Gatwick Airport

"Gatwick" redirects here. For the neighbourhood in Surrey, seeGatwick, Surrey.

London Gatwick Airport
IATA:LGW ICAO:EGKK WMO:03776
Summary
Airport type	Public
Owner/Operator	Gatwick Airport Limited
Serves	Greater London Urban Area
Location	Crawley,West Sussex,England
Opened	30 May 1958(1958-05-30)
Hubfor	British Airways
Operating base for	BA EuroFlyer easyJet UK Norse Atlantic UK TUI Airways Vueling Wizz Air UK
Built	November 1928(1928-11)
ElevationAMSL	203 ft / 62 m
Coordinates	51°08′53″N0°11′25″W
Website	www.gatwickairport.com
Map
LGW/EGKK Location inWest Sussex LGW/EGKK Location in England
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 08L/26R 2,565 8,415 Grooved asphalt 08R/26L 3,316 10,879 Grooved asphalt
Statistics (2023)
Total passengers 40,894,242 Air transport movements 253,047 Gates 115 (in terminal)
Sources: UKAIPatNATS.Statistics from CAA.

London Gatwick(/ˈɡætwɪk/),also known asGatwick Airport(IATA:LGW,ICAO:EGKK), is thesecondaryinternational airportservingLondon,England. It is located nearCrawley,West Sussex,England 29.5 miles (47.5 km) south ofCentral London.In 2022, Gatwick was the second-busiest airport bytotal passenger traffic in the UK,afterHeathrow Airport,and was the8th-busiest in Europe by total passenger traffic.It covers a total area of 674 hectares (1,670 acres).

Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which cover areas of 98,000 m²(1,050,000 sq ft; 117,000 sq yd) and 160,000 m²(1,700,000 sq ft; 190,000 sq yd) respectively.It operates as a single-runway airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316 metres (10,879 ft). A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, can only be used if the main runway is not in use. In 2018, 46.1 million passengers passed through the airport, a 1.1% increase compared with 2017.

Gatwick is the secondary London hub forBritish Airwaysand the largest operating base for low-cost carriereasyJet.

History

For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Gatwick Airport.

Early years

ADouglas DC-6in front of the then-new terminal at Gatwick Airport in 1964

ABAC 1-11with the main terminal building at Gatwick Airport in 1973

The land on which Gatwick Airport stands was first developed as anaerodromein the late 1920s. TheAir Ministryapproved commercial flights from the site in 1933, and the first terminal, "The Beehive",was built in 1935. Scheduled air services from the new terminal began the following year. During theSecond World War,the airport was taken over by the military and was known asRAF Gatwick.After the war, the airport returned to its civilian capacity. Major development work at the airport took place during the 1950s. The airport buildings were designed byYorke Rosenberg Mardallbetween 1955 and 1988.

In the 1960s,British United Airways(BUA) andDan-Airwere two of the largest British independentairlines at Gatwick, with the former establishing itself as the dominant scheduled operator at the airport as well as providing a significant number of the airport's non-scheduled services and the latter becoming its leading provider ofinclusive tourcharter services.Further rapid growth of charter flights at Gatwick was encouraged by theMinistry of Aviation,which instructed airlines to move regular charter flights from Heathrow. Following the takeover of BUA byCaledonian Airwaysat the beginning of the following decade, the resulting airline,British Caledonian(BCal), became Gatwick's dominant scheduled airline during the 1970s. While continuing to dominate scheduled operations at Gatwick for most of the 1980s, BCal was also one of the airport's major charter airlines until the end of the 1970s (together with Dan-Air,Laker AirwaysandBritish Airtours).

As a result of conditions imposed by Britain'sMonopolies and Mergers Commissionon the takeover of BCal by the then newly privatisedBritish Airways(BA) at the end of the 1980s, Dan-Air andAir Europeassumed BCal's former role as Gatwick's dominant scheduled short-haul operator while BA continued in BCal's erstwhile role as the airport's most important scheduled long-haul operator. Following the demise of Air Europe and Dan-Air (both of which had continued to provide a significant number of charter flights in addition to a growing number of scheduled short-haul flights at Gatwick) in the early 1990s, BA (which it had purchased Dan-Air) began building up Gatwick into a secondaryhub(complementing its main hub at Heathrow). These moves resulted in BA becoming Gatwick's dominant airline by the turn of the millennium.BA's subsequent decision to de-hub Gatwick provided the space forEasyJetto establish its biggest base at the airport and become its dominant airline.

Transatlantic flights to the United States

From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in theBermuda II Agreementbetween the UK and the US.TheEU–US Open Skies Agreement,which became effective on 30 March 2008, led several airlines to downsize their transatlantic operations at Gatwick in favour of Heathrow.Continental Airlineswas the second transatlantic carrier (afterAmerican Airlines)to leave Gatwick after it decided to transfer the seasonalClevelandservice to Heathrow on 3 May 2009.

US Airways,Gatwick's last remaining US carrier, ended its service between Gatwick andCharlotteon 30 March 2013.This left Gatwick without a scheduled US airline for the first time in 35 years.Before theCOVID-19 pandemic,Delta Air Linesannounced its intent to launch service between Gatwick andBostonin the summer of 2020, which would have made it the first US airline to service Gatwick since the withdrawal of the US Airways service in 2013, but the massive global travel downturn placed these plans on indefinite hold.In 2021,JetBluebecame the first US airline to serve Gatwick since 2013, with services toNew York–JFKand Boston.

Development since the 2000s

On 17 September 2008, BAA announced it would sell Gatwick after theCompetition Commissionpublished a report about BAA's market dominance in London and theSouth East.On 21 October 2009, it was announced that an agreement had been reached to sell Gatwick to a consortium led byGlobal Infrastructure Partners(GIP), which subsequently also boughtEdinburgh Airportin 2012,for £1.51 billion. The sale was completed on 3 December.In February 2010, GIP sold minority stakes in the airport of 12% and 15% to the South Korean National Pension Service and the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) for £100 million and £125 million, respectively. The sales were part of GIP'sstrategytosyndicatetheequityportion of the original acquisition by issuingbondstorefinancebank debt. Although this entails bringing additional investors into the airport, GIP aims to retainmanagement control.

TheCalifornianstate pension fundCalPERSacquired a 12.7% stake in Gatwick Airport for about $155 million (£104.8 million) in June 2010.On 21 December 2010, theA$69 billion (£44 billion)Future Fund,a sovereign wealth fund established by the Australian government in 2006, agreed to purchase a 17.2% stake in Gatwick Airport from GIP for £145 million. This transaction completed GIP's syndication process for the airport, reducing its stake to 42% (although the firm's extravoting rightsmeant it still controlled the airport'sboard).

In August 2020, the airport announced plans to cut over a quarter of its employees as a result of a planned company restructuring caused by the effects of theCOVID-19 pandemic.The planned cuts will bring the total workforce of the airport to 1,900; before the start of the pandemic it was 3,300, however, an additional 785 jobs were cut earlier in 2020.

Ownership

BAA Limited (nowHeathrow Airport Holdings) and its predecessors, BAA plc and the British Airports Authority, owned and operated Gatwick from 1 April 1966 to 2 December 2009.

The airport is owned and operated by Gatwick Airport Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ivy Holdco Limited,owned byGlobal Infrastructure Partners(GIP), among others.In December 2018,Vinciannounced that it would acquire a 50.01% majority stake for £2.9bn, with a GIP-managed consortium of investors (Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, Australia's sovereign wealth fund and two public pension funds in California and South Korea) owning the remaining 49.9%.The sale was completed by the middle of 2019.

In August 2021, it was reported that Gatwick's operators were in talks with lenders following posting first-half-year net losses of £ 245m.

In September 2023,Margaret Ford, Baroness Fordwas announced as the new Chair of Gatwick Airport.

Operations

Facilities

Airport map (as of November 2016)

The airport control tower opened in 1984.

The bridge connecting the North Terminal to its apron pier

Interior of the North Terminal apron pier bridge

On 31 May 2008,Virgin Holidaysopened the V Room, Gatwick's first lounge dedicated to their long-haul leisure travellers. On 25 January 2017, the lounge moved to the North Terminal together with the Virgin Atlantic Clubhouse as part of the airline moves that saw British Airways and Virgin Atlantic exchange their previous terminal locations and EasyJet consolidated in the North Terminal.On 9 April 2009, an independent pay-for-access lounge opened in the South Terminal. Gatwick also has a conference and business centre, and several on- and off-site hotels ranging in class from executive toeconomy.

The airport hasAnglican,Catholic andFree Churchchaplains, and there aremulti-faith prayerand counselling rooms in each terminal. A daily service is led by one of the chaplains.

TheCivil Aviation AuthoritySafety Regulation Group is in the Aviation House.WesternGeco,a geophysical services company, has its head office and Europe–Africa–Russia offices in Schlumberger House,a 124,000 sq ft (11,500 m²) building on the airport groundsnear the South Terminal. The company had a 15-year lease on the building, scheduled to expire in June 2008. In 2007, WesternGeco reached an agreement with its landlord, BAA Lynton, extending its lease to 2016 at an initial rent of £2.1 million.Fastjethas itsregisteredand head offices at Suite 2C in First Point at the airport.

Before the sale, BAA planned an £874 million investment at Gatwick over five years, including increased capacity for both terminals, improvements to the transport interchange and a new baggage system for the South Terminal.Passengers passing through the airport are informed about the redevelopment programme with largemobile barcodeson top of construction hoardings. Scanning these transfers information on the construction to the user'ssmartphone.

In the summer of 2013, Gatwick introducedGatwick Connect,a free flight connection service to assist passengers changing flights at Gatwick whose airlines do not provide a full flight connection service. On 15 September 2015, the service was rebranded asGatwickConnects.It is available to passengers connecting on several major airlines.

Flight movements

Gatwick operates as a single-runway airport although it has two runways; the northern runway (08L/26R) can only be used when the main runway (08R/26L) is out of use for any reason. The UK Integrated Aeronautical Information Package gives the Takeoff Run Available (TORA) of its main runway (08R/26L) as 3,255 m when aircraft take off in a westerly direction (26) and 3,159 m when takeoffs occur in an easterly direction (08). The documentation lists the respective TORA for the northern runway (08L/26R) as 2,565 m in both directions. Nearly three-quarters of takeoffs are towards the west (74% over 12 months). Both runways are 148 ft (45 m) wide; they are 656 ft (200 m) apart,which is insufficient for the simultaneous use of both runways. During normal operations the northern runway is used as a taxiway,consistent with its original construction (although it was gradually widened).

In October 2018, the airport announced that it was "exploring how to make best use of its existing runways, including the possibility of bringing its existing standby runway into routine use".One scenario would see 08L/26R used for departing narrow-body aircraft only, while the longer 08R/26L would be used for wide-body take-offs and all landings; widening 08L/26R would also increase the centreline separation slightly. New technology could also be used to increase capacity on the main runway, and, in the longer term, the airport remains interested in constructing a new runway to the south.

In 2023, plans were announced to expand the second runway and make it operational for regular use.

The main runway uses a Category IIIInstrument Landing System(ILS). The northern runway does not have an ILS; when it is in use, arriving aircraft are radar vectored to intercept an RNAV (GNSS) approach, providing the aircraft is equipped and the operator has approval. This approach is satellite-based and is also available for the main runway. When an RNAV approach is not possible, assistance from the approach controller using surveillance radar, an "SRA approach" is available. This involves heading instructions and altitude callouts supplied by theAir Traffic Controller.On both runways, acontinuous descent approachis used to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft, particularly at night.

Night flights are subject to restrictions;between 11 pm and 7 am, noisier aircraft (ratedQC/8 and QC/16) may not operate. From 11.30 pm to 6 am (the night quota period) there are three limits: Number of flights, aQuota Count system,limiting total noise permittedand no nightQC/4flights.

Air traffic control services areoutsourced.In 2014 a proposed contract award for air traffic control services was suspended due to errors in the airport operator'sprocurementprocess, which was governed at the time by theEuropean Union's rules on procurement in the energy, telecommunications, transport and water sectors. Consideration of the legal case brought byNATS UKdiscussed whether the court's approach to resolving such cases should consider theAmerican Cyanamidprinciples reflected in UK national procurement law or a different "balance of interests" test, as proposed by NATS, which was less likely to allow a proposed contract award wheredamagespaid to a successful challenger might be an adequatelegal remedy.Use of the "balance of interests" test was ruled out byMr Justice Ramsey.

Security

The airport is policed by the Gatwick District ofSussex Police.The district is responsible for the entire airport (including aircraft) and, in certain circumstances, aircraft in flight. The 150 officers attached to this district include armed and unarmed officers, andcommunity support officersfor minor offences. The airport district countersman-portable surface-to-air missiles(MANPADS) by patrolling in and around the airport and a separate sub-unit has vehicle checks around the airport.

Access to airside portions of the airport is controlled and maintained by the airport's team of security officers, regulated by theCivil Aviation Authority.Brook House,an immigration removal centre ofImmigration Enforcement,was opened near the airport on 18 March 2009 by the thenHome SecretaryJacqui Smith.

Major airlines

The airport is a base for scheduled airlinesBritish Airways(BA),EasyJet,Wizz Air,and charter operators such asTUI Airways.Gatwick is unique among London's airports in its representation of the three main airline business models: full service,low-costandcharter.As of October 2016, these respectively accounted for 26.6%,61.3%and 13.1%of Gatwick's seat capacity.

By late 2015,EasyJetflew over 100 routes from Gatwick with a fleet of more than 60 aircraft.The airport is the carrier's largest base and its 16 million passengers per year accounted for 45% of Gatwick's 2013 total(ahead of Gatwick's second-largest passenger airline: BA, whose 4.5 million passengers comprised 14% of total passenger traffic in 2011–12).

EasyJet, BA andNorwegian Air Shuttlewere Gatwick's three biggest resident airlines, although in late 2020 Norwegian announced the closure of its base at Gatwick. According to data from Airport Coordination Limited, these three airlines respectively accounted for 43.3%, 19% and 10.5% ofairport slotsin April 2018. According to this data, by April 2018 Norwegian had overtakenVirgin Atlanticas Gatwick's number onetransatlanticairline by seat capacity, and BA's competitive response to Norwegian's growing commercial threat to its transatlantic business would result in Virgin's relegation to third position among the airport's transatlantic airlines during the 2018 summer timetable period.EasyJet, BA and Norwegian collectively accounted for 65.43% of Gatwick's total passengers in 2016 (EasyJet: 40.37% / 17.4 million; BA: 14.39% / 6.2 million; Norwegian: 10.67% / 4.6 million).As perOfficial Airline Guide(OAG) data for the week of 29 May 2017, their respective international departure seat capacity shares at the airport for summer 2017 are 42.1%, 15.4% and 9.4%.

In terms of passengers carried EasyJet and BA were also among the five largest airlines operating at Gatwick in 2010 (which also includedTUI AirwaysandThomas Cook Airlinesat the time) and the top 10 in 2015.In terms of total scheduled airline seats at Gatwick in 2014, EasyJet accounted for 18.36 million, more than two-and-a-half times as many as second-placed BA (7 million) and nearly five times the number offered by third-placed Norwegian Air Shuttle (3.74 million).Using data sourced from theOAG Schedules Analyser,the following changes in the respective departure seat capacity shares of Gatwick's three biggest airlines occurred from 2010 to 2015: EasyJet's share increased from 26.1% in 2010 to 42.1% in 2015; BA's share dropped from 18.3% in 2010 to 15% in 2015; Norwegian's share rose almost three-fold from less than 3% in 2010 to 8.3% in 2015. EasyJet, BA, Norwegian, TUI Airways,Ryanair,Thomas Cook Airlines,Monarch Airlines,Virgin Atlantic,VuelingandEmirateswere Gatwick's top 10 airlines by share of passengers in 2017.

EasyJet's acquisition of BA franchise carrierGB Airwaysin March 2008 increased its share of airport slots to 24% (from 17% in late 2007); the airline became the largest short-haul operator at the airport, accounting for 29% of short-haul passengers.By 2009, BA's share of Gatwick slots had fallen to 20% from its peak of 40% in 2001.By 2010, this had declined to 16%.By mid-2012, EasyJet had 45% of Gatwick's early-morning peak time slots (6 a.m. to 8:55 a.m.).

By 2008,Flybewas Gatwick's third-largest airline (accounting for 9% of its slots) and its fastest-growing airline.It became the airport's largest domestic operator, carrying 1.2 million passengers in its 2011–12 financial year on eight routes to destinations in the UK, the Channel Islands and theIsle of Man.In March 2013, the airline announced that it would end operations at Gatwick, citing unsustainably high airport charges and increases in UKAir Passenger Duty.Flybe sold its 25 pairs of daily slotsat the airport to EasyJet for £20 million.The latter's share of Gatwick slots increased to 44% in summer 2014; second-placed BA has held about 16% of the airport's slots since 2010.Following the sale of its Gatwick slots to EasyJet, Flybe continued to provide the scheduled service between Gatwick andNewquay,as a result of being awarded the contract to fly this route under a four-yearPublic Service Obligation(PSO), until the flight was subsequently moved from Gatwick toHeathrow Airportin April 2019.

Slots left by the US carriers (and the collapse ofZoom Airlines,Oasis Hong Kong Airlines,XL Airways UK,Sterling Airlines,Monarch Airlines,Thomas Cook Airlines,andAdria Airways) were taken by EasyJet,Flybe,Norwegian Air ShuttleandRyanair.Many full-service airlines have established or resumed operations at the airport, includingAir China,Cathay Pacific,China Eastern Airlines,China Southern Airlines,Delta Air Lines,JetBlue,Qatar Airways,Singapore Airlines,Turkish Airlines,andWestJet.This is part of the airport's strategy to attract higher-spendingbusiness travellers(countering its dependence on European low-cost and charter markets), increasing year-roundcapacity utilisationby smoothing peaks and troughs in traffic. Gatwick's success in persuading these airlines to launch (or re-launch) routes to overseas destinations important for business and leisure travel was aided by a lack of comparable slots at Heathrow.

On 5 May 2020,Virgin Atlanticannounced it would cease operations at Gatwick due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.On 18 August 2020,Wizz Airannounced a new hub at Gatwick Airport. Initially basing their A321 aircraft there along with additional commercial routes to Greece, Italy, Spain, and Malta operating from 22 October 2020, onwards.

In September 2021, theInternational Airlines Groupannounced thatBritish Airwayswould terminate its short- and medium-haul base operations at Gatwick with immediate effect resulting in the cancellation of more than 30 routes. This came after labour negotiations regarding the handover of these operations, most of which were still suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to a newly formed budget subsidiary failed. British Airways continues to serve two domestic destinations, Glasgow and Manchester alongside their long-haul network from Gatwick.

British Airways has now resumed short-haul flights from Gatwick, as a new subsidiary which will be initially operated by British Airways, but will soon be managed under the trading name "BA EuroFlyer".The company expects this to happen by the autumn of 2022.

City Place Gatwick

Main article:City Place Gatwick

Gatwick's original terminal, the Beehive, is included within the City Place Gatwick office complex together with 1, 2 and 3 City Place.The complex was developed by BAA Lynton.Some airlines have had offices at the Beehive, includingBEA/British Airways Helicopters,Jersey Airlines,Caledonian Airways,Virgin Atlantic andGB Airways. Other airlines which had headquarters on airport property (including office buildings on the site of, or adjacent to, the original 1930s airport) includeBritish Caledonian,British United Airways,CityFlyer Express,Fastjet,Laker AirwaysandTradewinds Airways.

Gatwick Aviation Museum

Main article:Gatwick Aviation Museum

Situated to the northwest of the airfield near the village ofCharlwood,there is a museum including original items and photographs from Gatwick's history, as well as a variety of military aircraft. It is open Friday, Saturday and Sunday all year round.

Terminals

South Terminal main entrance

South Terminal check-in area

South Terminal shuttle station

North Terminal check-in zones A and B

The airport has two terminals, South and North, with 65 total gates. Both have shops and restaurants landside and airside, and all areas are accessible to disabled passengers. There are facilities for baby changing and feeding. Business travellers have specialised lounges. The North and South Terminals are connected by a 0.75-mile (1.21 km), elevated, two-way automatedpeople moverlandside. They are not connected once past security.

South Terminal

South Terminal has 32 gates withjetbridgesand 7 remote gates. The official opening of the central pier of what is now the South Terminal, with 11 aircraft stands, was on 9 June 1958. Gatwick was one of the world's first airports with an enclosedpier-based terminal, which allowed passengers to walk under cover to waiting areas near the aircraft (with only a short walk outdoors).Another feature of Gatwick's new air terminal was itsmodular design,permitting subsequent, phased expansion.As passenger numbers grew, a circular satellite pier was added to the terminal building. It was connected to the main terminal by the UK's first automatedpeople moversystem.This replaced the original North Pier dating from 1962; the people mover was subsequently replaced with a walkway andtravelators.

The South Terminal was temporarily closed from June 2020, and all airlines normally operating from this terminal were relocated to the North Terminal, owing to the sharp decline in passenger traffic as a result of the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.It fully reopened in March 2022.During the time it was not in operation, it was used as a remote filming location for the fourteenth series of the television showTaskmaster.

North Terminal

North Terminal has 31 gates withjetbridgesincluding three which can support an Airbus A380. Construction began on the North Terminal on land previously earmarked for a second runway in the draft plan of May 1970. This was the largest construction project south of London in the 1980s, costing £200 million.In 1991 a second aircraft pier was added to the North Terminal. On 16 May 2005, the new Pier 6 opened at £110 million, adding 11 pier-served aircraft stands. The pier is linked to the North Terminal's main building by the second-largest air passenger bridge in the world,spanning a taxiway and providing passengers with views of the airport and taxiing aircraft.

A large extension to the terminal was opened by former Prime MinisterJohn Majorin November 2011.

Terminal assignments and rearrangements

As part of a seven-year strategic commercial partnership between Gatwick andEasyJet,the airport proposed several changes to individual airlines' terminal locations. These would see EasyJet consolidate all its Gatwick operations in the North Terminal, whileBritish AirwaysandVirgin Atlanticwould swap their terminals. Gatwick believes that these terminal moves improve the airport's operational efficiency and resilience, as the use of different terminals by EasyJet and British Airways reduces pressure on the North Terminal's check-in, security, boarding andrampareas at peak times. In addition, a terminal swap by Virgin frees up lounge and gate space for BA long-haul passengers in the South Terminal and, unlike BA's current short-haul schedules, Virgin's long-haul schedules do not clash with EasyJet's busy schedule in the North Terminal due to the airlines' differing peak times.

It was confirmed in January 2015 that British Airways would move all its flights to the South Terminal in November 2016 while all EasyJet flights would be consolidated in the North Terminal at the same time.However, it was decided in February 2016 to postpone the agreed relocation of airlines until 25 January 2017, to avoid operational disruptions over the 2016–17 Christmas season and to give all parties involved enough time to deal with any unforeseen issues ahead of theFebruary 2017 half-term holidays.The relocation of these airlines was accomplished by the revised date of 25 January 2017.

Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled flights to and from Gatwick Airport:

Airlines	Destinations
Aegean Airlines	Seasonal:Athens
Air Arabia	Tangier
Air China	Beijing–Capital,Shanghai–Pudong
Air Europa	Madrid
Air India	Ahmedabad,Amritsar,Goa–Mopa,Kochi
Air Mauritius	Mauritius
Air Peace	Lagos
Air Sierra Leone	Freetown(begins 2 December 2024)
Air Transat	Toronto–Pearson Seasonal:Montréal–Trudeau
airBaltic	Riga,Tallinn
Atlantic Airways	Seasonal:Vágar
Aurigny	Guernsey
Azerbaijan Airlines	Baku
Azores Airlines	Seasonal:Ponta Delgada
BH Air	Seasonal charter:Burgas
British Airways	Accra,Agadir,Algiers,Alicante,Antigua,Aruba,Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,Bordeaux,Cancún,Dublin,Dubrovnik,Faro,Funchal,Georgetown–Cheddi Jagan,Glasgow,Gran Canaria,Grenada,Islamabad,Jersey,Kingston–Norman Manley,Lanzarote,Larnaca(resumes 4 November 2024),Málaga,Malta,Marrakesh,Mauritius,New York–JFK,Nice,Orlando,Palma de Mallorca,Porto,Port of Spain,Punta Cana,Salzburg,Seville,St. Kitts,St. Lucia–Hewanorra,Tampa,Tenerife–South,Tobago,Turin,Verona Seasonal:Antalya,Bari,Cagliari,Cape Town,Catania,Chambéry(begins 14 December 2024),Corfu,Dalaman,Edinburgh,Fuerteventura,Geneva,Grenoble,Heraklion,Ibiza,Innsbruck,Ivalo(begins 3 December 2024),Kos,Las Vegas,Lyon,Menorca,Montpellier,Mykonos,Paphos,Rhodes,San José (CR),Santorini,Sharm El Sheikh,Thessaloniki,Vancouver
China Eastern Airlines	Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines	Guangzhou,Zhengzhou
Corendon Airlines	Seasonal:Antalya,Dalaman,Heraklion
Croatia Airlines	Seasonal:Split
Delta Air Lines	Seasonal:New York–JFK
Eastern Airways	Newquay
easyJet	Aberdeen,Agadir,Akureyri,Alicante,Almería,Amsterdam,Antalya,Athens,Barcelona,Bari,Basel/Mulhouse,Belfast–City,Belfast–International,Bergamo(ends 5 January 2025),Berlin,Bilbao(ends 1 November 2024),Bologna,Bordeaux,Budapest,Catania,Copenhagen,Dalaman,Edinburgh,Enfidha,Faro,Fuerteventura,Funchal,Geneva,Gibraltar,Glasgow,Gran Canaria,Hamburg,Hurghada,Innsbruck,Inverness,Isle of Man,Jersey,Kraków,Lanzarote,Larnaca,Lisbon,Ljubljana,Lyon,Madrid,Málaga,Malta,Marrakesh,Marseille,Menorca,Milan–Linate,Milan–Malpensa,Montpellier,Munich,Murcia,Nantes,Naples,Nice,Olbia,Palma de Mallorca,Paphos,Paris–Charles de Gaulle,Pisa,Porto,Prague,Rennes,Rome–Fiumicino,Seville,Sharm El Sheikh,Sofia,Strasbourg(begins 11 November 2024),Tenerife–South,Thessaloniki,Toulouse,Turin,Valencia,Venice,Verona,Zurich Seasonal:Ancona,Bastia,Biarritz,Bodrum,Brindisi,Burgas,Cagliari,Chania,Corfu,Dubrovnik,Figari,Friedrichshafen,Grenoble,Heraklion,Ibiza,İzmir,Kalamata,Kefalonia,Kittilä,Kos,La Rochelle,Luxor(begins 11 November 2024),Mykonos,Palermo,Preveza/Lefkada,Pula,Reykjavík–Keflavík,Rhodes,Rovaniemi,Salerno,Salzburg,Santorini,Skiathos,Split,Tivat,Toulon,Tromsø(begins 11 November 2024),Zadar,Zakynthos
Emirates	Dubai–International
Enter Air	Seasonal charter:Corfu,Lemnos,Preveza/Lefkada
Ethiopian Airlines	Addis Ababa
FlyErbil	Erbil
Freebird Airlines	Seasonal:Antalya
Iberia Express	Madrid
Icelandair	Reykjavik–Keflavik
ITA Airways	Rome–Fiumicino
JetBlue	Seasonal:Boston,New York–JFK
KM Malta Airlines	Malta
Norse Atlantic Airways	Las Vegas,Los Angeles,Miami,New York–JFK,Orlando Seasonal:Cape Town
Norwegian Air Shuttle	Bergen,Copenhagen,Helsinki,Oslo,Stavanger,Stockholm–Arlanda,Trondheim Seasonal:Gothenburg,Harstad/Narvik(begins 2 November 2024),Rovaniemi(resumes 2 December 2024),Tromsø
Nouvelair	Tunis
Qatar Airways	Doha
Royal Air Maroc	Casablanca Seasonal:Tangier
Ryanair	Alicante,Cork,Dublin,Shannon
Saudia	Jeddah
Singapore Airlines	Singapore
Sky Express	Athens
SkyAlps	Bolzano
SunExpress	Antalya Seasonal:Dalaman,İzmir
Swiss International Air Lines	Seasonal:Geneva,Zurich
TAP Air Portugal	Lisbon,Porto
TUI Airways	Agadir,Boa Vista,Cancún,Enfidha,Fuerteventura,Gran Canaria,Hurghada,Lanzarote,La Palma,Málaga,Marrakesh,Montego Bay,Punta Cana,Sal,Sharm El Sheikh,St. Lucia–Hewanorra,Tenerife–South Seasonal:Alicante,Antalya,Banjul,Barbados,Bodrum,Budapest,Burgas,Chambéry,Chania,Corfu,Dakar–Diass,Dalaman,Dubrovnik,Düsseldorf(begins 24 November 2025),Faro,Frankfurt(ends 23 December 2024),Geneva,Girona,Goa–Mopa,Heraklion,Ibiza,Innsbruck,Ivalo,İzmir,Jerez de la Frontera,Kavala,Kefalonia,Kittilä,Kos,Kuusamo,La Romana(begins 24 December 2024),Lamezia Terme,Larnaca,Liberia (CR),Luxor(begins 7 November 2024),Marsa Alam,Melbourne/Orlando,Menorca,Naples,Ohrid(resumes 27 May 2026),Olbia,Oslo,Palma de Mallorca,Paphos,Phuket,Preveza/Lefkada,Pula,Reus,Reykjavík–Keflavík,Rhodes,Rovaniemi,Sälen/Trysil(begins 21 December 2025),Salzburg,Sarajevo,Samos,Skiathos,Sofia,Split,Thessaloniki,Toulouse,Turin,Verona,Zakynthos
Tunisair	Tunis
Turkish Airlines	Istanbul
Turkmenistan Airlines	Ashgabat
Uzbekistan Airways	Tashkent
Volotea	Brest(begins 7 November 2024),Strasbourg
Vueling	A Coruña,Asturias,Barcelona,Bilbao,Florence,Gran Canaria,Málaga,Paris–Orly,Rome–Fiumicino,Santiago de Compostela,Seville,Valencia Seasonal:Alicante,Granada,Lanzarote
WestJet	Seasonal:Halifax,St. John's
Wizz Air	Antalya,Athens,Bucharest–Otopeni,Budapest,Istanbul,Jeddah(begins 31 March 2025),Kraków,Larnaca,Málaga,Milan–Malpensa,Naples,Nice,Prague,Rome–Fiumicino,Tel Aviv(resumes 16 January 2025),Venice,Vienna Seasonal:Agadir,Catania,Dalaman,Faro,Grenoble,Hurghada,Lyon,Marrakesh,Podgorica,Sharm El Sheikh,Varna

Traffic and statistics

Overview

In 2015, Gatwick became the first single-runway airport to handle more than 40 million passengers annually.By 2016,EasyJetaccounted for over 40% of Gatwick's total passengers.When ranked byglobal passenger traffic,Gatwick is the 35th busiest internationally and the eighthbusiest airport in Europe.Gatwick is the world's leadinglow-costairportand until March 2017 had the world's busiest single-use runway,with a maximum of 55 aircraft movements per hour.

Busiest routes

Busiest routes from London Gatwick (2023)

Rank	Destination	Passengers	Change 2022 / 23
1	Dublin, Ireland	1,279,921	10.80%
2	Barcelona, Spain	1,276,439	26.81%
3	Malaga, Spain	1,122,026	27.60%
4	Dubai, United Arab Emirates	969,662	47.33%
5	Faro, Portugal	847,091	35.15%
6	Amsterdam, Netherlands	831,404	37.39%
7	Rome, Italy	797,154	38.98%
8	Geneva, Switzerland	738,182	20.78%
9	Alicante, Spain	737,493	27.66%
10	Tenerife-South, Spain	710,578	23.70%
Source:CAA Statistics

Busiest domestic routes from London Gatwick (2023)

Rank	Destination	Passengers	Change 2022 / 23
1	Belfast-International	484,490	3.14%
2	Glasgow	466,131	7.31%
3	Edinburgh	459,436	12.40%
4	Jersey	342,837	16.20%
5	Guernsey	307,579	9.11%
6	Belfast-City	233,493	41.18%
7	Inverness	222,964	2.64%
8	Aberdeen	194,917	20.07%
9	Isle of Man	160,318	6.81%
10	Newquay	83,948	30.11%
Source:CAA Statistics

Traffic

Gatwick Airport Passengers. SeeWikidata query.

Gatwick handled 186,172 passengers during its first seven months of operation after the 1956–58 reconstruction; the annual number of passengers passing through the airport was 368,000 in 1959 and 470,000 in 1960.Passenger numbers reached one million for the first time during the 1962–63 fiscal year,withBritish United Airways(BUA) accounting for four-fifths.The 1.5 million mark was exceeded for the first time during the 1966–67 fiscal year.This was also the first time more than half a million scheduled passengers used the airport.Gatwick accommodated two million passengers for the first time during the 1967–68 fiscal yearand 3 million in the 1969–70 fiscal year,with BUA accounting for nearly half.By the early 1970s, 5 million passengers used Gatwick each year, with a record 5.7 million during the 1973–74 fiscal year.During that period,British Caledonianaccounted for approximately half of all charter passengers and three-fourths of scheduled passengers.Within a decade annual passenger numbers doubled, to 10 million; they doubled again, to over 20 million, by the late 1980s.By the turn of the millennium, Gatwick handled more than 30 million passengers annually.

Year	Number of passengers	Percentage change	Number of aircraft movements	Freight (tonnes)
2000	32,068,540	–	260,859	318,905
2001	31,181,770	02.8%	252,543	280,098
2002	29,627,420	05.0%	242,379	242,519
2003	30,005,260	01.3%	242,731	222,916
2004	31,466,770	04.9%	251,195	218,204
2005	32,775,695	04.2%	261,292	222,778
2006	34,163,579	04.2%	263,363	211,857
2007	35,216,113	03.1%	266,550	171,078
2008	34,205,887	02.9%	263,653	107,702
2009	32,392,520	05.3%	251,879	74,680
2010	31,375,290	03.1%	240,500	104,032
2011	33,674,264	07.3%	251,067	88,085
2012	34,235,982	01.7%	246,987	97,567
2013	35,444,206	03.5%	250,520	96,724
2014	38,103,667	07.5%	259,692	88,508
2015	40,269,087	05.7%	267,760	73,371
2016	43,119,628	07.1%	280,666	79,588
2017	45,516,700	05.2%	285,969	96,983
2018	46,075,400	01.1%	283,926	112,600
2019	46,574,786	01.1%	282,896	110,358
2020	10,171,867	078.2%	79,489	26,063
2021	6,260,072	038.5%	52,000	11,623
2022	32,800,000	0423.9%	217,524	36,407
2023	40,894,242	024.7%	253,047	61,123
Source 2000–2016:UK Civil Aviation Authority Source 2017: Gatwick Airport Limited

46.1 million passengers passed through Gatwick in 2018, an increase of 1.1% over the previous year.North Atlanticand other long-haultraffic recorded increases over the previous year of 24.4% and 12.7% to 4.04 million and 4.65 million passengers, respectively. UK,European charter,Irish and European scheduled passenger traffic recorded decreases over the previous year of 8.7%, 5.7%, 1.1% and 0.9% to 3.73 million, 2.88 million, 1.67 million and 29.11 million, respectively. Air transport movements decreased by 0.7% to 283,926. Cargo volume increased by 16.1% to 112,676 metric tonnes.

Compared with a year earlier, January to March 2019 passenger numbers increased by 4% to 9.675 million (an increase of 374,700 over January to March 2018). The following changes were recorded amongst individual passenger traffic categories: North Atlantic traffic +15.3% (784,200 passengers); European scheduled traffic +3.9% (5.649 million passengers); other long-haultraffic +3.2% (1.277 million passengers); European chartertraffic +2.1% (710,900 passengers); Irish traffic +1.6% (412,000 passengers) and UKtraffic -0.2% (841,700 passengers). Air transport movements increased by 3.3% to 62,392. Cargo volume increased by 7.2% to 27,390 metric tonnes, which was driven by a 7.5% increase in overall long-haul passenger traffic. The growing popularity of the GatwickConnects flight connections assistance service provided by the airport for self-connecting passengers was driven by additional passengers changing flights at Gatwick whose journey originated inEdinburgh(+80%),Jersey(+58%) andBelfast(+50%).

Ground transport

North TerminalA23roundabout

Gatwick has set goals of 40% public transport use by the time annual passenger traffic reaches 40 million (in 2015) and 45% by the time it reaches 45 million.

The airport is accessible from a motorwayspur roadat junction 9A of theM23,which links to the main M23 motorway 1 mile (1.6 km) east at junction 9. The M23 connects with London'sorbital motorway,theM25,9 miles (14 km) north; this provides access to much ofGreater London,theSouth Eastand beyond, and the M23 is the main route for traffic to (and from) the airport. Gatwick is also accessible from theA23,which servesHorleyandRedhillto the north andCrawleyandBrightonto the south. TheA217provides access northwards to the town ofReigate.The airport has long- and short-stay car parks at the airport and off-site, although these are often full in summer. Local restrictions limit parking at Gatwick.

Rail

Gatwick Airport railway station

Main article:Gatwick Airport railway station

Gatwick Airport railway stationis located adjacent to the South Terminal and has served the airport since 1958.It is located on theBrighton Main Line,and is mainly served bySouthern,Thameslink,andGatwick Express.It also receives an hourly service operated byGreat Western Railwayvia theNorth Downs Line.

To the south, Southern, Thameslink, and Gatwick Express all provide direct connections toBrighton.Southern also provides connections toEastbourne,Littlehampton,Bognor Regis,andPortsmouth Harbour.

To the north, Thameslink provides connections toLondon Bridge,Gatwick Express provides non-stopping connections toLondon Victoria,and Southern provides connections to both stations. Thameslink trains continue further north through the Thameslink Core toSt Pancras International,Bedford,Peterborough,andCambridge.Great Western Railway also provides an hourly service toReadingviaGuildford.

The station provides single-change connections toHeathrow AirportandLuton Airportvia northbound Thameslink services. Heathrow Airport can be reached by changing to theElizabeth lineatFarringdon,whilst Luton Airport can be reached by theLuton DARTstation atLuton Airport Parkway.

LondonOyster Cardsandcontactless cardsare accepted on all rail routes from Gatwick Airport into London.

Bus

National Express Coachesoperates coaches toHeathrow Airport,London Stansted Airportand cities and towns throughout the region and country.Oxford Bus Companyoperates direct services toOxford,andEasyBusoperates mini-coaches from both terminals toEarls CourtandWest Brompton.

Local buses connect the North and South Terminals with Crawley, Horley, Redhill,HorshamandCaterham.Services are offered byMetrobus,including Metrobus'sFastwayservices operated on apartly guidedbus rapid transitsystem which was the first of its kind to be built outside a major city.

Bike

Route 21of theNational Cycle Networkpasses under the South Terminal, allowing virtually traffic-free cycling and walking northwards to Horley and southwards toThree Bridgesand Crawley. A goods-style lift runs between the terminal and ground level (labelled "Lift to Cycle Route" ) near Zone L.

Terminal transfer

The Gatwick Airport terminal shuttle departing from the South Terminal

Main article:Gatwick Airport Shuttle Transit

The airport's North and South Terminals are connected by a 0.75 miles (1.21 km), elevated, two-wayautomated people movertrack. The transit shuttle normally consists of two automatic, three-car, driverless trains. Although colloquially known as a "monorail",the shuttle instead runs on a dual, concrete track with rubber tyres.The transit island side,and besides linking the two terminals also links the North terminal to the airport railway station.

The shuttle opened in 1987, along with the North Terminal, and initially usedAdtranz C-100people-mover cars which remained in operation until September 2009, by which time they had travelled a total of 2.5 million miles (4 million km). Gatwick began upgrading its shuttle service in April 2008, with a bus replacement service in place from September 2009. A new operating system and shuttle cars (sixBombardier CX-100vehicles)were installed, and the guideway and transit stations were refurbished at a total cost of £45 million. The system re-opened on 1 July 2010, two months ahead of schedule;it featured live journey information and sensory technology to count the number of passengers at stations.

An earlier transit system, that opened in 1983 to link the main terminal (now the South Terminal) to the (then new) circular satellite pier, was the UK's first automated people-moving system. This system has since been replaced by a walkway-and-moving walkwaylink, although the remains of the elevated guideway are still visible.

Expansion proposals

Main article:Expansion of Gatwick Airport

Gatwick has been included in many reviews of airport capacity in southeastern England. Expansion options have included a third terminal and a second runway; although an agreement not to build a second runway was made in 1979 withWest Sussex County Council,that agreement expired by its terms after 40 years.Expanded operations would allow Gatwick to handle more passengers than Heathrow does today, with a new terminal between two wide-spaced runways. This would complement or replace the South Terminal, depending on expected future traffic.

Airport management's proposal for a second runway (south of the existing runway and airport boundary) was unveiled in July 2013. This was shortlisted for further consideration by theAirports Commissionin December 2013, and the commission's final report was published in July 2015.Another proposal would extend the North Terminal south, with a passenger bridge in the area currently occupied by aircraft stands withoutjet bridges.Gatwick's draft master plan (released for consultation on 13 October 2011) dropped the passenger-bridge plan in favour of a mid-field satellite (next to the control tower) linking to the North Terminal as part of an expanded 2030 single-runway, two-terminal airport.

In late 2011, theDepartment for Transport(DfT) also began a feasibility study for a high-speed rail link between Gatwick and Heathrow as part of a plan combining the airports into a "collective" or "virtual hub",Heathwick.The scheme envisages a high-speed rail route parallel to theM25,covering 35 miles (56 km) in 15 minutes. Trains would reach speeds of 180 mph (290 km/h), and passengers would need to pass through immigration (or check-in) only once. A 2018 proposal for a high-speed railway link to Heathrow,HS4Air,is currentlybeing considered by the DfT. The proposal is part of a scheme to link theHigh Speed 1andHigh Speed 2railway lines and connect regional cities in Britain to theChannel Tunnel.The DfT will respond to the HS4Air plans in the autumn of 2018.

On 1 July 2015, the Airports Commission submitted its final report, recommending the expansion of Heathrow Airport as opposed to Gatwick. Whilst the commission recognised Gatwick's benefits and relatively fewer environmental consequences than Heathrow, they felt the economic benefits of Gatwick vs. Heathrow were not as great, nor as broad-ranging.Gatwick disputed the findings.

On 9 September 2021, GAL opened its first public consultation to carry out major works at the runway to increase its capacity from 64 million passengers a year to 75 million passengers a year by moving the northern "emergency" runway to the north to meet international standards for dual runway use.Airport management plans to use this runway only for take-offs by all but the largest aircraft. It hoped to receive approval in 2024, with the main works taking 4 years to complete, and 13 years to be fully complete.Works would also involve a new pier, hotels, terminal expansion and highway improvements including flyovers of the M23 Spur / A23 Airport Way at the terminal roundabouts.Planning permission for the runway realignment was formally requested in July 2023.

Accidents and incidents

• 15 September 1936 – ABritish Airways Ltdde Havilland DH 86on a night mail flight to Germany crashed on takeoff, killing the airline's chief pilot and two crew members.
• November 1936 – ABritish Airways LtdFokker F 12crashed in a wood 4.5 miles (7.2 km) south of Gatwick on itsfinal approachto the airport under a lowceilingin poor visibility, killing both pilots and seriously injuring theflight engineer.
• 17 February 1959 – ATurkish AirlinesVickers Viscount 794D(registration: TC-SEV) on aninternational charter flight crashed in heavy fogatNewdigate,Surrey, on its approach to Gatwick after striking trees. Fourteen of the 24 on board died, and Turkish Prime MinisterAdnan Mendereswas amongst the survivors.
• 5 January 1969 – ABoeing 727-113C(registration: YA-FAR) operating asAriana Afghan Airlines Flight 701arriving fromFrankfurt Airport,Germany, crashed into a house inFernhill(nearHorley,Surrey) in low visibility. The flaps were not extended to maintain flight at final-approach speed. 48 of the 62 on board died, in addition to two on the ground.
• 28 January 1972 – ABritish CaledonianVickers VC10-1109(registration: G-ARTA) with no passengers aboard sustained severe structural damage as a result of ahard landingat Gatwick at the end of a short ferry flight from Heathrow, where the aircraft had been diverted due to fog at Gatwick. After touching down runway 08 and applyingspoilersandreverse thrust,the aircraft became airborne again, bounced twice and landed heavily. This resulted in a burst front wheel tyre, a separated wheel and a crumpled fuselage (immediately in front of and behind the wings).A survey of the aircraft's damage revealed that itsairframewas bent out of shape, requiring extensive repairs to restoreairworthiness.Since the repairs were not cost-effective, the airline's management decided tocannibalisethe aircraft for spare parts before scrapping it at Gatwick in 1975.
• 20 July 1975 – ABritish Island Airways(BIA)Handley Page Dart Herald 201(registration: G-APWF) was involved in a runway accident while departing on a scheduled flight to Guernsey. The aircraft lifted off from runway 26 after a ground run of 2,490 feet (760 m) and appeared airborne for 411 ft (125 m) (with its landing gear retracting) before the rear underside of the fuselage settled back onto the runway and brought the aircraft to a stop. An investigation concluded that the landing gear was retracted before the aircraft had become established in a climb and the flap setting and takeoff speed were incorrect. Although the aircraft incurred substantial damage, none of the 45 occupants were hurt.
• 29 December 2014 – AVirgin AtlanticBoeing 747-400(Registration: G-VROM) suffered a loss of hydraulic fluid whilst en route toLas Vegas.Shortly after departure, an alarm prompted the crew to return to Gatwick, when they discovered that an improperly installed actuator had caused the right wing landing gear to not deploy. The aircraft successfully landed on 3 main landing-gear bogies and was returned to service on 11 January 2015.
• 19–21 December 2018 – Amajor disruption to the airportwas caused by reports ofdronesightings close to the runway. The runway was closed and all flights were suspended for about six hours on 19 December. The airport reopened at 03:01 the next morning until another reported sighting prompted another closing about 45 minutes later. As of 00:15 on 21 December, the airport was still closed with about 110,000 passengers and 760 flights affected.Officials called the drone flying a "deliberate act of disruption", but did not classify it as terrorism.The army was deployed to assist the police in resolving the incident.The runway reopened with limited capacity around 06:00 that day.Authorities suspended flights again from 17:10 to 18:23 on 21 December. Later that day a man and a woman were arrested in connection with the incident;the pair were released without charge on 23 December with Sussex Police saying that they "are no longer suspects".
• 26 February 2020 – aTitan AirwaysAirbus A321-211reported engine surge after takeoff. A few moments later, the other engine stalled. The aircraft landed safely at Gatwick eleven minutes after takeoff. TheAir Accidents Investigation Branchdetermined fuelcontaminationfollowing defective maintenance had gone undetected for two days and caused the incident. Safety recommendations were made to theEuropean Union Aviation Safety Agency,and changes were made by organisations includingAirbusand theInternational Air Transport Association.

See also

• Airports of London
• List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies
• List of busiest airports by passenger traffic
• List of the busiest airports in Europe

References

Bibliography

• Gwynne, Peter. (1990)A History of Crawley(2nd Edition) Philmore.ISBN0-85033-718-6
• King, John, with Tait, Geoff, (1980)Golden Gatwick – 50 Years of Aviation,British Airports Authority.
• King, John, (1986)Gatwick – The Evolution of an Airport,Gatwick Airport Ltd. and Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society.ISBN0-9512036-0-6
• Bain, Gordon, (1994),Gatwick Airport,Airlife Publishing Ltd.ISBN1-85310-468-X
• Tait, Geoffrey, (1984),The Gatwick Express,G. Tait & Associates Ltd.ISBN0-95088-020-5
• Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980).Fly me, I'm Freddie.London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.ISBN0-297-77746-7.
• Thomson, Adam (1999).High Risk: The Politics of the Air.London, UK: Sidgwick and Jackson.ISBN0-283-99599-8.
• Simons, Graham M. (1993).The Spirit of Dan-Air.Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises.ISBN1-870384-20-2.
• Simons, Graham M. (1999).It was nice to fly with friends! The story of Air Europe.Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises.ISBN1-870384-69-5.
• Branson, Richard (2006).Losing my Virginity – The Autobiography(2nd reprint ed.). London, UK: Virgin Books Ltd.ISBN0-7535-1020-0.
• Financial Times,26 October 2007.London, UK: UK Edition.
• Skyport – Gatwick edition (Dixon, A., "Second runway plans to remain grounded", pp. 1, 3).Hounslow, UK. 26 February 2010.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Financial Times,10 February 2010.London, UK: UK Edition.
• Wood, Alan. "Hoping for a Junkers: More Recollections on Prewar Airline Exploits From a Fledgling Gatwick Airport".Air Enthusiast,No. 83, September–October 1999, pp. 52–57.ISSN0143-5450
• Woodley, Charles (2014).Gatwick Airport: The First 50 Years.Stroud, UK: History Press.ISBN978-0-7509-5797-7.

External links

• Official website