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Louisville and Nashville Railroad

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"L&N" redirects here. For the similarly named turnpike, seeLouisville and Nashville Turnpike.

Louisville and Nashville Railroad
L&N system map,c. 1901
Overview
HeadquartersLouisville and Nashville Railroad Office Building,908 West Broadway,Louisville, Kentucky(1907–1980)
Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Building,500 Water Street,Jacksonville, Florida(1980–1982)
Reporting markLN
LocaleAlabama
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
Ohio
Tennessee
Virginia
North Carolina
Dates of operation1850–1982
SuccessorSeaboard Coast Line Railroad
Technical
Track gauge4 ft8+1⁄2in(1,435 mm)standard gauge
Previous gauge5 ft(1,524 mm),convertedby 1870.[1][2]
Length10,396 miles (16,731 kilometers)

TheLouisville and Nashville Railroad(reporting markLN), commonly called theL&N,was aClass I railroadthat operated freight and passenger services in the southeastUnited States.

Chartered by theCommonwealth of Kentuckyin 1850, the road grew into one of the great success stories of American business. Operating under one name continuously for 132 years, it survivedcivil warandeconomic depressionand several waves of social and technological change. UnderMilton H. Smith,president of the company for 30 years, the L&N grew from a road with less than three hundred miles (480 km) of track to a 6,000-mile (9,700 km) system serving fourteen states. As one of the premierSouthernrailroads,the L&N extended its reach far beyond its namesake cities, stretching toSt. Louis,Memphis,Atlanta,andNew Orleans.The railroad was economically strong throughout its lifetime, operating freight and passenger trains in a manner that earned it the nickname, "The Old Reliable".

Growth of the railroad continued until its purchase and the tumultuous rail consolidations of the 1980s which led to continual successors. By the end of 1970, L&N operated 6,063 miles (9,757 km) of road on 10,051 miles (16,176 km) of track, not including the Carrollton Railroad.

In 1971 theSeaboard Coast Line Railroad,successor to theAtlantic Coast Line Railroad,purchased the remainder of the L&N shares it did not already own, and the company became a subsidiary. By 1982, the Seaboard Coast Line had absorbed the Louisville & Nashville Railroad entirely. Then in 1986, the Seaboard System merged with theC&OandB&O(known as theChessie System) and the combined company becameCSX Transportation(CSX), which now owns and operates all of the former Louisville and Nashville lines.

Early history and Civil War

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Its first line extended barely south ofLouisville, Kentucky,and it took until 1859 to span the 180-odd miles (290 km) to its second namesake city ofNashville.There were about 250 miles (400 km) of track in the system by the outbreak of the Civil War, and its strategic location, spanning theUnion/Confederatelines, made it of great interest to both governments.

During the Civil War, different parts of the network were pressed into service by both armies at various times, and considerable damage from wear, battle, and sabotage occurred. (For example, during theBattle of Lebanonin July 1863, the company's depot inLebanon, Kentucky,was used as a stronghold by outnumbered Union troops). However, the company benefited from being based in Kentucky, a southern border state that initially had competing Unionist and Confederate state governments, but with Bowling Green (the latter's capital) and Nashville falling to Union forces within the first year of the war, remaining in their hands for the war's duration. The company profited from Northern haulage contracts for troops and supplies, paid in sound Federalgreenbacks,as opposed to the rapidly depreciatingConfederate dollars.After the war, otherrailroads in the Southwere devastated to the point of collapse, and the general economic depression meant that labor and materials to repair its roads could be had fairly cheaply.

Buoyed by these fortunate circumstances, the firm began an expansion that never really stopped. Within 30 years the network reached fromOhioandMissouritoLouisianaandFlorida.By 1884, the firm had such importance that it was included in theDow Jones Transportation Average,the first Americanstock market index.It was such a large customer of theRogers Locomotive and Machine Works,the country's second-largest locomotive maker, that in 1879 the firm presented L&N with a free locomotive as a thank-you bonus.

Beginning in 1858 and continuing throughout its history, the primary repair shops for rolling stock were located inLouisville,Kentucky. The first shops were acquired from the Kentucky Locomotive Works in 1858. However, this location could not be expanded, so a new tract of land was purchased in 1904 at the south side of the city. The new shops featured a central, 920-foot long transfer table that connected the main buildings. From that year until the 1920s, the South Louisville Shop built many of its own locomotives as well as repairing them. The shops inDecatur, Alabamawere used to build most of the system's freight cars. The only other significant shops were located inHowell, Indiana,built in 1889.[citation needed]

Coal and capital in the Gilded Age

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Union StationinLouisville, Kentucky
Gold Bond of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, issued 2. June 1890

Since alllocomotivesof the time were steam-powered, many railroads had favored coal as their engines' fuel source after wood-burning models were found unsatisfactory. The L&N guaranteed not only its own fuel sources but a steady revenue stream by pushing its lines into the difficult but coal-rich terrain of easternKentucky,and also well into northernAlabama.There the small town ofBirminghamhad recently been founded amidst undeveloped deposits of coal, iron ore and limestone, the basic ingredients of steel production. The arrival of L&N transport and investment capital helped create a great industrial city and the South's first postwar urban success story. The railroad's access to good coal enabled it to claim for a few years starting in 1940 the nation's longest unrefuelled run, about 490 miles (790 km) from Louisville toMontgomery, Alabama.

In theGilded Ageof the late 19th century there were no such things as anti-trust or fair-competition laws and very littlefinancial regulation.Business was a keen and mean affair, and the L&N was a formidable competitor. It would exclude upstarts like theTennessee Central Railway Companyfrom critical infrastructure like urban stations. Where that wasn't possible, as with theNashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway(which was older than the L&N), it simply used its financial muscle—in 1880 it acquired a controlling interest in its chief competitor. A public outcry convinced the L&N directors that there were limits to their power. They discreetly continued the NC&StL as a separate subsidiary, but now working with, instead of in competition with, the L&N.

Ironically, in 1902 financial speculations by financierJ.P. Morgandelivered control of the L&N to its rivalAtlantic Coast Line Railroad,but that company did not attempt to control L&N operations, and for many decades there were no consequences of this change.

The L&N also attempted an expansion into foreign trade, through investments into the Export Coal Company, and the creation of a wholly owned subsidiary the "Gulf Transit Company" in 1895. This operated three ships, theSSPensacola,the SSAugust Belmont,and the SSE. O. Saltmarsh.The venture ended with the sale of thePensacolain 1906 and the selling off of the remaining assets in 1915.[3]

20th century

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Interior of an L&N dining car,c. 1921

The World Wars placed heavy demand on the L&N. Its widespread and robust network coped well with the demands of war transport and production, and the resulting profits harked back to the boost it had received from the Civil War. In the postwar period, the line shifted gradually to diesel power, and the new streamlined engines pulled some of the most elegant passenger trains of the last great age of passenger rail, such as theDixie Flyer,theHumming Bird,and thePan-American.

Louisville Terminus atUnion Stationwith 11-story L&N Building on the left

Though well past its 100th anniversary, the line was still growing. The railroad retired its last steam locomotive, a J-4 class 2-8-2 Mikado #1882, from active service on January 28, 1957.[4]Also in that year, theNashville, Chattanooga & St. Louiswas finally fully merged. In the 1960s,acquisitions in Illinoisallowed a long-sought entry into the premier railroadnexusofChicago,and some of the battered remains of the old rival, the Tennessee Central, were sold to the L&N as well.

In 1971 theSeaboard Coast Line Railroad,successor to theAtlantic Coast Line Railroad,purchased the remainder of the L&N shares it did not already own, and the company became a subsidiary. Prior to the purchase, the L&N, like other railroads, had curtailed passenger service in response to dwindling ridership.Amtrak,the government-formed passenger railway service, took over the few remaining L&N passenger trains in 1971. In 1979, amid great lamentations in the press, the last passenger service over L&N rails ceased when Amtrak discontinuedThe Floridian,which had connected Louisville with Nashville and continued to Florida via Birmingham.

By 1982, as the railroad industry consolidated, the Seaboard Coast Line absorbed the Louisville & Nashville Railroad entirely. The merged company was known as "SCL/L&N", "Family Lines",and was depicted as such on the railroad's rolling stock. During the next few years several smaller acquisitions resulted in the creation of theSeaboard System Railroad.Yet more consolidation was ahead, and in 1986, the Seaboard System merged into theC&O/B&Ocombined system known as theChessie System.The combined company becameCSX Transportation(CSX), which now owns and operates all of the former Louisville and Nashville lines, except for some routes abandoned or sold off.

Legacy

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Several historical groups and publications devoted to the line exist, and L&N equipment is well represented in themodel railroadinghobby. The L&N Railroad is mentioned by country music pioneerJimmie Rodgersin his "Blue Yodel #7". It is also the subject of the 2003Rhonda Vincentbluegrass song "Kentucky Borderline", as well as "The L&N Don't Stop Here Anymore"byJean Ritchieand individually performed byMichelle Shocked,Johnny Cash,Billy Bragg&Joe Henry,andKathy Mattea.Dutch blues/rock band The Bintangs had a hit in the Dutch charts in the late 1960s with "Ridin' on the L&N" (acoverfrom theDan Burley/Lionel Hamptoncomposition from 1946). This composition also was covered byJohn Mayall & the Bluesbreakers.The L&N is also mentioned in theLost Dog Street Bandsong “Last Train”, written byBenjamin Tod,from their 2024 albumSurvived.

In 1926 the L&N turned over approximately 137 acres[5]to the Kentucky State Park Commission, making possible the creation of the state'sNatural Bridge State Park.

Revenue Freight Ton-Miles (Millions)
L&N NC&StL LH&StL Cumberland & Manchester
1925 12506 1306 410 4
1933 6871 851 (incl in L&N) (into L&N)
1944 17398 2766
1956 15257 2073
1960 16455 (merged)
1970 30580
Totals do not include the Carrollton Railroad.

Passenger operations

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TheHumming BirdandPan-American,both from Cincinnati to New Orleans and Memphis, were two of the L&N's most popular passenger trains that ran entirely on its own lines. However, the Humming Bird later added a Chicago to New Orleans section in conjunction with theChicago & Eastern Illinois Railroadutilizing theGeorgiannorth of Nashville. (The Official Guide of the Railroads, February 1952) The railroad also hosted other named trains, including:[citation needed]

TheGeorgianatSt. Louis Union Station,1970

The L&N was one of few railroads to discontinue a passenger train that was en route. On January 9, 1969, as soon as a judge lifted the injunction preventing its discontinuance, the L&N discontinued its southboundHumming Birdat Birmingham, in mid-run from Cincinnati to New Orleans. The 14 passengers continuing south did so by bus.[6]

Preservation

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There are several preservation organizations of L&N equipment and L&N lines, such as theKentucky Railway Museum,The Historic Railpark and Train MuseuminBowling Green, Kentucky,and the L&N Historical Society.

A preserved L&N train depot inMurphy, North Carolina

The city ofAtlanta, Georgia,is home to theGeneraland theTexas,two4-4-0locomotives originally built for theWestern and Atlantic Railroad,which was later leased to L&N predecessor Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis. The lease of the W&A was passed to, and renewed by, L&N and its successors. The General and the Texas became famous for being participants inThe Great Locomotive Chaseduring the Civil War. The General had been placed on display in the railroad's Union Depot in Chattanooga in 1901. In 1957, the L&N removed the engine and restored it to operating condition. The engine pulled the railroad's wooden center-door Jim Crow combine coach No. 665 as it traveled throughout the eastern U.S. as part of the observance of the Civil War Centennial, including a visit to the1964 New York World's Fair.Between 1966 and 1971, a legal battle ensued between the railroad and the city of Chattanooga as the former had planned to send the engine to Georgia, while the latter claimed to be the owners of the engine. After the dispute was settled, the engine was formally presented to the state of Georgia in 1971. The engine currently resides at theSouthern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive HistoryinKennesaw, Georgia,while the Texas is currently at the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina undergoing restoration for inclusion into an addition to house it and the cyclorama painting of the battle of Atlanta. The Texas should return to Georgia in late 2016.

TheKentucky Railway Museumconsists of many pieces of L&N equipment, as well as a portion of the Lebanon Branch. The museum owns the following L&N equipment: K2A Light Pacific 4-6-2 No. 152, a steam locomotive; heavyweight coaches Nos. 2572 and 2554; an observation car; heavyweight combine No. 1603; combine coach No. 665; sleeper thePearl River,the Pullman heavyweight 10 section sleeper-loungeMt. Broderickwhich was assigned to the L&N but owned and operated by Pullman; several baggage cars; a steam-powered crane; and E-6 diesel locomotive No. 770. All of the last seven pieces of equipment listed need restoration.

The Historic Railpark and Train Museumowns or operates several pieces of L&N equipment, including an E-8 diesel locomotive, a Railway Post Office car, dining car No. 2799, a sleeping car, an observation car, along with a Jim Crow combine in need of major overhaul.

Several other museums own L&N equipment, including theBluegrass Railroad Museum.

L&N 2132, a South Louisville Shops steam locomotive, is also on static display in Corbin, Kentucky. 2132 was moved from Bainbridge, Georgia to Corbin and underwent a full cosmetic restoration. Along with 2132 and her tender is L&N caboose 1056.[7]

TheWilderness Road Trailis arail trailbuilt on theROWfromCumberland Gap National Historical ParktoEwing, Virginia.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Maury Klein (2013).History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad.University Press of Kentucky. p. 95.ISBN9780813146751.
  2. ^"Mortgages, Charters and Other Documents of the Louisville and Nashville..."Books.google.com.1871.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2024.RetrievedOctober 27,2020.
  3. ^Herr 2000,pp. 106–107.
  4. ^"L&N 0-8-0 No. 2132 to come home to Kentucky".Trains.com.February 26, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on October 15, 2023.RetrievedNovember 14,2023.
  5. ^"Louisville & Nashville Employes' Magazine:: Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company Records".Digital.library.louisville.edu.Archivedfrom the original on February 14, 2017.RetrievedFebruary 14,2017.
  6. ^"Union Station".Bhamwiki.com.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 3,2023.
  7. ^Flanary, Ron. "An" Old Reliable "Comes home to Kentucky".Trains.Vol. 83, no. March 2023.Kalmbach Media.pp. 14–21.

Further reading

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