Monic languages
| Monic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indochina |
| Linguistic classification | Austroasiatic
|
Early form | |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | moni1258 |
 Monic | |
 | |
TheMonic/ˈmoʊnɪk/languages are a branch of theAustroasiaticlanguage familydescended from the Old Monic language of the kingdom ofDvaravatiin what is now central Thailand. The Nyahkur people continue directly from that kingdom, whereas the Mon are descendants of those who migrated toPeguafter the 11th century Khmer conquest of Dvaravati.
Classification
[edit]Paul Sidwell(2009:114) proposes the following tree ( "stammbaum" ) for Monic, synthesizing past classifications fromTheraphan L-Thongkum(1984) andGérard Diffloth(1984).
- Old Mon / Proto-Monic
- Nyah Kur
- North
- Central
- South
- MiddleMon
- Literary Mon
- Mon Ro: Northernmost dialect, spoken in thePegu-Paung-Zin Kyaikarea
- West Mon Ro variety: Spoken from north ofMartabantoThaton
- East Mon Ro variety: Spoken in a small area on the south bank of theGyaing River
- Mon Rao: Spoken aroundMawlamyine,extending several hundred kilometers south toTavoy
- North Mon Rao
- Kamarwetarea Mon
- South Mon Rao
- Ye Mon Rao: This is the southernmost Mon variety.
- Thai Mon (mix of Mon Ro and Mon Rao)
- Nyah Kur
Proto-language
[edit]| Proto-Monic | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Monic languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
| Lower-order reconstructions |
|
Selected animal and plant names in Proto-Monic, Proto-Nyah Kur,and Proto-Mon(Diffloth1984):[1]
Mammals
[edit]species Proto-Monic Proto-Nyah Kur Proto-Mon Tupaiasp. *[c/s]naaʔ *ɕhna̱aʔ Panthera tigriscorbetti *klaaʔ *khla̱aʔ *kla̱ʔ Lutrogale perspicillata,Lutra lutranair *phɛɛʔ *phɛ̱ɛʔ *phɛ̱ʔ Bos gaurusreadei *kndiiŋ *kənti̤iɲ *kəlɤ̱i̯ɲ Rusa unicolorequinus *tɓuŋ *thbu̱ŋ *ɓɒ̱ɨ̯ŋ Rucervus eldiithamin,Cervus eldisiamensis *[r]maŋ *ləma̤ŋ *mɛ̤a̯ŋ Muntiacus muntjakvaginalis,Muntiacus feae *pas *pa̱j̊ *pɔ̱h Hystrix hodgsoni *lmliəŋ *ləmli̤aŋ *pəli̤ə̯ŋ Ursus thibetanus *kmu̱m *khmu̱m *[k]hmi̱m
Birds
[edit]species Proto-Monic Proto-Nyah Kur Proto-Mon Corvus splendens *klʔaak *kəlʔa̱ak *həɗa̱i̯c Caprimulgus macrurus *klwaaʔ *kəwa̱aʔ *kəwa̱ʔ Caprimulgus macrurus? *ʔ[m]blak *bla̱k *ʔəplɛ̤a̯k Spizaetussp. *liŋ-liəŋ *liŋ-li̤aŋ *kəni̤ə̯ŋ Gallus gallus *tjaaŋ *chja̱aŋ *ca̱i̯ɲ Psittacula eupatriaavensis,Psittacula finschii? *kreeɲ *krə̱əɲ *krʌ̱i̯ɲ Coturnixsp. *cgɯt *cəkɯ̤t *hək[i̤/ɯ̤]t Pseudogyps bengalensis? *t-[m]-maat *tə(m)ma̱at *[k]əma̱t Oriolus chinensis? *mit *mɯ̤t *mi̤t Treron phoenicopterusviridifrons *prgum *pərkṳm *həkə̤m Eudynamis scolopaceamalayana *t[]wa(a)w *t()wa̱w *kəwa̱o̯ Streptopelia orientalis *puur *pu̱ur *pɒ̱u̯
Other animals
[edit]species Proto-Monic Proto-Nyah Kur Proto-Mon Periplanetasp. *sdɛɛʔ *ɕətɛ̤ɛʔ *həte̤ʔ Apis dorsata *saaj *ɕa̱aj *sa̱i̯ Trionyx cartilageneus *dwiiʔ *[c/t]həwi̤iʔ *kwi̤ʔ Fluta alba *doŋ-nooŋ *kənto̤oŋ ~ *tṳŋ-to̤oŋ *hələ̤ɨ̯ŋ Ophiocephalus striatus *knlɔɔn *kənlu̱an *kəno̤n Varanus nebulosus *trkɔɔt *təku̱at *həko̱t
Plants
[edit]species Proto-Monic Proto-Nyah Kur Proto-Mon Bambusa arundinacea *ɟrlaaʔ *chəla̤aʔ *həlɛ̤ə̯ʔ Antiaris toxicaria *kɟiiʔ *kəci̤iʔ *kji̤ʔ Imperata cylindrica *cwooʔ *chwo̱oʔ *khwɒ̱ɨ̯ʔ Entada rheedii,Entada scandens *ɟnlɛɛʔ *khənlɛ̤ɛʔ *həne̤ʔ Eugenia cumini *kriəŋ *kri̱aŋ *kri̱ə̯ŋ Dipterocarpus alatus,Dipterocarpus turbinatus *g[]jaaŋ *khəja̤aŋ *həja̤i̯ɲ Pentaceburmanica *sit-siət *ɕit-ɕi̱at *kəsə̱t Berryamollis *klwaan *kəlwa̱an *kəlwa̱an Spondias mangifera *[k]ʔiil *[kh]əʔi̱il *ʔi̱ Ficus bengalensis,Ficus religiosa *ɟrəj *chrə̤j *sɔ̤e̯ Phyllanthus emblica *trluuj *təlu̱uj *kəlu̱i̯
Lexical innovations
[edit]Selected Moniclexical innovations:[2]
| Gloss | Proto-Austroasiatic | Proto-Monic | Old Mon | Nyah Kur |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘knee’ | *psaɲ | *ɟroːm | – | chròːm |
| ‘money’ | *swaːʔ | *knuːj | knuj | khǝnúːj |
| ‘chicken’ | *ʔiər | *tjaːŋ | tyaiŋ | cháːŋ |
| ‘dog’ | *cɔːʔ | *clur | kløw | chúr |
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^Diffloth, Gérard.1984.TheDvaravatiOld Monlanguages andNyah Kur.Monic Language Studies.Chulalongkorn UniversityPrinting House, Bangkok.
- ^Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages".The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia.De Gruyter. pp. 179–206.doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011.
References
[edit]- Sidwell, Paul (2009).Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art.LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Further reading
[edit]- Monic language studies.(1984). Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkorn University Print. House.
- Diffloth, Gérard.1984The Dvaravati Old Mon languages and Nyah Kur.Monic Language Studies. Chulalongkorn University Printing House, Bangkok.
- Eppele, John William, Carey Statezni, and Nathan Statezni. 2008.Monic bibliography.Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Eppele, John William, Carey Statezni, and Nathan Statezni. 2008.Monic bibliography with selected annotations.Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Ferlus, Michel. 1983. Essai de phonétique historique de môn. Mon-Khmer Studies 12: 1–90.
- Huffman, Franklin E. 1990. Burmese Mon, Thai Mon, and Nyah Kur: a synchronic comparison. Mon-Khmer Studies 16–17: 31–84.
External links
[edit]- SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages: The Monic Branch
- "Monic".Archived fromthe original(lecture)on 2007-09-15.Retrieved2007-09-21.
- Old Mon inscriptions