Lens flare

Scheme of lens flare

Light coming from a narrow angle may be "trapped"and reflected between the surfaces of the lens elements.

A lens flare

Alens flarehappens when light isscattered,orflared,in alenssystem, often in response to a bright light, producing a sometimes undesirableartifactin the image. This happens through light scattered by the imaging mechanism itself, for example through internalreflectionandforward scatterfrom material imperfections in the lens. Lenses with large numbers of elements such aszoomstend to have more lens flare, as they contain a relatively large number of interfaces at which internal scattering may occur. These mechanisms differ from the focused image generation mechanism, which depends on rays from the refraction of light from the subject itself.

There are two types of flare: visibleartifactsandglareacross the image. The glare makes the image look "washed out" by reducingcontrastandcolor saturation(adding light to dark image regions, and adding white to saturated regions, reducing their saturation). Visible artifacts, usually in the shape of theaperturemade by theiris diaphragm,are formed when light follows apathwaythrough the lens that contains one or more reflections from the lens surfaces.

Flare is particularly caused by very bright light sources. Most commonly, this occurs when aiming toward theSun(when the Sun is in frame or the lens is pointed sunward), and is reduced by using alens hoodor other shade. For good-quality optical systems, and for most images (which do not have a bright light shining into the lens), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, although it does reduce contrast.

Manifestation

Severe flare in aCCTVcamera lens

The spatial distribution of the lens flare typically manifests as several starbursts, rings, or circles in a row across the image or view. Lens flare patterns typically spread widely across the scene and change location with the camera's movement relative to light sources, tracking with the light position and fading as the camera points away from the bright light until it causes no flare at all. The specific spatial distribution of the flare depends on the shape of theapertureof the image formation elements. For example, if the lens has a 6-bladed aperture, the flare may have a hexagonal pattern.

Such internal scattering is also present in the human eye, and manifests in an unwanted veilingglaremost obvious when viewing very bright lights or highly reflective surfaces. In some situations,eyelashescan also create flare-like irregularities, although these are technically diffraction artifacts.

When a bright light source is shining on the lens but not in its field of view, lens flare appears as a haze that washes out the image and reduces contrast. This can be avoided by shading the lens using alens hood.In a studio, agoboor set ofbarn doorscan be attached to the lighting to keep it from shining on the camera. Filters can be attached to the camera lens which will also minimise lens flare, which is especially useful for outdoor photographers.

When using ananamorphic lens,as is common in analog cinematography, lens flare can manifest itself as horizontal lines. This is most commonly seen in car headlights in a dark scene, and may be desired as part of the "film look".

Deliberate use

Lens flare onBorobudurstairs to enhance the sense of ascending

A lens flare is often deliberately used to invoke a sense of drama. A lens flare is also useful when added to an artificial or modified image composition because it adds a sense of realism, implying that the image is an un-edited original photograph of a "real life" scene.

For both of these reasons (implying realism and/or drama) artificial lens flare is a common effect in various graphics editing programs, although its use can be a point of contention among professionalgraphic designers.Lens flare was one of the first special effects developed forcomputer graphicsbecause it can be imitated using relatively simple means. Basic flare-like effects, for instance invideo games,can be obtained by drawing starburst, ring, and disctexturesover the image and moving them as the location of the light source changes.More sophisticated rendering techniques have been developed based onray tracingorphoton mapping.

Lens flare was typically avoided byHollywoodcinematographers, but the directorJ. J. Abramsdeliberately added numerous lens flares to his filmsStar Trek(2009) andSuper 8(2011) by aiming powerful off-camera light sources at the lens. He explained in an interview aboutStar Trek:"I wanted a visual system that felt unique. I know there are certain shots where even I watch and think, 'Oh that's ridiculous, that was too many.' But I love the idea that the future was so bright it couldn't be contained in the frame." Many complained of the frequent use; Abrams conceded it was "overdone, in some places."In contrast, the low-budget independent filmEasy Rider(1969) contains numerous incidental lens flares that resulted fromHarrison Arnold's need to modify acamera carfor hisArriflexas he shot motorcycle footage against landscapes of theSouthwestern United States.

David Boyd,the director of photography of the sci-fiFireflyseries, desired this style's evocation of 1970s television so much that he sent back cutting-edge lenses that reduced lens flare in exchange for cheaper ones.

Other forms of photographic flare

Filter flare

The use ofphotographic filterscan cause flare, particularly ghosts of bright lights (undercentral inversion).This can be eliminated by not using a filter, and reduced by using higher-quality filters or narrower aperture.

Diffraction artifact in digital cameras

One form of flare is specific todigital cameras.With the sun shining on an unprotected lens, a group of small rainbows appears. This artifact is formed by internal diffraction on theimage sensor,which acts like adiffraction grating.Unlike true lens flare, this artifact is not visible in the eyepiece of a digitalSLR camera,making it more difficult to avoid.

Gallery

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  Photograph of anApollo Lunar Modulecontaining lens flare. Besides the obvious flare around theSun,the light artifacts at the bottom right are also caused by flare.
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  Sample of artificial lens flare, as might be used in an animated movie or video game
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  High-end lens flare rendering using a recent technique
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  Lens flare is extremely difficult to control when a bright light source like the Sun is just outside the frame.
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  When the subject of a photo is the light source itself, lens flare can be a desirable and dramatic effect.
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  Lens flare used to capture details of too bright motive (partialsolar eclipse)
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  Lens flare - the Sun is outside the frame.
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  Lens flare commonly associated with the use ofanamorphic lenseswhich are often used in the production of films
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  Lens flare example in picture ofKensington Gardens-London,UK
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  Lens flare example in picture in a portrait. 50 mm at f1.4
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  Lens flare over Anthony Leung using theatre lighting during Stairwell Theater'sOresteia- Brooklyn, NY, 2019
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  Many mistook an April 4, 2021 lens flare on Mars, which appears in aPerseverancerover photograph, for a rainbow, until NASA clarified the issue.
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  Lens flare in shadow of poplar tree
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  Extreme lens flare caused by intense sunlight
• Lens flare in a film clip
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  Sensor flare - light is reflected off the sensor to the lens and then back to the sensor

See also

• Anti-reflective coating,used to reduce lens flare and produces the red and green colors common in lens flare.
• Bokeh,a source of circles around out-of-focus bright points, also due in part to the internals of the lens.
• Diffraction spike,a type of lens flare seen in sometelescopes