Louisiana
Louisiana
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| State of Louisiana État de la Louisiane(French) Estado de Luisiana(Spanish) Létat de Lalwizyàn(Louisiana Creole) | |
Nicknames:
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| Motto(s): Union, Justice, Confidence | |
Anthem:
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 Map of the United States with Louisiana highlighted | |
| Country | United States |
| Before statehood | Territory of OrleansandLouisiana Purchase |
| Admitted to the Union | April 30, 1812(18th) |
| Capital | Baton Rouge |
| Largest city | New Orleans[1][2][3] |
| Largest county or equivalent | East Baton Rouge Parish |
| Largest metroandurbanareas | Greater New Orleans |
| Government | |
| •Governor | Jeff Landry(R) |
| •Lieutenant Governor | Billy Nungesser(R) |
| Legislature | State Legislature |
| •Upper house | State Senate |
| •Lower house | House of Representatives |
| Judiciary | Louisiana Supreme Court |
| U.S. senators | Bill Cassidy(R) John Kennedy(R) |
| U.S. House delegation | 5 Republicans 1Democrat(list) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 52,124[4][5]sq mi (135,000 km2) |
| • Land | 43,204 sq mi (111,898 km2) |
| • Water | 8,920 sq mi (23,102 km2) 15% |
| • Rank | 31st |
| Dimensions | |
| • Length | 380 mi (610 km) |
| • Width | 130 mi (231 km) |
| Elevation | 100 ft (30 m) |
| Highest elevation | 535 ft (163 m) |
| Lowest elevation | −8 ft (−2.5 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 4,657,757 |
| • Rank | 24th |
| • Density | 106.9/sq mi (41.3/km2) |
| • Rank | 29th |
| •Median household income | $49,973[5] |
| • Income rank | 47th |
| Demonyms | Louisianian Louisianais(Cajun or Creole heritage) Luisiano(Spanish descendants during rule ofNew Spain) |
| Language | |
| •Official language | None constitutionally specified;Louisiana French(special status underCODOFIL) |
| •Spoken language | As of 2010[7] |
| Time zone | UTC– 06:00(Central) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC– 05:00(CDT) |
| USPS abbreviation | LA |
| ISO 3166 code | US-LA |
| Traditional abbreviation | La. |
| Latitude | 28° 56′ N to 33° 01′ N |
| Longitude | 88° 49′ W to 94° 03′ W |
| Website | louisiana |
Louisiana[pronunciation 1](French:Louisiane[lwizjan];Spanish:Luisiana[lwiˈsjana];Louisiana Creole:Lwizyàn)[b]is astatein theDeep SouthandSouth Centralregions of theUnited States.It bordersTexasto the west,Arkansasto the north, andMississippito the east. Of the50 U.S. states,it ranks20th in land areaand the25th in population,with roughly 4.6 million residents. Reflecting itsFrench heritage,Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termedparishes,which are equivalent tocounties,making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties (the other beingAlaskaand itsboroughs).Baton Rougeis the state's capital, andNew Orleans,aFrench Louisianaregion, is its largest city with a population of about 383,000 people.[10]Louisiana has a coastline with theGulf of Mexicoto the south; a large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by theMississippi River.
Much of Louisiana's lands were formed fromsedimentwashed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas ofcoastal marshandswamp.[11]These contain a rich southernbiota,including birds such asibisesandegrets,many species oftree frogs—such as the state recognizedAmerican green tree frog—and fish such assturgeonandpaddlefish.More elevated areas, particularly in the north, contain a wide variety of ecosystems such astallgrass prairie,longleaf pineforest and wetsavannas;these support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrialorchidsandcarnivorous plants.Over half the state is forested.
Louisiana is situated at the confluence of theMississippi river systemand the Gulf of Mexico. Its location and biodiversity attracted various indigenous groups thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the 17th century. Louisiana has eighteen Native American tribes—the most of any southern state—of which four are federally recognized and ten are state recognized.[12]The French claimed the territory in 1682, and it became the political, commercial, and population center of the larger colony ofNew France.After a brief period ofSpanishrule, Louisiana was returned to France in 1801 before beingpurchasedby the U.S. in 1803; it wasadmitted to the Unionin 1812 as the 18th state. Following statehood, Louisiana saw an influx of settlers from the eastern U.S. as well as immigrants from the West Indies, Germany, and Ireland. It experienced an agricultural boom, particularly in cotton and sugarcane, which were cultivated primarily by slaves from Africa. As a slave state, Louisiana was one of the original seven members of theConfederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War.
Louisiana's unique French heritage is reflected in its toponyms, dialects, customs, demographics, and legal system. Relative to the rest of the southern U.S., Louisiana ismultilingualand multicultural, reflecting an admixture ofLouisiana French(Cajun,Creole),Spanish,French Canadian,Acadian,Saint-Domingue Creole,Native American,andWest Africancultures (generally the descendants ofslavesstolen in the 18th century); more recent migrants includeFilipinosand Vietnamese. In thepost–Civil War environment,Anglo-Americansincreased the pressure forAnglicization,and in 1921, English was shortly made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974.[13][14]Louisiana has never had an official language, and the state constitution enumerates "the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic, linguistic, and cultural origins."[13]
Based on national averages, Louisiana frequently ranks low among U.S. states in terms of health,[15]education,[16][17][18][19]and development, with high rates of poverty[20][21][22]andhomicide.In 2018, Louisiana was ranked as the least healthy state in the country, with high levels ofdrug-related deaths.It also has had the highest homicide rate in the United States since at least the 1990s.[23][24][25]
Etymology[edit]
Louisiana was named afterLouis XIV,King of France from 1643 to 1715. WhenRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salleclaimed the territory drained by theMississippi Riverfor France, he named itLa Louisiane.[26]The suffix –ana (or –ane) is a Latin suffix that can refer to "information relating to a particular individual, subject, or place." Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of "related to Louis." Once part of theFrench colonial empire,theLouisiana Territorystretched from present-day Mobile Bay to just north of the present-dayCanada–United States border,including a small part of what are now the CanadianprovincesofAlbertaandSaskatchewan.
History[edit]
Pre–colonial history[edit]
The area of Louisiana is the place of origin of theMound Buildersculture during the MiddleArchaic period,in the4th millennium BC.The sites of Caney and Frenchman's Bend have been securely dated to 5600–5000BP(about 3700–3100 BC), demonstrating that seasonal hunter-gatherers from around this time organized to build complex earthwork constructions in what is now northern Louisiana. TheWatson Brakesite near present-dayMonroehas an eleven-mound complex; it was built about 5400 BP (3500 BC).[27]These discoveries overturned previous assumptions in archaeology that such complex mounds were built only by cultures of more settled peoples who were dependent on maize cultivation. The Hedgepeth Site inLincoln Parishis more recent, dated to 5200–4500 BP (3300–2600 BC).[28]
Nearly 2,000 years later,Poverty Pointwas built; it is the largest and best-known Late Archaic site in the state. The city of modern–dayEppsdeveloped near it. ThePoverty Point culturemay have reached its peak around 1500 BC, making it the first complex culture, and possibly the first tribal culture in North America.[29]It lasted until approximately 700 BC.
The Poverty Point culture was followed by theTchefuncteand Lake Cormorant cultures of theTchula period,local manifestations of EarlyWoodland period.The Tchefuncte culture were the first people in the area of Louisiana to make large amounts of pottery.[30]These cultures lasted until 200 AD. The Middle Woodland period started in Louisiana with theMarksville culturein the southern and eastern part of the state, reaching across the Mississippi River to the east around Natchez,[31]and theFourche Maline culturein the northwestern part of the state. The Marksville culture was named after theMarksville Prehistoric Indian SiteinAvoyelles Parish.
These cultures were contemporaneous with theHopewell culturesof present-dayOhioandIllinois,and participated in the Hopewell Exchange Network. Trade with peoples to the southwest brought thebowandarrow.[32]The firstburial moundswere built at this time.[33]Political power began to be consolidated, as the firstplatform moundsat ritual centers were constructed for the developing hereditary political and religious leadership.[33]
By 400 theLate Woodland periodhad begun with theBaytown culture,Troyville culture,and Coastal Troyville during the Baytown period and were succeeded by theColes Creek cultures.Where the Baytown peoples built dispersed settlements, the Troyville people instead continued building major earthwork centers.[34][35][36]Population increased dramatically and there is strong evidence of a growing cultural and political complexity. Many Coles Creek sites were erected over earlier Woodland periodmortuarymounds. Scholars have speculated that emerging elites were symbolically and physically appropriating dead ancestors to emphasize and project their own authority.[37]
TheMississippian periodin Louisiana was when thePlaquemineand theCaddoan Mississippian culturesdeveloped, and the peoples adopted extensive maize agriculture, cultivating different strains of the plant by saving seeds, selecting for certain characteristics, etc. The Plaquemine culture in the lowerMississippi RiverValley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana began in 1200 and continued to about 1600. Examples in Louisiana include theMedora site,the archaeologicaltype sitefor the culture in West Baton Rouge Parish whose characteristics helped define the culture,[38]theAtchafalaya Basin Moundsin St. Mary Parish,[39]theFitzhugh Moundsin Madison Parish,[40]theScott Place Moundsin Union Parish,[41]and theSims sitein St. Charles Parish.[42]
Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture that is represented by its largest settlement, theCahokiasite in Illinois east ofSt. Louis, Missouri.At its peak Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of more than 20,000. The Plaquemine culture is considered ancestral to the historicNatchezandTaensapeoples, whose descendants encountered Europeans in the colonial era.[43]
By 1000 in the northwestern part of the state, the Fourche Maline culture had evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. The Caddoan Mississippians occupied a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeastTexas,and northwest Louisiana. Archaeological evidence has demonstrated that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present. TheCaddoand relatedCaddo-languagespeakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact were the direct ancestors of the modernCaddo Nation of Oklahomaof today.[44]Significant Caddoan Mississippian archaeological sites in Louisiana includeBelcher Mound SiteinCaddo ParishandGahagan Mounds Sitein Red River Parish.[45]
Many current place names in Louisiana, includingAtchafalaya,Natchitouches (now spelledNatchitoches), Caddo,Houma,Tangipahoa,andAvoyel(asAvoyelles), are transliterations of those used in various Native American languages.
Exploration and colonization by Europeans[edit]
The first European explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528 when a Spanish expedition led byPánfilo de Narváezlocated the mouth of the Mississippi River. In 1542,Hernando de Soto's expedition skirted to the north and west of the state (encountering Caddo and Tunica groups) and then followed the Mississippi River down to theGulf of Mexicoin 1543. Spanish interest in Louisiana faded away for a century and a half.[46]
In the late 17th century, French andFrench Canadianexpeditions, which included sovereign, religious and commercial aims, established a foothold on the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. With its first settlements, France laid claim to a vast region of North America and set out to establish a commercial empire and French nation stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.
In 1682, the French explorerRobert Cavelier de La Sallenamed the region Louisiana to honorKing Louis XIVof France. The first permanent settlement, Fort Maurepas (nowOcean Springs, Mississippi), was founded in 1699 byPierre Le Moyne d'Iberville,a French military officer fromNew France.By then the French had also built a small fort at the mouth of the Mississippi at a settlement they namedLa Balise (or La Balize),"seamark"in French. By 1721, they built a 62-foot (19 m) wooden lighthouse-type structure here to guide ships on the river.[47]
A royal ordinance of 1722—following the Crown's transfer of theIllinois Country's governance from Canada to Louisiana—may have featured the broadest definition of Louisiana: all land claimed by France south of theGreat Lakesbetween theRocky Mountainsand theAlleghenies.[48]A generation later, trade conflicts between Canada and Louisiana led to a more defined boundary between the French colonies; in 1745, Louisiana governor generalVaudreuilset the northern and eastern bounds of his domain as theWabashvalley up to the mouth of theVermilion River(near present-dayDanville, Illinois); from there, northwest tole Rocheron theIllinois River,and from there west to the mouth of theRock River(at present dayRock Island, Illinois).[48]Thus,VincennesandPeoriawere the limit of Louisiana's reach; the outposts atOuiatenon(on the upper Wabash near present-dayLafayette, Indiana), Chicago,Fort Miamis(near present-dayFort Wayne, Indiana), andPrairie du Chien,Wisconsin, operated as dependencies of Canada.[48]
The settlement ofNatchitoches(along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 byLouis Juchereau de St. Denis,[49]making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the modern state of Louisiana. The French settlement had two purposes: to establish trade with the Spanish inTexasvia the Old San Antonio Road, and to deter Spanish advances into Louisiana. The settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads, giving rise to vast cotton kingdoms along the river that were worked by imported African slaves. Over time, planters developed large plantations and built fine homes in a growing town. This became a pattern repeated in New Orleans and other places, although the commodity crop in the south was primarily sugar cane.
Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts, concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called theIllinois Country,around present-daySt. Louis, Missouri.The latter was settled by French colonists from Illinois.
Initially,Mobileand thenBiloxiserved as the capital of La Louisiane.[50][51]Recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, and wanting to protect the capital from severe coastal storms, France developed New Orleans from 1722 as the seat of civilian and military authority south of the Great Lakes. From then until the United States acquired the territory in theLouisiana Purchaseof 1803, France and Spain jockeyed for control of New Orleans and the lands west of the Mississippi.
In the 1720s, German immigrants settled along the Mississippi River, in a region referred to as theGerman Coast.
France ceded most of its territory east of the Mississippi toGreat Britainin 1763, in the aftermath ofBritain's victory in the Seven Years' War(generally referred to in North America as theFrench and Indian War). This included the lands along the Gulf Coast and north of Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River, which became known as British West Florida. The rest of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, as well as the "isle of New Orleans", had become a colony of Spain by theTreaty of Fontainebleau (1762).The transfer of power on either side of the river would be delayed until later in the decade.
In 1765, during Spanish rule, several thousandAcadiansfrom the French colony ofAcadia(nowNova Scotia,New Brunswick, andPrince Edward Island) made their way to Louisiana after having beenexpelledfrom Acadia by the British government after the French and Indian War. They settled chiefly in the southwestern Louisiana region now calledAcadiana.The governorLuis de Unzaga y Amézaga,[52]eager to gain more settlers, welcomed the Acadians, who became the ancestors of Louisiana'sCajuns.
Spanish Canary Islanders, calledIsleños,emigrated from theCanary Islandsof Spain to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783.[53]In 1800, France'sNapoleon Bonapartereacquired Louisiana from Spain in theTreaty of San Ildefonso,an arrangement kept secret for two years.
Expansion of slavery[edit]
Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienvillebrought the first two African slaves to Louisiana in 1708, transporting them from a French colony in the West Indies. In 1709, French financierAntoine Crozatobtained a monopoly of commerce inLa Louisiane,which extended from theGulf of Mexicoto what is nowIllinois.According to historianHugh Thomas,"that concession allowed him to bring in a cargo of blacks from Africa every year".[54] Starting in 1719, traders began to import slaves in higher numbers; two French ships, theDu Maineand theAurore,arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 500 black slaves coming from Africa. Previous slaves in Louisiana had been transported from French colonies in the West Indies. By the end of 1721, New Orleans counted 1,256 inhabitants, of whom about half were slaves.[citation needed]
In 1724, the French government issued a law called theCode Noir( "Black Code" in English) which regulated the interaction of whites (blancs) and blacks (noirs) in its colony of Louisiana (which was much larger than the current state of Louisiana).[55]
The Louisiana Black Code of 1806 made the cruel punishment of slaves a crime.[56]
Fugitive slaves, calledmaroons,could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements.[57]The word "maroon" comes from the Spanish "cimarron", meaning which means "fierce" or "unruly."[58]
In the late 18th century, the last Spanish governor of the Louisiana territory wrote:
Truly, it is impossible for lower Louisiana to get along without slaves and with the use of slaves, the colony had been making great strides toward prosperity and wealth.[59]
When the United Statespurchased Louisianain 1803, it was soon accepted that slaves could be brought to Louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboringMississippi,though it violated U.S. law to do so.[59]Despite demands by United States Rep.James Hillhouseand by the pamphleteerThomas Paineto enforce existing federal law against slavery in the newly acquired territory,[59]slavery prevailed because it was the source of great profits and the lowest-cost labor.
At the start of the 19th century, Louisiana was a small producer of sugar with a relatively small number of slaves, compared toSaint-Domingueand the West Indies. It soon thereafter became a major sugar producer as new settlers arrived to develop plantations.William C. C. Claiborne,Louisiana's first United States governor, said African slave labor was needed because white laborers "cannot be had in this unhealthy climate."[60]Hugh Thomas wrote that Claiborne was unable to enforce the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, which the U.S. and Great Britain enacted in 1807. The United States continued to protect the domestic slave trade, including the coastwise trade—the transport of slaves by ship along the Atlantic Coast and to New Orleans and other Gulf ports.
By 1840, New Orleans had the biggest slave market in the United States, which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state. New Orleans had become one of the wealthiest cities, and the third largest city, in the nation.[61]The ban on the African slave trade and importation of slaves had increased demand in the domestic market. During the decades after the American Revolutionary War, more than one million enslaved African Americans underwent forced migration from the Upper South to the Deep South, two thirds of them in the slave trade. Others were transported by their owners as slaveholders moved west for new lands.[62][63]
With changing agriculture in the Upper South as planters shifted from tobacco to less labor-intensive mixed agriculture, planters had excess laborers. Many sold slaves to traders to take to the Deep South. Slaves were driven by traders overland from the Upper South or transported to New Orleans and other coastal markets by ship in thecoastwise slave trade.After sales in New Orleans, steamboats operating on the Mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or plantation destinations at Natchez and Memphis.
Interestingly, for a slave-state, Louisiana harbored escaped Filipino slaves from theManila Galleons.[64][65][66][67]The members of the Filipino community were then commonly referred to asManila men,orManilamen,and laterTagalas,[68]as they were free when they created the oldest settlement of Asians in the United States in the village ofSaint Malo, Louisiana,[68][69][70][71]the inhabitants of which, even joined the United States in theWar of 1812against the British Empire while they were being led by the French-AmericanJean Lafitte.[70]
Asylum and influence of Creoles from Saint-Domingue[edit]
Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800.[72]Beginning in the 1790s, waves of immigration took place fromSaint-Domingueas refugees poured over following aslave rebellionthat started during theFrench RevolutionofSaint-Dominguein 1791. Over the next decade, thousands of refugees landed in Louisiana from the island, including Europeans, Creoles, and Africans, some of the latter brought in by each free group. They greatly increased the French-speaking population in New Orleans and Louisiana, as well as the number of Africans, and the slaves reinforcedAfrican culturein the city.[73]
Anglo-Americanofficials initially made attempts to keep out the additionalCreoles of color,but theLouisiana Creoleswanted to increase the Creole population: more than half of the refugees eventually settled in Louisiana, and the majority remained inNew Orleans.[74]
Pierre Clément de Laussat(Governor,1803) said: "Saint-Domingue was, of all our colonies in the Antilles, the one whose mentality and customs influenced Louisiana the most."[75]
Purchase by the United States[edit]
When the United States won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, one of its major concerns was having a European power on its western boundary, and the need for unrestricted access to the Mississippi River. As American settlers pushed west, they found that theAppalachian Mountainsprovided a barrier to shipping goods eastward. The easiest way to ship produce was to use aflatboatto float it down theOhioand Mississippi rivers to the port of New Orleans, where goods could be put on ocean-going vessels. The problem with this route was that the Spanish owned both sides of the Mississippi belowNatchez.
Napoleon's ambitions in Louisiana involved the creation of a new empire centered on theCaribbeansugar trade.By the terms of theTreaty of Amiensof 1802, Great Britain returned control of the islands ofMartiniqueandGuadeloupeto the French. Napoleon looked upon Louisiana as a depot for these sugar islands, and as a buffer to U.S. settlement. In October 1801 he sent a large military force to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after theHaitian Revolution.When the army led by Napoleon's brother-in-law Leclerc was defeated, Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana.[77]
Thomas Jefferson,third president of the United States, was disturbed by Napoleon's plans to re-establish French colonies in North America. With the possession of New Orleans, Napoleon could close the Mississippi to U.S. commerce at any time. Jefferson authorizedRobert R. Livingston,U.S. minister to France, to negotiate for the purchase of the city of New Orleans, portions of the east bank of the Mississippi,[78]and free navigation of the river for U.S. commerce. Livingston was authorized to pay up to $2million.
An official transfer of Louisiana to French ownership had not yet taken place, and Napoleon's deal with the Spanish was a poorly kept secret on the frontier. On October 18, 1802, however, Juan Ventura Morales, acting intendant of Louisiana, made public the intention of Spain to revoke the right of deposit at New Orleans for all cargo from the United States. The closure of this vital port to the United States caused anger and consternation. Commerce in the west was virtually blockaded. Historians believe the revocation of the right of deposit was prompted by abuses by the Americans, particularly smuggling, and not by French intrigues as was believed at the time. President Jefferson ignored public pressure for war with France, and appointedJames Monroea special envoy to Napoleon, to assist in obtaining New Orleans for the United States. Jefferson also raised the authorized expenditure to $10million.[79]
However, on April 11, 1803, French foreign ministerTalleyrandsurprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered). Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time (leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired New Orleans area), and that approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory of 828,000 square miles (2,100,000 km2) for sixty millionFrancs(approximately $15million).[79]
Part of this sum, $3.5million, was used to forgive debts owed by France to the United States.[80]The payment was made in United Statesbonds,which Napoleon sold at face value to the Dutch firm ofHope and Company,and theBritish banking house of Baring,at a discount of87+1⁄2per each $100 unit. As a result, France received only $8,831,250 in cash for Louisiana. English bankerAlexander Baringconferred with Marbois in Paris, shuttled to the United States to pick up the bonds, took them to Britain, and returned to France with the money—which Napoleon used to wage war against Baring's own country.
When news of the purchase reached the United States, Jefferson was surprised. He had authorized the expenditure of $10million for a port city, and instead received treaties committing the government to spend $15million on a land package which would double the size of the country. Jefferson's political opponents in theFederalist Partyargued the Louisiana purchase was a worthless desert,[81]and that the U.S. constitution did not provide for the acquisition of new land or negotiating treaties without the consent of the federal legislature. What really worried the opposition was the new states which would inevitably be carved from the Louisiana territory, strengthening western and southern interests inU.S. Congress,and further reducing the influence of New England Federalists in national affairs. President Jefferson was an enthusiastic supporter of westward expansion, and held firm in his support for the treaty. Despite Federalist objections, theU.S. Senateratified the Louisiana treaty on October 20, 1803.
By statute enacted on October 31, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson was authorized to take possession of the territories ceded by France and provide for initial governance.[82]A transfer ceremony was held in New Orleans on November 29, 1803. Since the Louisiana territory had never officially been turned over to the French, the Spanish took down their flag, and the French raised theirs. The following day,General James Wilkinsonaccepted possession of New Orleans for the United States. The Louisiana Territory, purchased for less than three cents an acre, doubled the size of the United States overnight, without a war or the loss of a single American life, and set a precedent for the purchase of territory. It opened the way for the eventual expansion of the United States across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
Shortly after the United States took possession, the area was divided into two territories along the33rd parallel northon March 26, 1804, thereby organizing theTerritory of Orleansto the south and theDistrict of Louisiana(subsequently formed as theLouisiana Territory) to the north.[83]
Statehood[edit]
Louisiana became the eighteenth U.S. state on April 30, 1812; the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana and the Louisiana Territory was simultaneously renamed theMissouri Territory.[84]
At its creation, the state of Louisiana did not include the area north and east of the Mississippi River known as theFlorida Parishes.On April 14, 1812, Congress had authorized Louisiana to expand its borders to include the Florida Parishes,[85][86]but the border change required approval of the state legislature, which it did not give until August 4.[87]For the roughly three months in between, the northern border of eastern Louisiana was the course ofBayou Manchacand the middle ofLake MaurepasandLake Pontchartrain.[88]
From 1824 to 1861, Louisiana moved from a political system based on personality and ethnicity to a distinct two-party system, with Democrats competing first againstWhigs,thenKnow Nothings,and finally only otherDemocrats.[89]
Secession and the Civil War[edit]
According to the 1860 census, 331,726 people were enslaved, nearly 47% of the state's total population of 708,002.[90]The strong economic interest of elite whites in maintaining the slave society contributed to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union on January 26, 1861.[91]It followed other U.S. states in seceding after the election ofAbraham Lincolnas president of the United States. Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of theConfederate States of America.
The state was quickly defeated in theCivil War,a result of Union strategy to cut the Confederacy in two by controlling theMississippi River.Federal troops captured New Orleans on April 25, 1862. Because a large part of the population had Union sympathies (or compatible commercial interests), the federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana under federal control as a state within the Union, with its own elected representatives to the U.S. Congress.[92][93]
Post–Civil War to mid–20th century[edit]
Following the American Civil War and emancipation of slaves, violence rose in the southern U.S. as the war was carried on by insurgent private and paramilitary groups. During the initial period after the war, there was a massive rise in black participation in terms of voting andholding political office.Louisiana saw the United States' first and second black governors withOscar DunnandP.B.S. Pinchback,with 125 black members of the state legislature being elected during this time, whileCharles E. Nashwas elected to represent the state's6th Congressional Districtin the U.S. House of Representatives. Eventually former Confederates came to dominate the state legislature after the end ofReconstructionand federal occupation in the late 1870s, and black codes were implemented to regulatefreedmenand increasingly restricted the right to vote. They refused to extend voting rights to African Americans who had been free before the war and had sometimes obtained education and property (as in New Orleans).
Following theMemphis riots of 1866and theNew Orleans riotthe same year, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed that provided suffrage and full citizenship for freedmen. Congress passed theReconstruction Act,establishing military districts for those states where conditions were considered the worst, including Louisiana. It was grouped withTexasin what was administered as theFifth Military District.[94]
African Americans began to live as citizens with some measure of equality before the law. Both freedmen and people of color who had been free before the war began to make more advances in education, family stability and jobs. At the same time, there was tremendous social volatility in the aftermath of war, with many whites actively resisting defeat and the free labor market. Whiteinsurgentsmobilized to enforcewhite supremacy,first inKu Klux Klanchapters.
By 1877, when federal forces were withdrawn, white Democrats in Louisiana and other states had regained control of state legislatures, often by paramilitary groups such as theWhite League,which suppressed black voting through intimidation and violence. Following Mississippi's example in 1890, in 1898, the white Democratic, planter-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that effectivelydisfranchisedpeople of color by raising barriers to voter registration, such aspoll taxes,residency requirements andliteracy tests.The effect was immediate and long lasting. In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided.[95]
The state population in 1900 was 47% African American: a total of 652,013 citizens. Many in New Orleans were descendants of Creoles of color, the sizeable population of free people of color before the Civil War.[96]By 1900, two years after the new constitution, only 5,320 black voters were registered in the state. Because of disfranchisement, by 1910 there were only 730 black voters (less than 0.5 percent of eligible African-American men), despite advances in education and literacy among blacks and people of color.[97]Blacks were excluded from the political system and also unable to serve on juries. White Democrats had established one-party Democratic rule, which they maintained in the state for decades deep into the 20th century until after congressional passage of the 1965Voting Rights Actprovided federal oversight and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote.
In the early decades of the 20th century, thousands of African Americans left Louisiana in theGreat Migrationnorth to industrial cities for jobs and education, and to escape Jim Crow society andlynchings.Theboll weevilinfestation and agricultural problems cost many sharecroppers and farmers their jobs. The mechanization of agriculture also reduced the need for laborers. Beginning in the 1940s, blacks went west to California for jobs in its expanding defense industries.[98]
In 1920 the state had no continuous paved roads running east to west or north to south which traversed the entire state.[99]
During some of theGreat Depression,Louisiana was led by GovernorHuey Long.He was elected to office on populist appeal. His public works projects provided thousands of jobs to people in need, and he supported education and increased suffrage for poor whites, but Long was criticized for his allegedly demagogic and autocratic style. He extended patronage control through every branch of Louisiana's state government. Especially controversial were his plans for wealth redistribution in the state. Long's rule ended abruptly when he wasassassinatedin the state capitol in 1935.[100]
Mid–20th century to present[edit]
Mobilization forWorld War IIcreated jobs in the state. But thousands of other workers, black and white alike, migrated to California for better jobs in its burgeoning defense industry. Many African Americans left the state in theSecond Great Migration,from the 1940s through the 1960s to escape social oppression and seek better jobs. The mechanization of agriculture in the 1930s had sharply cut the need for laborers. They sought skilled jobs in the defense industry in California, better education for their children, and living in communities where they could vote.[101]
On November 26, 1958, atChennault Air Force Base,a USAF B-47 bomber with anuclear weaponon board developed a fire while on the ground. The aircraft wreckage and the site of the accident were contaminated after a limited explosion of non-nuclear material.[102]
In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration. Despite opposition by theStates' Rights Party(Dixiecrats), downstate black voters had begun to increase their rate of registration, which also reflected the growth of their middle classes. In 1960 the state established the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, to investigate civil rights activists and maintain segregation.[103]
Despite this, gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, and it was 32% by 1964, when the first national civil rights legislation of the era was passed.[104]The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% inEvangeline Parishto 1.7% inTensas Parish,for instance, where there were intense white efforts to suppress the vote in the black-majority parish.[105]
Violent attacks on civil rights activists in two mill towns were catalysts to the founding of the first two chapters of theDeacons for Defense and Justicein late 1964 and early 1965, inJonesboroandBogalusa,respectively. Made up of veterans of World War II and theKorean War,they were armed self-defense groups established to protect activists and their families. Continued violent white resistance in Bogalusa to blacks trying to use public facilities in 1965, following passage of theCivil Rights Act of 1964,caused the federal government to order local police to protect the activists.[106]Other chapters were formed in Mississippi and Alabama.
By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in Louisiana had dropped to 32%. The 1,039,207 black citizens were still suppressed by segregation and disfranchisement.[107]African Americans continued to suffer disproportionate discriminatory application of the state's voter registration rules. Because of better opportunities elsewhere, from 1965 to 1970, blacks continued to migrate out of Louisiana, for a net loss of more than 37,000 people. Based on official census figures, the African American population in 1970 stood at 1,085,109, a net gain of more than 46,000 people compared to 1960. During the latter period, some people began to migrate to cities of theNew Southfor opportunities.[108]Since that period, blacks entered the political system and began to be elected to office, as well as having other opportunities.
On May 21, 1919, theNineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,giving women full rights to vote, was passed at a national level, and was made the law throughout the United States on August 18, 1920. Louisiana finally ratified the amendment on June 11, 1970.[109]
Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes. On August 29, 2005, New Orleans and many other low-lying parts of the state along theGulf of Mexicowere hit by the catastrophicHurricane Katrina.[110]It caused widespread damage due to breaching of levees and large-scale flooding of more than 80% of the city. Officials had issued warnings to evacuate the city and nearby areas, but tens of thousands of people, mostly African Americans, stayed behind, many of them stranded. Many people died and survivors suffered through the damage of the widespread floodwaters.
In July 2016 theshooting of Alton Sterlingsparked protests throughout the state capital of Baton Rouge.[111][112]In August 2016,an unnamed stormdumped trillions of gallons of rain on southern Louisiana, including the cities ofDenham Springs,Baton Rouge,Gonzales, St. Amant andLafayette,causing catastrophic flooding.[113]An estimated 110,000 homes were damaged and thousands of residents were displaced.[114][115]In 2019, threeLouisiana black churcheswere destroyed by arson.[116][117][118]
The first case ofCOVID-19 in Louisianawas announced on March 9, 2020.[119]As of October 27, 2020, there had been 180,069 confirmed cases; 5,854 people have died of COVID-19.[120][needs update]
Geography[edit]
Louisiana is bordered to the west byTexas;to the north byArkansas;to the east byMississippi;and to the south by theGulf of Mexico.The state may properly be divided into two parts, the uplands of the north (the region ofNorth Louisiana), and thealluvialalong the coast (theCentral Louisiana,Acadiana,Florida Parishes,andGreater New Orleansregions). The alluvial region includes low swamp lands, coastal marshlands and beaches, andbarrier islandsthat cover about 12,350 square miles (32,000 km2). This area lies principally along the Gulf of Mexico and theMississippi River,which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600 mi (970 km) and empties into the Gulf of Mexico; also in the state are theRed River;theOuachita Riverand its branches; and other minor streams (some of which are calledbayous).
The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is 10–60 miles (16–97 km), and along the other rivers, the alluvial region averages about 10 miles (16 km) across. The Mississippi River flows along a ridge formed by its natural deposits (known as alevee), from which the lands decline toward a river beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile (3m/km). The alluvial lands along other streams present similar features.
The higher and contiguous hill lands of the north and northwestern part of the state have an area of more than 25,000 square miles (65,000 km2). They consist of prairie and woodlands. The elevations above sea level range from 10 feet (3m) at the coast and swamp lands to 50–60 feet (15–18m) at the prairie and alluvial lands. In the uplands and hills, the elevations rise toDriskill Mountain,the highest point in the state only 535 feet (163m) above sea level. From 1932 to 2010 the state lost 1,800 square miles due to rises in sea level anderosion.TheLouisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority(CPRA) spends around $1billion per year to help shore up and protect Louisianashorelineand land in both federal and state funding.[121][122]
Besides the waterways named, there are theSabine,forming the western boundary; and thePearl,the eastern boundary; theCalcasieu,theMermentau,theVermilion,Bayou Teche,theAtchafalaya,theBoeuf,Bayou Lafourche,the Courtableau River, Bayou D'Arbonne, the Macon River, theTensas,Amite River,theTchefuncte,theTickfaw,theNatalbany River,and a number of other smaller streams, constituting a natural system of navigable waterways, aggregating over 4,000 miles (6,400 km) long.
The state also has political jurisdiction over the approximately 3-mile (4.8 km)-wide portion ofsubsealand of theinner continental shelfin the Gulf of Mexico. Through a peculiarity of thepolitical geographyof the United States, this is substantially less than the 9-mile (14 km)-wide jurisdiction of nearby states Texas and Florida, which, like Louisiana, have extensive Gulf coastlines.[123]
The southern coast of Louisiana in the United States is among the fastest-disappearing areas in the world. This has largely resulted from human mismanagement of the coast (seeWetlands of Louisiana). At one time, the land was added to when spring floods from the Mississippi River added sediment and stimulated marsh growth; the land is now shrinking. There are multiple causes.[124][125]
Artificial levees block spring flood water that would bring fresh water and sediment to marshes. Swamps have been extensively logged, leaving canals and ditches that allow salt water to move inland. Canals dug for the oil and gas industry also allow storms to move sea water inland, where it damages swamps and marshes. Rising sea waters have exacerbated the problem. Some researchers estimate that the state is losing a landmass equivalent to 30 football fields every day. There are many proposals to save coastal areas by reducing human damage, including restoring natural floods from the Mississippi. Without such restoration, coastal communities will continue to disappear.[126]And as the communities disappear, more and more people are leaving the region.[127]Since the coastalwetlandssupport an economically important coastalfishery,the loss of wetlands is adversely affecting this industry.
TheGulf of Mexico 'dead zone'off the coast of Louisiana is the largest recurringhypoxiczone in the United States. It was 8,776 square miles (22,730 km2) in 2017, the largest ever recorded.[128]
Geology[edit]
The oldest rocks in Louisiana are exposed in the north, in areas such as theKisatchie National Forest.The oldest rocks date back to the earlyCenozoic Era,some 60 million years ago.[129]The youngest parts of the state were formed during the last 12,000 years as successive deltas of the Mississippi River: theMaringouin,Teche,St. Bernard,Lafourche,the modern Mississippi, and now theAtchafalaya.[130]The sediments were carried from north to south by the Mississippi River.
Between the tertiary rocks of the north, and the relatively new sediments along the coast, is a vast belt known as thePleistoceneTerraces. Their age and distribution can be largely related to the rise and fall of sea levels during past ice ages. The northern terraces have had sufficient time for rivers to cut deep channels, while the newer terraces tend to be much flatter.[131]
Salt domesare also found in Louisiana. Their origin can be traced back to the earlyGulf of Mexicowhen the shallow ocean had high rates of evaporation. There are several hundred salt domes in the state; one of the most familiar isAvery Island, Louisiana.[132]Salt domes are important not only as a source of salt; they also serve as underground traps for oil and gas.[133]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Climate[edit]
Louisiana has ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen climate classificationCfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters. The subtropical characteristics of the state are due to its low latitude, low lying topography, and the influence of the Gulf of Mexico, which at its farthest point is no more than 200 mi (320 km) away.
Rain is frequent throughout the year, although from April to September is slightly wetter than the rest of the year, which is the state'swet season.There is a dip in precipitation in October. In summer, thunderstorms build during the heat of the day and bring intense but brief, tropical downpours. In winter, rainfall is more frontal and less intense.
Summers in southern Louisiana have high temperatures from June through September averaging 90 °F (32 °C) or more, and overnight lows averaging above 70 °F (21 °C). At times, temperatures in the 90s°F(32–37 °C), combined withdew pointsin the upper 70s°F(24–26 °C), create sensible temperatures over 120 °F (49 °C). The humid, thick, jungle-like heat in southern Louisiana is a famous subject of countless stories and movies.
Temperatures are generally warm in the winter in the southern part of the state, with highs around New Orleans, Baton Rouge, the rest of southern Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico averaging 66 °F (19 °C). The northern part of the state is mildly cool in the winter, with highs averaging 59 °F (15 °C). The overnight lows in the winter average well above freezing throughout the state, with 46 °F (8 °C) the average near the Gulf and an average low of 37 °F (3 °C) in the winter in the northern part of the state.
On occasion, cold fronts from low-pressure centers to the north, reach Louisiana in winter. Low temperatures near 20 °F (−7 °C) occur on occasion in the northern part of the state but rarely do so in the southern part of the state.Snowis rare near the Gulf of Mexico, although residents in the northern parts of the state might receive a dusting of snow a few times each decade.[134][135][136][137]Louisiana's highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) inPlain Dealingon August 10, 1936, while the coldest recorded temperature is −16 °F (−27 °C) atMindenon February 13, 1899.
Louisiana is often affected bytropical cyclonesand is very vulnerable to strikes by majorhurricanes,particularly thelowlandsaround and in the New Orleans area. The unique geography of the region, with the many bayous, marshes and inlets, can result in water damage across a wide area from major hurricanes. The area is also prone to frequent thunderstorms, especially in the summer.[138]
The entire state averages over 60 days of thunderstorms a year, more than any other state except Florida. Louisiana averages 27tornadoesannually. The entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike, with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less so than the rest of the state. Tornadoes are more common from January to March in the southern part of the state, and from February through March in the northern part of the state.[138]Louisiana is partially within the area of tornado activity calledDixie Alley,and the state has tornadoes which tend to be unpredictable but localized.[139]
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shreveport[140] | 47.0/8.3 | 50.8/10.4 | 58.1/14.5 | 65.5/18.6 | 73.4/23.0 | 80.0/26.7 | 83.2/28.4 | 83.3/28.5 | 77.1/25.1 | 66.6/19.2 | 56.6/13.7 | 48.3/9.1 | 65.9/18.8 |
| Monroe[140] | 46.3/7.9 | 50.3/10.2 | 57.8/14.3 | 65.6/18.7 | 73.9/23.3 | 80.4/26.9 | 82.8/28.2 | 82.5/28.1 | 76.5/24.7 | 66.0/18.9 | 56.3/13.5 | 48.0/8.9 | 65.5/18.6 |
| Alexandria[140] | 48.5/9.2 | 52.1/11.2 | 59.3/15.2 | 66.4/19.1 | 74.5/23.6 | 80.7/27.1 | 83.2/28.4 | 83.2/28.4 | 78.0/25.6 | 68.0/20.0 | 58.6/14.8 | 50.2/10.1 | 66.9/19.4 |
| Lake Charles[141] | 51.8/11.0 | 55.0/12.8 | 61.4/16.3 | 68.1/20.1 | 75.6/24.2 | 81.1/27.3 | 82.9/28.3 | 83.0/28.3 | 78.7/25.9 | 70.1/21.2 | 61.1/16.2 | 53.8/12.1 | 68.6/20.3 |
| Lafayette[141] | 51.8/11.0 | 55.2/12.9 | 61.5/16.4 | 68.3/20.2 | 75.9/24.4 | 81.0/27.2 | 82.8/28.2 | 82.9/28.3 | 78.5/25.8 | 69.7/20.9 | 61.0/16.1 | 53.7/12.1 | 68.5/20.3 |
| Baton Rouge[142] | 51.3/10.7 | 54.6/12.6 | 61.1/16.2 | 67.6/19.8 | 75.2/24.0 | 80.7/27.1 | 82.5/28.1 | 82.5/28.1 | 78.1/25.6 | 68.9/20.5 | 60.0/15.6 | 52.9/11.6 | 68.0/20.0 |
| New Orleans[142] | 54.3/12.4 | 57.6/14.2 | 63.6/17.6 | 70.1/21.2 | 77.5/25.3 | 82.4/28.0 | 84.0/28.9 | 84.1/28.9 | 80.2/26.8 | 72.2/22.3 | 63.5/17.5 | 56.2/13.4 | 70.3/21.3 |
Publicly owned land[edit]
Owing to its location and geology, the state has high biological diversity. Some vital areas, such as southwestern prairie, have experienced a loss in excess of 98 percent. The pine flatwoods are also at great risk, mostly fromfire suppressionandurban sprawl.There is not yet a properly organized system of natural areas to represent and protect Louisiana's biological diversity. Such a system would consist of a protected system of core areas linked by biological corridors, such as Florida is planning.[143]
Louisiana contains a number of areas which, to varying degrees, prevent people from using them.[144]In addition toNational Park Serviceareas and aUnited States National Forest,Louisiana operates a system ofstate parks,state historic sites,onestate preservation area,onestate forest,and manyWildlife Management Areas.
One of Louisiana's largest government-owned areas is Kisatchie National Forest. It is some 600,000 acres in area, more than half of which isflatwoodsvegetation, which supports many rare plant and animal species.[145]These include theLouisiana pinesnakeandred-cockaded woodpecker.The system of government-ownedcypress swampsaroundLake Pontchartrainis another large area, with southernwetlandspecies including egrets, alligators, and sturgeon. At least 12 core areas would be needed to build a "protected areas system" for the state; these would range from southwestern prairies, to the Pearl River Floodplain in the east, to the Mississippi River alluvial swamps in the north. Additionally, the state operates a system of 22 state parks, 17 state historic sites and one state preservation area; in these lands, Louisiana maintains adiversity of faunaand flora.
National Park Service[edit]
Historic or scenic areas managed, protected, or recognized by the National Park Service include:
- Atchafalaya National Heritage Areain Ascension Parish;
- Cane River National Heritage Areanear Natchitoches;
- Cane River Creole National Historical Parknear Natchitoches;
- Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve,headquartered in New Orleans, with units in St. Bernard Parish, Barataria (Crown Point), and Acadiana (Lafayette);
- Poverty Point National Monumentat Delhi, Louisiana; and
- Saline Bayou,a designatedNational Wild and Scenic RivernearWinn Parishin northern Louisiana.
U.S. Forest Service[edit]
- Kisatchie National Forestis Louisiana's only national forest. It includes more than 600,000 acres in central and northern Louisiana with large areas of flatwoods and longleaf pine forest.[146][147]
Major cities[edit]
Louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities, consisting of fourconsolidated city-parishes,and 304 cities, towns, and villages. Louisiana's municipalities cover only 7.9% of the state's land mass but are home to 45.3% of its population.[148]The majority of urban Louisianians live along the coast or in northern Louisiana. The oldest permanent settlement in the state isNachitoches.[149]Baton Rouge, the state capital, is the second-largest city in the state. The most populous city is New Orleans. As defined by theU.S. Census Bureau,Louisiana contains 10 metropolitan statistical areas. Major areas includeGreater New Orleans,Greater Baton Rouge,Lafayette,Shreveport–Bossier City,andSlidell.
| Rank | Name | Parish | Pop. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 New Orleans  Baton Rouge |
1 | New Orleans | Orleans | 383,997 |  Shreveport  Lafayette | ||||
| 2 | Baton Rouge | East Baton Rouge | 227,470 | ||||||
| 3 | Shreveport | Caddo | 187,593 | ||||||
| 4 | Lafayette | Lafayette | 121,374 | ||||||
| 5 | Lake Charles | Calcasieu | 84,872 | ||||||
| 6 | Kenner | Jefferson | 66,448 | ||||||
| 7 | Bossier City | Bossier | 62,701 | ||||||
| 8 | Monroe | Ouachita | 47,702 | ||||||
| 9 | Alexandria | Rapides | 45,275 | ||||||
| 10 | Houma | Terrebonne | 33,406 | ||||||
Demographics[edit]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1810 | 76,556 | — | |
| 1820 | 153,407 | 100.4% | |
| 1830 | 215,739 | 40.6% | |
| 1840 | 352,411 | 63.4% | |
| 1850 | 517,762 | 46.9% | |
| 1860 | 708,002 | 36.7% | |
| 1870 | 726,915 | 2.7% | |
| 1880 | 939,946 | 29.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,118,588 | 19.0% | |
| 1900 | 1,381,625 | 23.5% | |
| 1910 | 1,656,388 | 19.9% | |
| 1920 | 1,798,509 | 8.6% | |
| 1930 | 2,101,593 | 16.9% | |
| 1940 | 2,363,516 | 12.5% | |
| 1950 | 2,683,516 | 13.5% | |
| 1960 | 3,257,022 | 21.4% | |
| 1970 | 3,641,306 | 11.8% | |
| 1980 | 4,205,900 | 15.5% | |
| 1990 | 4,219,973 | 0.3% | |
| 2000 | 4,468,976 | 5.9% | |
| 2010 | 4,533,372 | 1.4% | |
| 2020 | 4,657,757 | 2.7% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 4,573,749 | −1.8% | |
| Sources: 1910–2020[151] | |||
The majority of the state's population lives in southern Louisiana, spread throughoutGreater New Orleans,theFlorida Parishes,andAcadiana,[152][153][154]whileCentralandNorth Louisianahave been stagnating and losing population.[155]From the2020 U.S. census,Louisiana had an apportioned population of 4,661,468.[156][157][158]Its resident population was 4,657,757 as of 2020.[159]In 2010, the state of Louisiana had a population of 4,533,372, up from 76,556 in1810.
Despite historically positive trends of population growth leading up to the 2020 census, Louisiana began to experience population decline and stagnation since 2021, withSouthwest Louisiana's Calcasieu and Cameron parishes losing more than 5% of their populations individually.[160]Experiencing decline due to deaths and emigration to other states outpacing births and in-migration,[161][162][163][164]Louisiana's 2022 census-estimated population was 4,590,241.[165]
According toimmigrationstatistics in 2019, approximately 4.2% of Louisianians were immigrants, while 2% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Honduras (18.8%), Mexico (13.6%), Vietnam (11.3%), Cuba (5.8%), and India (4.4%); an estimated 29.4% were undocumented immigrants.[166]Its documented and undocumented population collectively paid $1.2 billion in taxes.[166]New Orleans has been defined as asanctuary city.[167][168][169]
The population density of the state is 104.9 people per square mile.[170]Thecenter of populationof Louisiana is located inPointe Coupee Parish,in the city ofNew Roads.[171]According toHUD's 2022Annual Homeless Assessment Report,there were an estimated 7,373homelesspeople in Louisiana.[172][173]
Race and ethnicity[edit]
| Race and ethnicity[174] | Alone | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 55.8% | 58.7% | ||
| African American (non-Hispanic) | 31.2% | 32.6% | ||
| Hispanic or Latino[c] | — | 6.9% | ||
| Asian | 1.8% | 2.3% | ||
| Native American | 0.6% | 1.9% | ||
| Pacific Islander | 0.04% | 0.1% | ||
| Other | 0.4% | 1.1% | ||
Non-Hispanic White 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+Black or African American 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%
SeveralAmerican Indiantribes such as theAtakapaandCaddoinhabited Louisiana before European colonization, concentrated along theRed Riverand Gulf of Mexico.[175][176][177][178]At the beginning of French and Spanish colonization of Louisiana,whiteand black Americans began to move into the area.[179][180]From French and Spanish rule in Louisiana, they were joined byFilipinos,Germansand Spaniards both slave and free, who settled in enclaves within the Greater New Orleans region and Acadiana;[181][182][183][184]some of the Spanish-descended communities became theIsleñosofSt. Bernard Parish.[53]
By the 19th and 20th centuries, the state's most-populous racial and ethnic group fluctuated between white and black Americans; 47% of the population wasblack or African Americanin 1900.[185]Theblack Louisianianpopulation declined following migration to states including New York and California in efforts to flee Jim Crow regulations.[186]
At the end of the 20th century, Louisiana's population has experienced diversification again, and itsnon-Hispanic or non-Latino American whitepopulation has been declining.[153]Since 2020, the black or African American population have made up the largest non-white share of youths.[187]Hispanic and Latino Americanshave also increased as the second-largest racial and ethnic composition in the state, making up nearly 7% of Louisiana's population at the 2020 census.[153]As of 2018,[188]the largest single Hispanic and Latino American ethnicity wereMexican Americans(2.0%), followed byPuerto Ricans(0.3%) andCuban Americans(0.2%). Other Hispanic and Latino Americans altogether made up 2.6% of Louisiana's Hispanic or Latino American population. TheAsian Americanandmultiracialcommunities have also experienced rapid growth,[153]with many of Louisiana's multiracial population identifying asCajunorLouisiana Creole.[189]
At the 2019American Community Survey,the largest ancestry groups of Louisiana were African American (31.4%),French(9.6%), German (6.2%),English(4.6%),Italian(4.2%), andScottish(0.9%).[190]African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age1 were minorities.[191]
Religion[edit]
As an ethnically and culturally diverse state, pre-colonial, colonial and present-day Louisianians have adhered to a variety of religions and spiritual traditions; pre-colonial and colonial Louisianian peoples practiced variousNative American religionsalongsideChristianitythrough the establishment ofSpanishandFrench missions;[193]and other faiths includingHaitian VodouandLouisiana Voodoowere introduced to the state and are practiced to the present day.[194]In the colonial and present-dayU.S. stateof Louisiana, Christianity grew to become its predominant religion, representing 84% of the adult population in 2014 and 76.5% in 2020,[195][196]during two separate studies by thePew Research CenterandPublic Religion Research Institute.
Among its Christian population—and in common with other southern U.S. states—the majority, particularly in the north of the state, belong to various Protestant denominations.Protestantismwas introduced to the state in the 1800s, with Baptists establishing two churches in 1812, followed by Methodists; Episcopalians first entered the state by 1805.[197]Protestant Christians made up 57% of the state's adult population at the 2014 Pew Research Center study, and 53% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes.
Because of French and Spanish heritage, and their descendants the Creoles, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, southern Louisiana and Greater New Orleans are predominantly Catholic in contrast; according to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 22% of the adult population were Catholic.[196]Since Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics; for instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics, instead of Protestants.[193]As Catholics continue to constitute a significant fraction of Louisiana's population, they have continued to be influential in state politics. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among southern states.[d]TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans,Diocese of Baton Rouge,andDiocese of Lafayette in Louisianaare the largest Catholic jurisdictions in the state, located within the Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, and Lafayette metropolitan statistical areas.
Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists wereSephardic Jewswho immigrated to theThirteen Colonies.Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.[198][199]The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state includeOrthodoxandReform Judaism;Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.[200] Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat)Judah P. Benjamin,who represented Louisiana in theU.S. Senatebefore theAmerican Civil Warand then became theConfederatesecretary of state; Democrat-turned-RepublicanMichael Hahnwho was elected as governor, serving 1864–1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S. congressman;[201]DemocratAdolph Meyer,Confederate Armyofficer who represented the state in theU.S. House of Representativesfrom 1891 until his death in 1908;Republicansecretary of stateJay Dardenne,and Republican (Democratbefore 2011)attorney generalBuddy Caldwell.
Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have beenIslam,BuddhismandHinduism.In theShreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area,Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.[202]In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.[200]The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana wereSunni Islam,non-denominational IslamandQuranism,Shia Islam,and theNation of Islam.[203]
Among Louisiana's irreligious community, 2% affiliated withatheismand 13% claimed no religion as of 2014; an estimated 10% of the state's population practiced nothing in particular at the 2014 study. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 19% were religiously unaffiliated.[196]
Economy[edit]
Louisiana's population,agricultural products,abundance ofoil and natural gas,and southern Louisiana's medical and technology corridors have contributed to its growing and diversifying economy.[204]In 2014, Louisiana was ranked as one of the most small business friendly states, based on a study drawing upon data from more than 12,000 small business owners.[205]The state's principal agricultural products include seafood (it is the biggest producer ofcrawfishin the world, supplying approximately 90%), cotton,soybeans,cattle,sugarcane,poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice. Among its energy and other industries, chemical products, petroleum and coal products, processed foods, transportation equipment, and paper products have contributed to a significant portion of the state's GSP. Tourism and gaming are also important elements in the economy, especially in Greater New Orleans.[206]
ThePort of South Louisiana,located on theMississippi Riverbetween New Orleans andBaton Rouge,was the largest volume shipping port in theWestern Hemisphereand 4th largest in the world, as well as the largestbulk cargoport in the U.S. in 2004.[207]The Port of South Louisiana continued to be the busiest port by tonnage in the U.S. through 2018.[208]South Louisiana was number 15 among world ports in 2016.[209]
New Orleans,Shreveport,andBaton Rougeare home to a thriving film industry.[210]State financial incentives since 2002 and aggressive promotion have given Louisiana the nickname "Hollywood South". Because of its distinctive culture within the United States, onlyAlaskais Louisiana's rival in popularity as a setting for reality television programs.[211]In late 2007 and early 2008, a 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m2) film studio was scheduled to open inTremé,with state-of-the-art production facilities, and a film training institute.[212]Tabasco sauce,which is marketed by one of the United States' biggest producers of hot sauce, theMcIlhenny Company,originated onAvery Island.[213]
From 2010 to 2020, Louisiana'sgross state productincreased from $213.6billion to $253.3billion, the26th highestin the United States at the time.[214][215]As of 2020, its GSP isgreater than the GDPsofGreece,Peru,andNew Zealand.Ranking 41st in the United States with aper capita personal incomeof $30,952 in 2014,[216][217]its residents per capita income decreased to $28,662 in 2019.[218]The median household income was $51,073, while the national average was $65,712 at the 2019American Community Survey.[219]In July 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 5.3%;[220]it decreased to 4.4% in 2019.[221]
Louisiana has three personalincome taxbrackets, ranging from 2% to 6%. The statesales taxrate is 4.45%, andparishescan levy additional sales tax on top of this. The state also has ause tax,which includes 4% to be distributed to local governments. Property taxes are assessed and collected at the local level. Louisiana is a subsidized state, and Louisiana taxpayers receive more federal funding per dollar of federal taxes paid compared to the average state.[222]Per dollar of federal tax collected in 2005, Louisiana citizens received approximately $1.78 in the way of federal spending. This ranks the state fourth highest nationally and represents a rise from 1995 when Louisiana received $1.35 per dollar of taxes in federal spending (ranked seventh nationally). Neighboring states and the amount of federal spending received per dollar of federal tax collected were: Texas ($0.94), Arkansas ($1.41), and Mississippi ($2.02). Federal spending in 2005 and subsequent years since has been exceptionally high due to the recovery from Hurricane Katrina.
Culture[edit]
Louisiana is home to many cultures; especially notable are the distinct cultures of theLouisiana CreolesandCajuns,descendants of French and Spanish settlers in colonial Louisiana.
African culture[edit]
The French colony ofLa Louisianestruggled for decades to survive. Conditions were harsh, the climate and soil were unsuitable for certain crops the colonists knew, and they suffered from regional tropical diseases. Both colonists and the slaves they imported had high mortality rates. The settlers kept importing slaves, which resulted in a high proportion of native Africans from West Africa, who continued to practice their culture in new surroundings. As described by historianGwendolyn Midlo Hall,they developed a marked Afro-Creole culture in the colonial era.[223][224]
At the turn of the 18th century and in the early 1800s, New Orleans received a major influx of White and mixed-race refugees fleeing the violence of theHaitian Revolution,many of whom brought their slaves with them.[225]This added another infusion of African culture to the city, as more slaves inSaint-Dominguewere from Africa than in the United States. They strongly influenced the African-American culture of the city in terms of dance, music and religious practices.
Creole culture[edit]
Creoleculture is an amalgamation of French, African, Spanish (and other European), and Native American cultures.[226]Creole comes from the Portuguese wordcrioulo;originally it referred to a colonist of European (specifically French) descent who was born in the New World, in comparison to immigrants from France.[227]The oldest Louisiana manuscript to use the word "Creole", from 1782, applied it to a slave born in the French colony.[228]But originally it referred more generally to the French colonists born in Louisiana.
Over time, there developed in the French colony a relatively large group ofCreoles of Color(gens de couleur libres), who were primarily descended from African slave women and French men (later other Europeans became part of the mix, as well as some Native Americans). Often the French would free their concubines andmixed-racechildren, and pass on social capital to them.[229]They might educate sons in France, for instance, and help them enter the French Army. They also settled capital or property on their mistresses and children. The free people of color gained more rights in the colony and sometimes education; they generally spoke French and were Roman Catholic. Many became artisans and property owners. Over time, the term "Creole" became associated with this class of Creoles of color, many of whom achieved freedom long before the American Civil War.
Wealthy French Creoles generally maintained town houses inNew Orleansas well as houses on their large sugar plantations outside town along the Mississippi River. New Orleans had the largest population of free people of color in the region; they could find work there and created their own culture, marrying among themselves for decades.
Acadian culture[edit]
The ancestors ofCajunsimmigrated mostly from west central France to New France, where they settled in the Atlantic provinces ofNew Brunswick,Nova Scotia andPrince Edward Island,known originally as the French colony ofAcadia.After the British defeated France in theFrench and Indian War(Seven Years' War) in 1763, France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After the Acadians refused to swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown, they wereexpelled from Acadia,and made their way to places such as France, Britain, and New England.[230]
Other Acadians covertly remained inBritish North Americaor moved toNew Spain.Many Acadians settled in southern Louisiana in the region aroundLafayetteand the LaFourche Bayou country. They developed a distinct rural culture there, different from the French Creole colonists of New Orleans. Intermarrying with others in the area, they developed what was called Cajun music, cuisine and culture.
Isleño culture[edit]
A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the Isleños. Its members are descendants of colonists from theCanary Islandswho settled inSpanish Louisianabetween 1778 and 1783 and intermarried with other communities such asFrenchmen,Acadians,Creoles,Spaniards,and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In Louisiana, the Isleños originally settled in four communities which included Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo. The large migration ofAcadianrefugees toBayou Lafourcheled to the rapid gallicization of the Valenzuela community while the community of San Bernardo (Saint Bernard) was able to preserve much of its unique culture and language into the 21st century. The transmission of Spanish and other customs has completely halted in St. Bernard with those having competency in Spanish being octogenarians.[231]
Through the centuries, the various Isleño communities of Louisiana have kept alive different elements of their Canary Islander heritage while also adopting and building upon the customs and traditions of the communities that surround them. Today two heritage associates exist for the communities: Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society of St. Bernard as well as the Canary Islanders Heritage Society of Louisiana. TheFiesta de los Isleñosis celebrated annually in St. Bernard Parish which features heritage performances from local groups and the Canary Islands.[232]
Education[edit]
Despite ranking as the third-least educated state as of 2023, preceded by Mississippi andWest Virginia,[19]Louisiana is home to over 40 public and privatecolleges and universitiesincluding:Louisiana State Universityin Baton Rouge;Louisiana Tech Universityin Ruston, theUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayettein Lafayette; andTulane Universityin New Orleans. Louisiana State University is the largest and most comprehensive university in Louisiana;[233]Louisiana Tech University is one the most well regarded universities in Louisiana;[234][235][236]the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is the second largest by enrollment. The University of Louisiana at Lafayette became an R1 university in December 2021.[237]Tulane University is a major private research university and the wealthiest university in Louisiana with an endowment over $1.1billion.[238]Tulane is also highly regarded for its academics nationwide, consistently ranked in the top 50 onU.S. News & World Report'slist of best national universities.[239]
Louisiana's two oldest and largesthistorically black colleges and universities(HBCUs) areSouthern Universityin Baton Rouge andGrambling State Universityin Grambling. Both theseSouthwestern Athletic Conference(SWAC) schools compete against each other in football annually in the much anticipatedBayou Classicduring Thanksgiving weekend in theSuperdome.[240]
Of note among the education system, theLouisiana Science Education Actwas a controversial law passed by theLouisiana Legislatureon June 11, 2008, and signed into law by GovernorBobby Jindalon June 25.[241]The act allowed public school teachers to use supplemental materials in the science classroom which are critical of established science on such topics as the theory of evolution and global warming.[242][243]
In 2000, of all of the states, Louisiana had the highest percentage of students in private schools. Danielle Dreilinger ofThe Times Picayunewrote in 2014 that "Louisiana parents have a national reputation for favoring private schools."[244]The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% fromc. 2000–2005until 2014, due to the proliferation ofcharter schools,the2008 recessionandHurricane Katrina.Ten parishes in the Baton Rouge and New Orleans area had a combined 17% decline in private school enrollment in that period. This prompted private schools to lobby forschool vouchers.[244]
Louisiana's school voucher program is known as the Louisiana Scholarship Program. It was available in the New Orleans area beginning in 2008 and in the rest of the state beginning in 2012.[245]In 2013, the number of students usingschool vouchersto attend private schools was 6,751, and for 2014 it was projected to exceed 8,800.[246][needs update]As per a ruling fromIvan Lemelle,a U.S. district judge, the federal government has the right to review the charter school placements to ensure they do not further racial segregation.[247]
Transportation[edit]
TheLouisiana Department of Transportation and Developmentis the state government organization in charge of maintainingpublic transportation,roadways, bridges,canals,selectlevees,floodplain management, port facilities, commercial vehicles, and aviation which includes 69 airports.
Roads[edit]
In 2011, Louisiana ranked among the five deadliest states for debris/litter-caused vehicle accidents per total number of registered vehicles and population size.[citation needed]
Rail[edit]
Louisiana passenger rail | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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SixClass Ifreight railroads operate in Louisiana:BNSF,Canadian National,CPKC,CSX,Norfolk SouthernandUnion Pacific.A number of Class II and Class III railroads also carry freight.
Amtrak,the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Louisiana. All three originate atNew Orleans Union Passenger Terminal.TheCrescentservesSlidellthen runs northeast toNew YorkviaBirmingham,Atlanta,Charlotte,andWashington, D.C.TheCity of New Orleansstops atHammondbefore continuing north toChicagoby way ofJacksonandMemphis.TheSunset LimitedservesSchriever,New Iberia,Lafayette,andLake Charleson its route west toLos AngelesviaHouston,San Antonio,El Paso,andTucson.BeforeHurricane Katrina,theSunset Limitedran as far east asOrlando.
Mass transit[edit]
Predominantly servingNew Orleans,theNew Orleans Regional Transit Authorityis the largest transit agency in the state. Other transit organizations areSt. Bernard Urban Rapid Transit,Jefferson Transit,Capital Area Transit System,Lafayette Transit System,Shreveport Area Transit System,andMonroe Transit,among others.
The Louisiana Transportation Authority (under theLouisiana Department of Transportation and Development) was created in 2001 to "promote, plan, finance, develop, construct, control, regulate, operate and maintain any tollway or transitway to be constructed within its jurisdiction. Development, construction, improvement, expansion, and maintenance of an efficient, safe, and well-maintainedintermodal transportationsystem is essential to promote Louisiana's economic growth and the ability of Louisiana's business and industry to compete in regional, national, and global markets and to provide a high quality of life for the people of Louisiana. "[248]
Air[edit]
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport(MSY) is the busiest airport in Louisiana by an order of magnitude. It is also the second lowest-lying international airport in the world, at just 4.5 feet (1.4 m) above sea level. There are six otherprimary airportsin the state:Baton Rouge Metropolitan,Shreveport Regional,Lafayette Regional,Alexandria International,Monroe Regional,andLake Charles Regional.A total of 69 public-use airports exist in Louisiana.[249]
Waterways[edit]
TheGulf Intracoastal Waterwayis an important means of transporting commercial goods such as petroleum and petroleum products, agricultural produce, building materials and manufactured goods. In 2018, the state sued the federal government to repair erosion along the waterway.[250]
Law and government[edit]
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In 1849, the state moved the capital from New Orleans toBaton Rouge.Donaldsonville,Opelousas,andShreveporthave briefly served as the seat of Louisiana state government. TheLouisiana State Capitoland theLouisiana Governor's Mansionare both located in Baton Rouge. TheLouisiana Supreme Court,however, did not move to Baton Rouge but remains headquartered in New Orleans.
The current Louisiana governor isRepublicanJeff Landry.The currentUnited States senatorsare RepublicansJohn Neely KennedyandBill Cassidy.Louisiana has sixcongressional districtsand is represented in theU.S. House of Representativesby five Republicans and one Democrat. Louisiana had eight votes in theElectoral Collegefor the2020 election.
In a 2020 study, Louisiana was ranked as the 24th hardest state for citizens to vote in.[251]Louisiana has one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the United States.[252]
TheLouisiana State Penitentiary, Angolais the largestmaximum-security prisonin the United States.[253]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Louisiana is divided into 64parishes(the equivalent ofcountiesin most other states).[254]
Most parishes have an elected government known as the Police Jury,[255]dating from the colonial days. It is the legislative and executive government of the parish, and is elected by the voters. Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a president as their chairman.
A more limited number of parishes operate underhome rulecharters, electing various forms of government. This include mayor–council, council–manager (in which the council hires a professional operating manager for the parish), and others.
Civil law[edit]
The Louisiana political and legal structure has maintained several elements from the times of French and Spanish governance. One is the use of the term "parish"(from the French:paroisse) in place of "county"for administrative subdivision.[256]Another is the legal system ofcivil lawbased on French, German, and Spanishlegal codesand ultimatelyRoman law,as opposed to Englishcommon law.
Louisiana's civil law system is what the majority ofsovereign statesin the world use, especially in Europe and its former colonies, excluding those that derive their legal systems from theBritish Empire.However, it is incorrect to equate theLouisiana Civil Codewith theNapoleonic Code.Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States hadpurchasedand annexed Louisiana in 1803.[257]
The Louisiana Civil Code is the controlling authority on civil matters in the state and has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment in 1808. While some of the differences between the legal systems have been bridged due to the strong influence of common law tradition,[258]the civil law tradition is still deeply rooted in most aspects of Louisiana private law.[citation needed]Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are based mostly on traditional Roman legal thinking.[citation needed]
Marriage[edit]
In 1997, Louisiana became the first state to offer the option of a traditional marriage or acovenant marriage.[259]In a covenant marriage, the couple waives their right to a "no-fault" divorce after six months of separation, which is available in a traditional marriage. To divorce under a covenant marriage, a couple must demonstrate cause. Marriages between ascendants and descendants, and marriages between collaterals within the fourth degree (i.e., siblings, aunt and nephew, uncle and niece, first cousins) are prohibited.[260]Same-sex marriageswere prohibited by statute,[261][262]but theU.S. Supreme Courtdeclared such bans unconstitutional in 2015 inObergefell v. Hodges.Same-sex marriages are now performed statewide.Louisiana is acommunity propertystate.[263]
Elections[edit]
| Year | Republican/Whig | Democratic | Third party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 2020 | 1,255,776 | 58.46% | 856,034 | 39.85% | 36,252 | 1.69% |
| 2016 | 1,178,638 | 58.09% | 780,154 | 38.45% | 70,240 | 3.46% |
| 2012 | 1,152,262 | 57.78% | 809,141 | 40.58% | 32,662 | 1.64% |
| 2008 | 1,148,275 | 58.56% | 782,989 | 39.93% | 29,497 | 1.50% |
| 2004 | 1,102,169 | 56.72% | 820,299 | 42.22% | 20,638 | 1.06% |
| 2000 | 927,871 | 52.55% | 792,344 | 44.88% | 45,441 | 2.57% |
| 1996 | 712,586 | 39.94% | 927,837 | 52.01% | 143,536 | 8.05% |
| 1992 | 733,386 | 40.97% | 815,971 | 45.58% | 240,660 | 13.44% |
| 1988 | 883,702 | 54.27% | 717,460 | 44.06% | 27,040 | 1.66% |
| 1984 | 1,037,299 | 60.77% | 651,586 | 38.18% | 17,937 | 1.05% |
| 1980 | 792,853 | 51.20% | 708,453 | 45.75% | 47,285 | 3.05% |
| 1976 | 587,446 | 45.95% | 661,365 | 51.73% | 29,628 | 2.32% |
| 1972 | 686,852 | 65.32% | 298,142 | 28.35% | 66,497 | 6.32% |
| 1968 | 257,535 | 23.47% | 309,615 | 28.21% | 530,300 | 48.32% |
| 1964 | 509,225 | 56.81% | 387,068 | 43.19% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 230,980 | 28.59% | 407,339 | 50.42% | 169,572 | 20.99% |
| 1956 | 329,047 | 53.28% | 243,977 | 39.51% | 44,520 | 7.21% |
| 1952 | 306,925 | 47.08% | 345,027 | 52.92% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 72,657 | 17.45% | 136,344 | 32.75% | 207,335 | 49.80% |
| 1944 | 67,750 | 19.39% | 281,564 | 80.59% | 69 | 0.02% |
| 1940 | 52,446 | 14.09% | 319,751 | 85.88% | 108 | 0.03% |
| 1936 | 36,791 | 11.16% | 292,894 | 88.82% | 93 | 0.03% |
| 1932 | 18,853 | 7.01% | 249,418 | 92.79% | 533 | 0.20% |
| 1928 | 51,160 | 23.70% | 164,655 | 76.29% | 18 | 0.01% |
| 1924 | 24,670 | 20.23% | 93,218 | 76.44% | 4,063 | 3.33% |
| 1920 | 38,538 | 30.49% | 87,519 | 69.24% | 339 | 0.27% |
| 1916 | 6,466 | 6.95% | 79,875 | 85.90% | 6,641 | 7.14% |
| 1912 | 3,833 | 4.84% | 60,871 | 76.81% | 14,544 | 18.35% |
| 1908 | 8,958 | 11.93% | 63,568 | 84.63% | 2,591 | 3.45% |
| 1904 | 5,205 | 9.66% | 47,708 | 88.50% | 995 | 1.85% |
| 1900 | 14,234 | 20.96% | 53,668 | 79.03% | 4 | 0.01% |
| 1896 | 22,037 | 21.81% | 77,175 | 76.38% | 1,834 | 1.82% |
| 1892 | 26,963 | 23.47% | 87,926 | 76.53% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1888 | 30,660 | 26.46% | 85,032 | 73.37% | 199 | 0.17% |
| 1884 | 46,347 | 42.37% | 62,594 | 57.22% | 458 | 0.42% |
| 1880 | 38,978 | 37.31% | 65,047 | 62.27% | 437 | 0.42% |
| 1876 | 75,315 | 51.65% | 70,508 | 48.35% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1872 | 71,663 | 55.69% | 57,029 | 44.31% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1868 | 33,263 | 29.31% | 80,225 | 70.69% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1860 | 0 | 0.00% | 7,625 | 15.10% | 42,885 | 84.90% |
| 1856 | 0 | 0.00% | 22,164 | 51.70% | 20,709 | 48.30% |
| 1852 | 17,255 | 48.06% | 18,647 | 51.94% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1848 | 18,487 | 54.59% | 15,379 | 45.41% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1844 | 13,083 | 48.70% | 13,782 | 51.30% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1840 | 11,296 | 59.73% | 7,616 | 40.27% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1836 | 3,583 | 48.26% | 3,842 | 51.74% | 0 | 0.00% |
From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectivelydisfranchisedmost African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution,[265]this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats. Elites had control in the early 20th century, before populistHuey Longcame to power as governor.[266]In multiple acts of resistance, blacks left behind the segregation, violence and oppression of the state and moved out to seek better opportunities in northern and western industrial cities during theGreat Migrationsof 1910–1970, markedly reducing their proportion of population in Louisiana. The franchise for whites was expanded somewhat during these decades, but blacks remained essentially disfranchised until after thecivil rights movementof the mid-20th century, gaining enforcement of their constitutional rights through passage by Congress of theVoting Rights Act of 1965.
Since the 1960s, when civil rights legislation was passed under PresidentLyndon Johnsonto protect voting and civil rights, most African Americans in the state have affiliated with the Democratic Party. In the same years, many white social conservatives have moved to support Republican Party candidates in national, gubernatorial and statewide elections. In 2004,David Vitterwas the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S. senator.[267]The previous Republican senator,John S. Harris,who took office in 1868 during Reconstruction, was chosen by the state legislature under the rules of the 19th century.
Louisiana is unique among U.S. states in using a system for its state and local elections similar to that of modern France. All candidates, regardless of party affiliation, run in anonpartisan blanket primary(or "jungle primary" ) onElection Day.[268]If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote totals compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. This run-off method does not take into account party identification; therefore, it is not uncommon for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican.
Congressional races have also been held under the jungle primary system. All other states (exceptWashington,California,andMaine) use single-party primaries followed by a general election between party candidates, each conducted by either aplurality voting systemorrunoff voting,to elect senators, representatives, and statewide officials. Between 2008 and 2010, federalcongressionalelections were run under a closed primary system—limited to registered party members. However, on the passage of House Bill 292, Louisiana again adopted a nonpartisan blanket primary for its federal congressional elections.
Louisiana has six seats in theU.S. House of Representatives,five of which are currently held by Republicans and one by a Democrat. Though the state historically flips between Republican and Democratic governors, Louisiana is not classified as aswing statein presidential elections, as it has consistently voted for the Republican candidate by solid margins since backing DemocratBill Clinton in 1996.The state's two U.S. senators areBill Cassidy(R) andJohn Neely Kennedy(R).
| Louisiana's party registration as of July 1, 2024[269] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Total voters | Percentage | |||
| Democratic | 1,130,469 | 37.92% | |||
| Republican | 1,023,871 | 34.34% | |||
| Other | 826,633 | 27.73% | |||
| Total | 2,980,973 | 100.00% | |||
Law enforcement[edit]
Louisiana's statewide police force is theLouisiana State Police.In 1988, the Criminal Investigation Bureau was reorganized.[270]Its troopers have statewide jurisdiction with power to enforce all laws of the state, including city and parish ordinances. Each year, they patrol over 12 million miles (19 million kilometres) of roadway and arrest about 10,000 impaired drivers. The State Police are primarily a traffic enforcement agency, with other sections that delve into trucking safety, narcotics enforcement, and gaming oversight.
The elected sheriff in each parish is its chief law enforcement officer. They are the keepers of the local parish prisons, which house felony and misdemeanor prisoners. They are the primary criminal patrol and first responder agency in all matters criminal and civil. They are also the official tax collectors in each parish. The sheriffs are responsible for general law enforcement in their respective parishes, with the exception of Orleans Parish where this falls to the New Orleans Police Department. Before 2010, Orleans Parish was the only parish to have two sheriff's offices, with a different elected sheriff overseeing civil and criminal matters. In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both.[271]
In 2015, Louisiana had a higher murder rate (10.3 per 100,000) than any other state in the country for the 27th straight year. Louisiana is the only state with an annual average murder rate (13.6 per 100,000) at least twice as high as the U.S. annual average (6.6 per 100,000) during that period, according to Bureau of Justice Statistics from FBI Uniform Crime Reports. In a different kind of criminal activity, theChicago Tribunereports that Louisiana is the most corrupt state in the United States.[272]
According to a 2012 article inThe Times Picayune,Louisiana is the prison capital of the world. Manyfor-profitprivate prisons and sheriff-owned prisons have been built and operate here. Louisiana's incarceration rate is nearly five times Iran's, 13 times China's and 20 times Germany's. Minorities are incarcerated at rates disproportionate to their share of the state's population.[273]There are more people serving life sentences without parole in Louisiana than in Texas, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi combined.[274]
TheNew Orleans Police Departmentbegan asanctuary policyto "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on February 28, 2016.[275]
In June 19 2024,Jeff Landrysigned a bill to officially require that theTen Commandmentsbe displayed in every classroom in public schools and colleges, making it the only state to have that law.[276]
Judiciary[edit]
Thejudiciary of Louisianais defined under theconstitutionandlaw of Louisianaand comprises theLouisiana Supreme Court,theLouisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal,the district courts, the Justice of the Peace courts, the mayor's courts, the city courts, and the parish courts. The chief justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court is the chief administrator of the judiciary. Its administration is aided by the Judiciary Commission of Louisiana, theLouisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board,and the Judicial Council of the Supreme Court of Louisiana.
National Guard[edit]
Louisiana has more than 9,000 soldiers in theLouisiana Army National Guard,including the225th Engineer Brigadeand the256th Infantry Brigade.[277]Both these units have served overseas during theWar on Terror.[278][279]TheLouisiana Air National Guardhas more than 2,000 airmen, and its 159th Fighter Wing has likewise seen combat.[280]
Training sites in the state includeLouisiana National Guard Training Center PinevillenearPineville,Camp Villere nearSlidell,Camp Minden nearMinden,England Air Park(formerlyEngland Air Force Base) nearAlexandria,Gillis Long Center nearCarville,andJackson BarracksinNew Orleans.
Sports[edit]
Louisiana is the least populous state with more than onemajor professional sports leaguefranchise: theNational Basketball Association'sNew Orleans Pelicansand theNational Football League'sNew Orleans Saints.
Louisiana has 12 collegiateNCAADivision I programs, a high number given its population. The state has no NCAA Division II teams and only two NCAA Division III teams. As of 2019, theLSU Tigersfootball team has won 12Southeastern Conferencetitles, sixSugar Bowlsand four national championships.[281]
Each year New Orleans plays host to theBayou Classic,and theNew Orleans Bowlcollege football games, while Shreveport hosts theIndependence Bowl.New Orleans has hosted theSuper Bowla record eleven times,[282][283]as well as theBCS National Championship Game,NBA All-Star GameandNCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship.
TheZurich Classic of New Orleans,is aPGA Tourgolf tournament held since 1938. TheRock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras MarathonandCrescent City Classicare two road running competitions held at New Orleans.
As of 2016, Louisiana was the birthplace of the mostNFLplayers per capita for the eighth year in a row.[284]
Notable people[edit]
- Phil Anselmo,singer, songwriter, best known for being member of the metal bandPantera[285]
- Terry Bradshaw,former NFL quarterback and sports personality[286]
- James Carville,political strategist known for his success with Bill Clinton's presidential campaign[287]
- Patricia Clarkson,actress
- Ellen DeGeneres,comedian, television host, actress, writer, and producer[288]
- Armand Duplantis,pole vaulter. IAAF maleWorld Athlete of the Year2020[289]
- Mannie Fresh;DJ, producer, and rapper[290]
- Kevin Gates;rapper, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur[291]
- DJ Khaled;American DJ, record executive and media personality[292]
- Angela Kinsey,actress[293]
- Ali Landry,actress and Miss USA 1996[294]
- Jared Leto,actor and musician[295]
- Jerry Lee Lewis;singer and piano-player[296]
- Huey Long,politician[297]
- Peyton Manning,former American football quarterback[298]
- Tim McGraw,singer, actor and record producer[299]
- Tyler Perry,actor, director, producer, and screenwriter[300]
- Dustin Poirier;American mixed martial artist, currently signed to the UFC
- Zachary Richard;Cajun singer, songwriter and poet[301]
- Fred L. Smith Jr.,founder ofCompetitive Enterprise Institute[302]
- Ian Somerhalder,actor, model and director[303]
- Britney Spears;singer, songwriter, dancer and actress[304]
- Jamie Lynn Spears,singer and actress[305]
- Lil Wayne;rapper, singer, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur, and actor[306]
- Shane West,actor, singer and songwriter[307]
- Reese Witherspoon,actress[308]
- YoungBoy Never Broke Again;rapper, singer, and songwriter[309]
- $uicideboy$;singer, rapper and producer[310]
See also[edit]
- Index of Louisiana-related articles
- Outline of Louisiana
- USSLouisiana,5 ships
- USRCLouisiana
Louisiana portal
United States portal
Notes[edit]
- ^abElevation adjusted toNorth American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^Also speltLwizyannorLalwizyann.[9]
- ^Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
- ^Other Southern states have longstanding indigenous Catholic populations, and Florida's largely Catholic population of Cuban emigres has been influential since the 1960s. Yet, Louisiana is still unusual or exceptional in its extent of aboriginal Catholic settlement and influence. Among states in theDeep South(discountingFlorida's Panhandleand much of Texas) the historic role of Catholicism in Louisiana is unparalleled and unique. Among the states of the Union, Louisiana's unique use of the termparish(Frenchla paroucheor "la paroisse") forcountyis rooted in the pre-statehood role of Catholic church parishes in the administration of government.
Pronunciation
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Bibliography[edit]
- The Sugar Masters: Planters and Slaves in Louisiana's Cane World, 1820–1860by Richard Follett, Louisiana State University Press, 2007.ISBN978-0-8071-3247-0
- The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870by Hugh Thomas. 1997: Simon and Schuster. p. 548.
- Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New WorldbyDavid Brion Davis2006: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-533944-4
- Yiannopoulos, A.N.,The Civil Codes of Louisiana(reprinted from Civil Law System: Louisiana and Comparative law, A Coursebook: Texts, Cases and Materials, 3d Edition; similar to version in preface to Louisiana Civil Code, ed. by Yiannopoulos)
- Rodolfo Batiza, "The Louisiana Civil Code of 1808: Its Actual Sources and Present Relevance", 46TUL. L. REV.4 (1971); Rodolfo Batiza, "Sources of the Civil Code of 1808, Facts and Speculation: A Rejoinder", 46TUL. L. REV.628 (1972); Robert A. Pascal, Sources of the Digest of 1808: A Reply to Professor Batiza, 46 TUL. L. REV. 603 (1972); Joseph M. Sweeney, Tournament of Scholars Over the Sources of the Civil Code of 1808,46 TUL. L. REV. 585 (1972).
- The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, isCharles Gayarré'sHistory of Louisiana(various editions, culminating in 1866, 4 vols., with a posthumous and further expanded edition in 1885).
- A number of accounts by 17th- and 18th-century French explorers: Jean-Bernard Bossu, François-Marie Perrin du Lac, Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Dumont (as published by Fr. Mascrier), Fr.Louis Hennepin,Lahontan, Louis Narcisse Baudry des Lozières,Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe,and Laval. In this group, the explorerAntoine Simon Le Page du Pratzmay be the first historian of Louisiana with hisHistoire de la Louisiane(3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763)
- François Xavier Martin'sHistory of Louisiana(2 vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed. by J. F. Condon, continued to 1861, New Orleans, 1882) is the first scholarly treatment of the subject, along withFrançois Barbé-Marbois'Histoire de la Louisiane et de la cession de colonie par la France aux Etats-Unis(Paris, 1829; in English, Philadelphia, 1830).
- Alcée Fortier'sA History of Louisiana(N.Y., 4 vols., 1904) is the most recent of the large-scale scholarly histories of the state.
- The official works of Albert Phelps andGrace King,the publications of the Louisiana Historical Society and several works onthe history of New Orleans (q.v.),among them those by Henry Rightor and John Smith Kendall provide background.
External links[edit]
Definitionsfrom Wiktionary
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Resourcesfrom Wikiversity
Travel informationfrom Wikivoyage
- LouisianaatCurlie
- Louisiana Geographic Information Center
- Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities
- Louisiana Weather and TidesArchivedOctober 29, 2020, at theWayback Machine
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