earlier incriminated byJózef Światło,a former official in theMinistry of Public Security,who defected to theWest.Berman was relieved from theCentral Committeeof the PZPR in the fall of 1956 and in May 1957, in the aftermath of thePolish October,dismissed from the party altogether. He attempted to get his membership reinstated, wrote appeals in 1960 and 1964, but was rejected on both occasions.He was considered responsible for the "Stalinist-era errors and distortions" by which they meant dogmatic and sectarian party attitudes and breaking the rule of law.

Retirement

For two years Bermam remained without steady employment and supported himself by accepting various assignments, such as translations of works byKarl MarxandFriedrich Engels.In September 1958, Berman was placed by the party in the state-runKsiążka i Wiedza('Book and Knowledge') publishing house, where he worked until he was retired by the authorities in 1968. His wife was removed from her position at theRheumatologyInstitute.For the first time, according to his daughter Lucyna Tychowa, Berman could enjoy normal life with his family and friends. He engaged in activities, such as reading or attending films and theatrical productions. In the autumn of 1981, he was hit by a car and permanently injured while he attempted to cross a street. He died in Warsaw in April 1984 and was buried atPowązki Cemetery.

Notes

a.^{^}Speaking during a plenum of thePPRin October 1947, Berman strongly expressed his agreement with Gomułka's views: "It is our tremendous achievement, as communists, that we are able to create a national party, which has become deeply rooted in Polish society.... It is our greatest treasure, which we have to defend, and will not ever allow anybody to push us back to the enchanted ring of theKPP.It had been our greatest disaster.... We are not a communist party, we are the PPR ". Already in August–September 1948, Berman found it necessary to alter his views in order to comply with Stalin's current directives. They required the" building of the foundations of socialism "according to the Soviet example.

b.^{^}Berman told a story toTeresa Torańska,by whom he was interviewed in the early 1980s. Afterwards, he requested that Torańska refrains from printing it, because he was concerned that his revelations may reflect badly on Bierut, "a noble man". Torańska published the account anyway.

In November 1949, atBelwederPalace, Bierut wanted to give Berman investigation files concerning cases of officers accused of political crimes, because he wanted Berman's opinion on the matter. Berman declined to take the files, because he considered them contrived and worthless. He asked Bierut to make sure that no death sentences are issued based on such evidence. Berman soon regretted not having taken the files and cooperated with Bierut's procedure. Bierut, who normally followed his advice, this time did not and twenty death sentences were eventually carried out. "Unfortunately", lamented Berman, "he believed in those papers too much".

c.^{^}The degree and nature of Berman's involvement with the state security apparatus are matters of controversy. It is not known whether he was kept informed by MinisterStanisław Radkiewiczand his people, or whether they saw him, an idealistic communist, as an impediment to their operation. According to the testimony of people familiar with Berman in this role, he often alleviated the cruelties of the system. He had no formal decision-making capacity, which rested with Gomułka and Bierut, or with Radkiewicz at the operational level. On the other hand, as the communist regime struggled to contain the armed underground in the mid-1040s, Berman lobbied for an expansion of state security. Berman is also believed to be responsible for the lessening of political repression, which began in the later 1940s.

Berman, responsible for culture, was despised by the literary circles and others, on whom he had imposed harsh censorship and other restrictions. After the death of Bierut, Berman's adversaries produced highly negative written evaluations of him in printed media and he quickly became a scapegoat for all the misdeeds of the Stalinist period. A "good Bierut and bad Berman" stereotype was created.

References

• Teresa Torańska,Them: Stalin's Polish Puppets,Harper & Row, 1987,ISBN0-06-015657-0.