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Perak

Coordinates:4°45′N101°0′E/ 4.750°N 101.000°E/4.750; 101.000
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Perak
Peghok
Perak Darul Ridzuan
ڤيراق دار الرضوان
Other transcription(s)
Jawiڤيراق
ChinesePhích lịch(Simplified)
Phích lịch(Traditional)
Tamilபேராக்
Pērāk(Transliteration)
Motto(s):
Perak Aman Jaya
Perak Peaceful Glorious
Anthem:Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan
God Lengthen the Sultan's Age
PerakinMalaysia
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:4°45′N101°0′E/ 4.750°N 101.000°E/4.750; 101.000
CountryMalaysia
Established the Sultanate1528
Pangkor Treaty1874
Federated intoFMS1895
Japanese occupation1942
Accession into theFederation of Malaya1948
Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya31 August 1957
Capital
(and largest city)
Ipoh
Royal capitalKuala Kangsar
Government
• TypeParliamentaryconstitutional monarchy
SultanNazrin Shah
Menteri BesarSaarani Mohamad
(BNUMNO)
• Leader of the OppositionRazman Zakaria(PN-PAS)
Area
• Total20,976 km2(8,099 sq mi)
Highest elevation2,183 m (7,162 ft)
Population
(2018)[1]
• Total2,500,000 (5th)
DemonymPerakian
Demographics(2010)[2]
• Ethnic composition
• LanguagesPerak MalayKedah MalayReman MalaySemaiTemiar
Otherethnic minority languages
Time zoneUTC+8(MST[3])
Postal code
30xxx[4]to 36xxx[5]
Calling code033 to 058[6]
ISO 3166 codeMY-08, 36–39[7]
Vehicle registrationA[8]
HDI(2022)Decrease0.791[9]
high·11th
GDP(nominal)2022
• TotalIncrease$21.161 billion
(RM93.112 billion)[10](7th)
• Per capitaIncrease$8,391
(RM36,924)[10](10th)
GDP(PPP)2022
• TotalIncrease$50.768 billion (7th)
• Per capitaIncrease$23,370 (10th)
WebsiteOfficial websiteEdit this at Wikidata

Perak(Malay pronunciation:[peraʔ];Perak Malay:Peghok;Jawi:ڤيراق‎) is astateofMalaysiaon the west coast of theMalay Peninsula.Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states ofKedahto the north,Penangto the northwest,KelantanandPahangto the east, andSelangorto the south.Thailand'sYalaandNarathiwatprovinces both lie to the northeast. Perak's capital city,Ipoh,was known historically for itstin-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, severely affecting the state's economy. The royal capital remainsKuala Kangsar,where the palace of theSultan of Perakis located. As of 2018, the state's population was 2,500,000. Perak hasdiversetropical rainforestsand anequatorial climate.The state's mainmountain rangesare composed of theTitiwangsa,BintangandKeledang Ranges,where all of them are part of the largerTenasserim Hillssystem that connectsMyanmar,Thailandand Malaysia.

The discovery of an ancient skeleton in Perak revealed missing information on the migration ofHomo sapiensfrom mainlandAsiathroughSoutheast Asiato theAustraliancontinent. Known as Perak Man, the skeleton is dated at around 10,000 years old. An earlyHinduorBuddhistkingdom, followed by several other minor kingdoms, existed before thearrival of Islam.By 1528, a Muslim sultanate began to emerge in Perak, out of the remnants of theMalaccan Sultanate.Although able to resist Siamese occupation for more than two hundred years, the sultanate was partly controlled by theSumatra-basedAceh Sultanate.This was particularly the case after the Aceh lineage took over the royal succession. With the arrival of theDutch East India Company(VOC), and the VOC's increasing conflicts with Aceh, Perak began to distance itself from Acehnese control. The presence of the EnglishEast India Company(EIC) in the nearbyStraits Settlementsof Penang provided additional protection for the state, with further Siamese attempts to conquer Perak thwarted by British expeditionary forces.

TheAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824was signed to prevent further conflict between the British and the Dutch. It enabled the British to expand their control in the Malay Peninsula without interference from other foreign powers. The1874 Pangkor Treatyprovided for direct British intervention, with Perak appointing a BritishResident.Following Perak's subsequent absorption into theFederated Malay States(FMS), the British reformed administration of the sultanate through a new style of government, actively promoting amarket-driven economyand maintaining law and order while combatting theslaverywidely practised across Perak at the time. The three-yearJapanese occupationinWorld War IIhalted further progress. After the war, Perak became part of the temporaryMalayan Union,before being absorbed into theFederation of Malaya.It gained full independence through the Federation, which subsequently became Malaysia on 16 September 1963.

Perak is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. The state is known for several traditional dances:bubu,dabus,andlabu sayong,the latter name also referring to Perak's unique traditionalpottery.The head of state is theSultan of Perak,and the head of government is theMenteri Besar.Government is closely modelled on theWestminster parliamentary system,with the state administration divided into administrative districts. Islam is thestate religion,and other religions may be practised freely.MalayandEnglishare recognised as the official languages of Perak. The economy is mainly based onservicesandmanufacturing.

Etymology

[edit]

There are many theories about the origin of the name Perak.[11][12]Although not used until after 1529, the most popular etymology is "silver"(inMalay:perak);[13]associated withtinmining from the state's largemineraldeposits, reflecting Perak's position as one of the world's largest sources of tin.[11][14][15]The first Islamic kingdom established in the state was of the lineage of theSultanate of Malacca.[15]Some local historians have suggested that Perak was named after Malacca'sbendahara,Tun Perak.[11][16]In maps prior to 1561, the area is marked asPerat.[15]Other historians believe that the name Perak derives from the Malay phrase "kilatan ikan dalam air "(the glimmer offishin water), which looks like silver.[11][12]Perak has been translated intoArabicasدار الرضوان‎ (Dār al-Riḍwān), "abode of grace".[17]

History

[edit]
Historical affiliations

Sultanate of Perak1528–1895
Federated Malay States1895–1942
Empire of Japan1942–1945
Malayan Union1946–1948
Federation of Malaya1948–1963
Malaysia1963–present

Prehistory

[edit]
TheTambun rock artof theNeolithicera inTambunnearIpoh

Among the prehistoric sites in Malaysia where artefacts from theMiddle Palaeolithicera have been found areBukit Bunuh,Bukit Gua Harimau, Bukit Jawa, Bukit Kepala Gajah, and Kota Tampan in theLenggong Archaeological Heritage Valley.[18][19]Of these, Bukit Bunuh and Kota Tampan areancient lakesidesites, the geology of Bukit Bunuh showing evidence ofmeteoric impact.[20]The 10,000-year-old skeleton known asPerak Manwas found inside the Bukit Gunung Runtuh cave at Bukit Kepala Gajah.[21][22]Ancient tools discovered in the area of Kota Tampan, includinganvils,cores,debitage,andhammerstones,provide information on the migrations ofHomo sapiens.[20]Other importantNeolithicsites in the country include Bukit Gua Harimau, Gua Badak, Gua Pondok, andPadang Rengas,containing evidence of human presence in theMesolithicHoabinhianera.[23][24]

Iron socketed axe from Perak,British Museum,[25]c. 100BC–AD200

In 1959, a British artillery officer stationed at an inland army base during theMalayan Emergencydiscovered theTambun rock art,identified by archaeologists as the largestrock artsite in the Malay Peninsula. Most of the paintings are located high above the cave floor, at an elevation of 6–10 metres (20–33 ft).[26][27]Seashellsandcoralfragments scattered along the cave floor are evidence that the area was once underwater.[28]

The significant numbers of statues ofHindu deitiesand ofthe Buddhafound inBidor,Kuala Selensing, Jalong, and Pengkalan Pegoh indicate that, before thearrival of Islam,the inhabitants of Perak were mainlyHinduorBuddhist.The influence of Indian culture and beliefs on society and values in the Malay Peninsula from early times is believed to have culminated in the semi-legendaryGangga Negarakingdom.[24][29][30]TheMalay Annalsmention that Gangga Negara at one time fell underSiameserule, before Raja Suran of Thailand sailed further south down the Malay Peninsula.[31]

Sultanate of Perak

[edit]

By the 15th century, a kingdom named Beruas had come into existence.Inscriptionsfound on earlytombstonesof the period show clearIslamicinfluence, believed to have originated from theSultanate of Malacca,the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the rural areas of thePerak River.[24][32]The first organised local government systems to emerge in Perak were the Manjung government and several other governments in Central and Hulu Perak (Upper Perak) under Raja Roman and Tun Saban.[24]With the spread of Islam, a sultanate subsequently emerged in Perak; the second oldest Muslim kingdom in the Malay Peninsula after the neighbouringKedah Sultanate.[33]Based onSalasilah Raja-Raja Perak(Perak Royal Genealogy), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the Perak River by the eldest son ofMahmud Shah,the 8thSultan of Malacca.[34][35][36]He ascended to the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, first Sultan of Perak, after surviving thecapture of Malaccaby thePortuguesein 1511 and living quietly for a period inSiakon the island ofSumatra.He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang.[35]There had been no sultan in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area fromKamparin Sumatra.[37]Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca andSelangor,and from Siak, Kampar, andJambiin Sumatra. Among them was an old woman, Tok Masuka fromDaik,who raised a Temusai child named Nakhoda Kassim.[37]Before her death, she called on the ancestors ofSang Sapurbato take her place, to prevent the royal lineage from disappearing from the Malay Peninsula. Tun Saban and Nakhoda Kassim then travelled to Kampar, where Mahmud Shah agreed to their request and named his son the first Sultan of Perak.[37][38]

Perak's administration became more organised after the sultanate was established and adopted Malacca's form of elective monarchy.[12]With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s.[39][40]

Sultanate of Aceh's influence in Perak,Kedah,Pahang,andTerengganuon theMalay Peninsula,c. 1570s

Throughout the 1570s, theSultanate of Acehsubjected most parts of the Malay Peninsula to continual harassment.[35][41]The sudden disappearance of Perak's SultanMansur Shah Iin 1577 gave rise to rumours of abduction by Acehnese forces.[41]Soon afterwards, the late sultan's widow and his 16 children were taken as captives to Sumatra.[35][41]Sultan Mansur Shah I's eldest son, RajaAlauddin Mansur Syah,married an Acehnese princess and subsequently became the Sultan of Aceh. The Sultanate of Perak was left without a ruling monarch, and Perak nobles went to Aceh in the same year to ask the new Sultan Alauddin for a successor.[35]The ruler sent his younger brother to become Perak's third monarch. SultanAhmad Tajuddin Shahruled Perak for seven years, maintaining the unbroken lineage of the Malacca dynasty.[35]Although Perak did fall under the authority of the Acehnese Sultanate, it remained entirely independent of Siamese control for over two hundred years from 1612,[41][42]in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and many of the Malay sultanates in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which becametributary statesof Siam.[43][44]In 1620, the Acehnese sultanateinvadedPerak and captured its sultan.

When SultanSallehuddin Riayat Shahdied without an heir in 1635, a state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadlycholera epidemicthat swept through the state, killing many royal family members.[35]Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to Aceh's SultanIskandar Thani,who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Sultan of Perak asMuzaffar Shah II.

Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when theDutch East India Company(VOC) arrived, in the mid-17th century.[41]When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants.[45]In 1650, Aceh's SultanaTaj ul-Alamordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on the condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants.[34][45][46][47]By the following year, the VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak.[48]Following long competition between Aceh and the VOC over Perak's tin trade,[49]on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state.[35][50]

The 1670Dutch FortonPangkor Island,built as atinore warehouse by theDutch East India Company[48]

Afortwas built onPangkor Islandin 1670 as a warehouse to store tin ore mined in Perak even though Perak nobles had destroyed an earlier store structure, on orders from the Dutch base inBatavia.[48]This warehouse was also destroyed in further attacks in 1690, but was repaired when the Dutch returned with reinforcements.[48]In 1699, when the regional dominant Sultanate of Johor lost its last Malaccan dynasty sultan, SultanMahmud Shah II,Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either the Malacca or Johor Sultanates.[51]

The early 18th century started with 40 years of civil war where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, theBugisand Minang, fighting for a share of the tin revenue. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III in 1743.[51]In 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, now only holding power in the area of Upper Perak, signed a treaty with Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge under which Perak's ruler recognised the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade, agreed to sell all tin ore to Dutch traders, and allowed the Dutch to build a new warehouse fort on the Perak River estuary.[52]With construction of the new warehouse near the Perak River (also known as Sungai Perak), the old warehouse was abandoned permanently and left in ruins.[48]

The mid-18th century saw Sultan Muzaffar ruling inland Perak while the coastal region was ruled by Raja Iskandar, animosity grew between the two as Raja Iskandar was unable to reach the tin-bearing highlands while the sultan had restricted access to the strait. Reconciliation occurred later with Iskandar's marriage to the sultan's daughter. His accession in 1752 saw unprecedented peace in Perak, especially due to an alliance (which lasted until 1795) with the Dutch to protect Perak against external attacks.[53]

Semang fromGerikor Janing, Perak, 1906

When repeatedBurmese invasionsresulted in thedestruction and defeatof the SiameseAyutthaya Kingdomin 1767 by the BurmeseKonbaung dynasty,neighbouring Malay tributary states began to assert their independence from Siam.[54]To further develop Perak's tin mines, the Dutch administration suggested that its 17th sultan, Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, should allowChinese minersinto Perak. The sultan himself encouraged the scheme in 1776, requesting that additional Chinese workers be sent fromDutch Malacca.[55]TheFourth Anglo-Dutch Warin 1780 adversely affected the tin trade in Perak, and many Chinese miners left.[56]In a move which angered the Siamese court, neighbouring Kedah's SultanAbdullah Mukarram Shahthen entered into an agreement with the BritishEast India Company(EIC),cedingPenang Islandto the British in 1786 in exchange for protection.[57][58][59]

Orang Aslifrom theSenoigroup, Perak,c. 1880–1881[60]

Siam regained strength under theThonburi Kingdom,led byTaksin,after freeing itself from Burmese occupation. After repelling anotherlarge-scale Burmese invasion,theRattanakosin Kingdom(Chakri dynasty) led byRama I,as the successor of the Thonburi Kingdom, turned its attention to its insubordinate southern Malay subjects, fearing renewed attacks from Burma along the western seaboard of the Malay Peninsula.[43][61]Attention to the south was also needed because of disunity and rivalries among the various southern tributary sultanates, stemming from personal conflicts and a reluctance to submit to Siamese authority.[61]One example of this resistance was theSultanate of Pattaniunder Sultan Muhammad, who refused to aid Siam during the Siamese war of liberation. This led Rama I's younger brother,Prince Surasi,to attack Pattani in 1786. Many Malays were killed, and survivors were taken to the Siamese stronghold inBangkokasslaves.[44][54][62][63]Siam's subjugation of Pattani served as a warning to the other Malay tributary states, particularly Kedah, they too having been forced to provide thousands of men, and food supplies, throughout the Siamese resistance campaign against the Burmese.[44][64]

In 1795, the Dutch temporarily withdrew from Malacca for the duration of theNapoleonic Warsin Europe. Malacca's authority was transferred to the BritishResident.[34][65]When war ended, the Dutch returned to administer Malacca in 1818.[66]In 1818, the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade in Perak was renewed, with the signing of a new recognition treaty.[67]The same year, when Perak refused to send abunga mastribute to the Siamese court,Rama II of Siamhad Kedah attack Perak. The Sultanate of Kedah knew the intention behind the order was to weaken ties between fellow Malay states,[64][68][69]but complied, unable to resist Siam's further territorial expansion into inland Hulu Perak. Siam's tributary Malay state, theKingdom of Reman,then illegally operated tin mines in Klian Intan, angering the Sultan of Perak and provoking a dispute that escalated into civil war. Reman, aided by Siam, succeeded in controlling several inland districts.[70]

In 1821, Siam invaded andconqueredthe Sultanate of Kedah, angered by a breach of trust.[61][64][71]The exiled Sultan of Kedah turned to the British to help him regain his throne, despite Britain's policy of non-engagement in expensive minor wars in the Malay Peninsula at the time, which the EIC upheld through theGovernor-General of India.[44][69]Siam's subsequent plan to extend its conquests to the southern territory of Perak[41][66][69]failed after Perak defeated the Siamese forces with the aid of mixedBugisand Malay reinforcements from theSultanate of Selangor.[41][44][68][71]As an expression of gratitude to Selangor for assisting it to defeat Siam, Perak authorised Raja Hasan of Selangor to collecttaxesandrevenuein its territory. This power, however, was soon misused, causing conflict between the two sultanates.[72][73]

British protectorate

[edit]
1899 Malay Peninsula map
1899 map showing neighbouring Malay states Kedah,Kelantan,Perlis and Terengganu, which sent abunga masto the Siamese court every three years before their cession to theBritishunder the 1909Anglo-Siamese Treaty.Perak's interior shown under Siamese tributary theReman Kingdom,before recovery with British help in 1909.[70][74][75]
1907 Malay Peninsula map
1907 British map of the Malay Peninsula, showing Perak (green outline), theStraits Settlementsincluding Dindings (red), northern Malay Siamese tributary states (yellow), and Sultanates of Pahang andSelangor(brown and orange)

When the EIC established a British presence in Penang, the British already had a trading post inSingapore,avoiding involvement in the affairs of the nearby Malay sultanates.[76]In 1822, the British authority inIndiasent British diplomatJohn Crawfurdto Siam to negotiate trade concessions and gather information with a view to restoring the Sultan of Kedah to the throne. The mission failed.[77]In 1823, the Sultanates of Perak and Selangor signed a joint agreement to block the Dutch tin monopoly in their territories.[67]EIC policy shifted with theFirst Anglo-Burmese Warin 1824 with Siam becoming an important ally.[69]

Through its governor,Robert Fullerton,Penang tried to convince the main EIC authority in India to continue helping the Sultan of Kedah to regain his throne.[78]Throughout 1824, Siam aimed to expand its control towards Perak and Selangor.[79]The dispute between the British and Dutch formally ceased when Dutch Malacca in the Malay Peninsula was exchanged withBritish Bencoolenin Sumatra, both parties agreeing to limit their sphere of influence through the signing of the1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty.[80]In July 1825, an initial negotiation was held between Siam, represented by their tributary state theKingdom of Ligor,and the EIC.[81]The King of Ligor promised that Siam would not send its armada to Perak and Selangor, resolving the issue of its attacks. The British renounced any aspiration of conquering Perak or interfering in its administration, promising to prevent Raja Hasan of Selangor from making trouble in Perak, and to try to reconcile the differences between Selangor and Ligor.[81]A month later, in August 1825, Sultan of SelangorIbrahim Shahsigned a friendship and peace treaty with the EIC, represented by John Anderson, ending the long feud between the governments of Selangor and Perak.[82]Under the treaty, Selangor gave assurances to the British that it would not interfere in the affairs of Perak; the border between Perak and Selangor was finalised; and Raja Hasan of Selangor was to be immediately exiled from Perak, paving the way for peace between the two Malay states and the resolution of the power struggle between the British and Siam.[82]

Pangkor Island within Dindings in the British Straits Settlements,c. 1874

In 1826, the Kingdom of Ligor broke its promise and attempted to conquer Perak. A small British expeditionary force thwarted the attack. The Sultan of Perak then ceded to the British Dindings and Pangkor (the two now constituteManjung District) so that the British could suppresspirateactivity along the Perak coast where it became part of theStraits Settlements.[59]The same year, the British and Siam concluded theBurney Treaty,signed by British CaptainHenry Burneyand the Siamese government, the British agreed not to intercede in the affairs of Kedah despite their friendly relations with Kedah's ruler, and the Siamese agreed not to attack Perak or Selangor.[83][84]

Women of different ethnic groups in Perak; the majorityChinese,with someMalayandMandailingemployed astinminers in the late 19th century

The discovery of tin in Larut and rapid growth of the tin ore trade in the 19th century saw an increasing influx of Chinese labour. Later, rivalry developed between two Chinesesecret societies.This, coupled with internal political strife between two faction of Perak's local Malay rulers, escalated into theLarut Warsin 1841.[85][86]After 21 years wars, neighbouring Kedah freed itself from full Siamese rule in 1843, although it remained a Siamese tributary state until 1909.[59][68]By 1867, the link between the Straits Settlements on the Malay coast and the British authority in India was broken, with separate administration and the transfer of the respective territories to theColonial Office.[76]TheAnglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871enabled the Dutch to consolidate control over Aceh in Sumatra. This later escalated into theAceh War.[87][88]

RajaAbdullah Muhammad Shah II,whose request for British intervention in Perak's affairs resulted in the 1874Pangkor Treaty[89][90]

Internal conflicts ensued in Perak. In 1873, the ruler of one of Perak's two local Malay factions, RajaAbdullah Muhammad Shah II,wrote to the Governor of the Straits Settlements,Andrew Clarke,requesting British assistance.[89]This resulted in theTreaty of Pangkor,signed on Pangkor Island on 20 January 1874, under which the British recognised Abdullah as the legitimate Sultan of Perak.[90]In return, the treaty provided for direct British intervention through the appointment of a Resident who would advise the sultan on all matters except religion and customs, and oversee revenue collection and general administration, including maintenance of peace and order.[91]

First Federal Conference after Perak joined theFMS,[92]held in Kuala Kangsar as a mark of British regard for SultanIdris Murshidul Azzam Shah,c. 1897[93]

The treaty marked the introduction of aBritish residential system,with Perak going on to become part of theFederated Malay States(FMS) in 1895. It was also a shift from the previous British policy of non-intervention in Perak's affairs.[59][89][90][74]James W. W. Birchwas appointed as Perak's firstBritish Resident.His inability to understand and communicate well with the locals, ignorance of Malay customs, and disparagement of the efforts of the sultan and his dignitaries to implement British tax control and collection systems caused resentment. Local nationalistMaharaja Lelaand the new monarch, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, opposed him, and the following year, in 1875, Birch was assassinated through a conspiracy of local Malay dignitaries Seputum, Pandak Indut, Che Gondah, and Ngah Ahmad.[34][94]The assassination angered the British authority, and following anti-British uprisings in several areas, a major military campaign was fought by the British in Perak in 1875-76. The perpetrators were arrested and executed and the sultan and his chiefs, also suspected of involvement in the plot, werebanishedto theBritish Seychellesin theIndian Oceanin 1876.[95][96]

British female explorer, naturalist and writerIsabella Birdled by two local men in her first ride on elephant in Perak,c. 1883

During his exile, the sultan had use of a government-owned residence at Union Vale inVictoria,Mahé.The other exiled chiefs were given allowances, but remained under strict surveillance. The sultan and his chiefs were temporarily relocated toFélicité Islandfor five years, before being allowed to return to Victoria in 1882 when turmoil in Perak had subsided. The sultan led a quiet life in the Seychellois community, and had communications access toGovernment House.[97]After many years, the Sultan was pardoned following petitioning by the Seychellois and correspondence between W. H. Hawley of Government House, Mauritius, andSecretary of State for the ColoniesHenry Holland.He was allowed to return to the Malay Peninsula, and spent most of his later life in Singapore and Penang before returning toKuala Kangsarin Perak in 1922.[97][98]

Group portrait of 4th British ResidentHugh Lowand two Perak and Larut Malay rajas,c. 1880–1881

British Resident in PerakHugh Lowproved an effective administrator, preferring to adopt a generous approach that avoided confrontation with local leaders. As a result, he was able to secure the co-operation of many rajas and villagepenghuluwith his policy rather than resorting to force, despite giving transport infrastructure little attention during his term.[34][99][100]In 1882,Frank Swettenhamsucceeded Low for a second term as the Resident of Perak. During his mandate, Perak's rail and road infrastructure was put in place. Increasing numbers of labourers were brought from India, primarily to work as railway and municipalcoolies.[55][100]

PerakMalaygirls intraditional dress,Kuala Kangsar,image pre-1921

The British introduced several changes to the local political structure, exerting influence on the appointment of the sultan and restricting the power of his chiefs to Malay local matters. The sultan and his chiefs were no longer entitled to collect taxes, but received a monthly allowance from the state treasury in compensation.[101]British intervention marked the beginning of Perak's transition from a primarily Malay society to a multi-ethnic one. The new style of government worked to promote amarket-driven economy,maintain law and order, and combatslavery,seen by the British as an obstacle to economic development and incompatible with acapitalist economy.[101]

Under theAnglo-Siamese Treaty,signed in Bangkok in 1909, Siam ceded its northern Malay tributary states of Kedah,Kelantan,Perlis, andTerengganuand nearby islands toGreat Britain.Exceptions were thePataniregion, which remained under Siamese rule, and Perak, which regained the previously lost inland territory that became theHulu Perak District.[70][75]The treaty terms stipulated that the British, through their government of the FMS, would assume responsibility for all debts owed to Siam by the four ceded Malay states, and relinquish Britishextraterritorial rightsin Siam.[102]

Second World War

[edit]
Japanese charactersmap of Malaya under theoccupationof theEmpire of Japan,c. 1942

There had been aJapanese communityin Perak since 1893, managing the bus service between the town ofIpohandBatu Gajah,and runningbrothelsinKinta.[55]There were a number of other Japanese-run businesses in Ipoh, includingdentists,photo studios,laundries,tailors,barbers,and hotels. Activity increased as a result of the close relationship created by theAnglo-Japanese Alliance.[55]

JapaneseType 97 Te-Ketanks, followed by theirbicycle infantry,advancing during theBattle of Kampar,December 1941

Early in July 1941, aCeylonese Malaypoliceman serving under the British administration in Perak raised an alert after a Japanese business owner living in the same building told him thatJapanese troopswere on their way, approaching not around Singapore from the sea, as expected by the British, but fromKota Bharuin Kelantan, withbicycle infantryandrubber boats.[55]The policeman informed the British Chief Police Officer in Ipoh, but his claim was laughed off.[55]By 26 December 1941, theImperial Japanese Army(IJA) had arrived in Ipoh, the capital, moving southwards from Thailand. The following day they went on toTaiping,leaving destruction and heavy casualties in their wake.[103]The British forces, retreating from the north of the Malay Peninsula under Lieutenant-GeneralLewis Heath,had moved a further 80–100 miles (130–160 km) to the Perak River (Sungai Perak), damaging the route behind them to slow the Japanese advance.[103]With the approval of Lieutenant-GeneralArthur Percival,the British mounted a defensive stand near the river mouth and inKampar,leaving the towns of Ipoh, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping unguarded.[103]

European administrator civilians from Penang having their break in Ipoh Station before proceeding south to Singapore during the war,c. 1941

Most civil administrations were closed down, since the European administrators and civilians evacuated south.[103]By mid-December, the Japanese had reachedKrohin the interior of Perak, moving in from Kota Bharu in Kelantan. The Japanese arrived both from the east and by boat along the western coast.[103]Within 16 days of their first landings, they had captured the entire northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The British were left trying to blockade the main road heading south from Ipoh. While the defending troops briefly slowed the Japanese at theBattle of Kamparand at the mouth of the Perak River, the Japanese advance along the trunk road, followed up with bombing and water-borne incursions, forced the British to retreat further south.[103][104]

Sikhinfantry of theIndian Armyserving alongsideBritish Empiretroops during a fierce battle against theImperial Japanese Army(IJA) in Kampar,c. 1941–1942

The Japanese occupied all of Malaya and Singapore. Tokugawa Yoshichika, of theTokugawa clanwhose ancestors wereShogunswho ruled Japan from the 16th to 19th centuries, proposed a plan for reform. Under its terms,Johor,Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang, and Perlis would be restored and federated. Johor would control Perak, Selangor,Negeri Sembilan,and Malacca. An 800-square-mile (2,100 km2) area in southern Johor would be incorporated intoSingaporefor defence purposes.[105]

In the context of the military alliance between Japan and Thailand and their joint participation in theBurma campaignagainst the Allied forces, in 1943 theEmpire of Japangave Thailand its former Malay tributary states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu, which had been ceded to the British under the 1909 treaty. These territories were then administered as Thailand'sFour Malay States(Thai:สี่รัฐมาลัย), with Japanese troops maintaining a presence.[106][107]Perak suffered under harsh military control, restricted movement, and tight surveillance throughout the Japanese occupation and until 1945.[24][108]The press in occupied Malaya, including the English-language occupation-era newspaperThe Perak Times,was entirely under the control of theDōmei News Agency(Dōmei Tsushin), publishingJapanese-related war propaganda.The Dōmei News Agency also printed newspapers in Malay,Tamil,Chinese,and Japanese.[109]

The indigenousOrang Aslistayed in the interior during the occupation. Much of their community was befriended byMalayan Communist Party guerrillas,who protected them from outsiders in return for information on the Japanese and their food supplies.[110]Strong resistance came mainly from the ethnic Chinese community, whilst some Malays collaborated with the Japanese through theKesatuan Melayu Muda(KMM) movement for Malayan independence. But Malay support waned with increasingly harsh Japanese treatment of civilians during the occupation.[111]Two Chineseguerrillaorganisations operated within Perak in northern Malaya. One, the Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Army (OCAJA), was aligned with theKuomintang.The other, theMalayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army(MPAJA), was closely associated with theChinese Communist Party.Although both opposed the Japanese, there were clashes between the two groups.[112]

Sybil Kathigasu,a Eurasian nurse and member of the Perak resistance, was tortured after the JapaneseKempeitaimilitary police discovered a clandestineshortwave radioset in her home.[113][114]John Davis, an officer of the British commandoForce 136,part of theSpecial Operations Executive(SOE), trained local guerrillas prior to the Japanese invasion at the 101 Special Training School in Singapore, where he sought Chinese recruits for their commando teams.[115]Under the codename Operation Gustavus, Davis and five Chinese agents landed on the Perak coast north of Pangkor Island on 24 May 1943. They established a base camp in the Segari Hills, from which they moved to the plains to set up an intelligence network in the state.[115]In September 1943, they met and agreed to co-operate with the MPAJA, which then provided Force 136 with support and manpower. This first intelligence network collapsed, when many of its leaders, includingLim Bo Seng,were caught, tortured and killed by theKempeitaiin June 1944.[115]On 16 December 1944, a second intelligence network, comprising five Malay SOE agents and two British liaison officers, Major Peter G. Dobree and Captain Clifford, wasparachutedinto Padang Cermin, nearTemenggor LakeDam in Hulu Perak under the codename Operation Hebrides. Its main objective was to set up wireless communications between Malaya and Force 136 headquarters inKandy,British Ceylon,after the MPAJA's failure to do so.[107]

Post-war and independence

[edit]
Suspected communist collaborators, believed involved in murders of civilians in Kuala Kangsar, under guard during an operation by the53rd Indian Brigade(25th Indian Division),c. 1945

The Malay states became unstable following Japan's surrender to theAlliesin 1945. This was exacerbated by the emergence of nationalism and a popular demand for independence as theBritish Military Administrationtook over from 1945 to 1946 to maintain peace and order, before the British began introducing new administrative systems under theMalayan Union.[24]The four Malay states held by Thailand during the war were returned to the British. This was done under a proposal by theUnited States,offering Thailand admission to theUnited Nations(UN) and a substantial American aid package to support its economy after the war.[116][117]The MPAJA, under theCommunist Party of Malaya(CPM), had fought alongside the British against the Japanese, and most of its members received awards at the end of the war. However, party policy become radicalised under the authority of Perak-bornChin Peng,who took over the CPM administration after former leaderLai Teckdisappeared with party funds.[118]

NotoriousMLNAleaderLee MenginIpoh Districtduring theMalayan Emergency,c. 1951[119]

Under Chin's authority, the MPAJA killed those they considered to have been Japanese collaborators during the war, who were mainly Malays. This sparkedracial conflictand Malay retaliation. Death squads were also dispatched by the CPM to murder European plantation owners in Perak, andKuomintangleaders inJohor.The Malayan government's subsequent declaration of astate of emergencyon 18 June 1948 marked the start of theMalayan Emergency.[118][120]Perak and Johor became the main strongholds of the communist movement, the former through native-born figureheads likeAbdullah CDandRashid Maidin.[121]In the early stages their actions were not co-ordinated, and the security forces were able to counter them.[122][123]Earlier in 1947, the head of the Perak'sCriminal Investigation Department,H. J. Barnard, negotiated an arrangement with the Kuomintang-influenced OCAJA leaderLeong Yew Koh.This resulted in most OCAJA members being absorbed into the national Special Constabulary, and fighting against the MPAJA's successor, theMalayan National Liberation Army(MNLA).[112]

SirGerald Templerand his assistant, Major Lord Wynford, inspecting the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG), Perak,c. 1952

TheKinta Valley,one of the richest tin mining areas in Malaya, accounted for most of the country's tin exports to the United States. On 1 May 1952, the Perak Chinese Tin Mining Association established the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG) to protect it from the communists. Often described as a private Chinese Army, most of the KVHG's Chinese members had links to the Kuomintang.[124][125]Many of the Kuomintang guerrillas were absorbed from the Lenggong area, where there were also members of Chinese secret societies whose main purpose was to defend Chinese private property against the communists.[55]Throughout the first emergency the British authorities and their Malayan collaborators fought against the communists. This continued even after the proclamation of the independence of theFederation of Malaya,on 31 August 1957. As a result, most of the communist guerrillas were successfully pushed across the northern border into Thailand.[122]Otherradical leftnationalist movements started in Perak like those underAhmad BoestamamandBurhanuddin al-Helmy;but were eventually overwhelmed by theUnited Malays National Organisation's local mobilization in the same decade.[121]

Malaysia

[edit]

In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya,Tunku Abdul Rahman,sought to unite Malaya with the British colonies ofNorth Borneo,Sarawak,andSingapore.[126]TheFederation of Malaysiacame into being on 16 September 1963, despite growing opposition from the governments ofIndonesiaand thePhilippines,and from communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo.[127][128]The Indonesian government later initiated a "policy ofconfrontation"against the new state.[129]This prompted the British, and their alliesAustraliaandNew Zealand,to deploy armed forces, although no skirmishes arising from the Indonesian attacks occurred around Perak.[130][131]Asecond communist insurgencybegan in the Malay Peninsula in 1968. This affected Perak mainly through attacks from Hulu Perak by the communist insurgents who had previously retreated to the Thai border.[132]The Perak State Information Office launched two types ofpsychological warfareto counter the increasingcommunist propagandadisseminated from the insurgents' hide-out. The campaign against the second insurgency was carried out as two separate efforts, because communist activities in Perak were split into two factions. One faction involved infiltrators from across the Thai border; the other was a communist group living among local inhabitants.[133]

With the end of British rule in Malaya and the subsequent formation of the Federation of Malaysia, new factories were built and many new suburbs developed in Perak. But there was also risingradicalismamong local Malay Muslims, with increasingIslamisationinitiated by several religious organisations, and by Islamic preachers and intellectuals who caught the interest of both Malay royalty and commoners.[134]Good relations with the country's rulers resulted in Islamic scholars being appointed as palace officers and dignitaries, teachers, and religious judges, contributing to the further spread of Islam. Islam is now seen as a major factor that shaped current attitudes towards standing up for Malay rights.[135]

Geography

[edit]

Perak has a total land area of 20,976 square kilometres (8,099 sq mi), and is situated in the west of the Malay Peninsula on the coast of theStrait of Malacca.[1]Itsexclusive economic zone(EEZ) extends into the Strait.[136]It is the second largest Malaysian state on the Malay Peninsula, and the fourth largest in Malaysia.[137][138]The state has 230 kilometres (140 mi) of coastline, of which 140.2 kilometres (87.1 mi) are affected bycoastal erosion.[139]Mangroveforests grow along most of Perak's coast, with the exception of Pangkor Island, with its richfloraandfauna,where several of the country'sforest reservesare located.[140][141][142]

Panorama ofTaiping Lake GardensinBukit Larut,formerly a mining ground

There is extensiveswamplandalong the coastalalluvialzones of the west coast between central Perak and southernSelangor.[143]Perak has an overall totalforest coverof 1,027,404.31 hectares (2,538,771 acres), including 939,403.01 hectares (2,321,315 acres) offorest lands,41,616.75 hectares (102,837 acres) of mangroves, and another 2,116.55 hectares (5,230 acres) of forest plantations.[144]A total of 995,284.96 hectares (2,459,403 acres) of forest has been gazetted by the state government as forest reserve, scattered across 68 areas throughout the state.[145]

Limestonehills, known asmogotes,nearTambun.Tambun is located within thekarsticKinta Valley National Geopark,where such a landform dominate the landscape.

Perak's geology is characterised by eruptive masses, which form itshillsandmountain ranges.The state is divided by threemountain chainsinto the threeplainsof Kinta, Larut and Perak, running parallel to the coast.[146]TheTitiwangsa Rangepasses along the eastern borders of Perak, with its highest point, the 2,183-metre (7,162 ft)Mount Korbu,is located in the district of Kinta near the border with the state of Kelantan.[147][148]Other mountain ranges in Perak are theBintang Mountainsand theKeledang Range.Alluvium covers much of the plains, with detached masses ofsedimentary rockappearing at rare intervals.[146]

An extensive network of rivers originates from the inland mountain ranges and hills.[34]Perak's borders with the states of Kedah, Penang and Selangor are marked by rivers, including theBernamandKerian Rivers.[149]Perak has 11 majorriver basinsof more than 80 km (50 mi). Of these, thePerak Riverbasin is the largest, with an area of 14,908 km2(5,756 sq mi), about 70% of the total area of the state. It is the second largest river basin on the Malay Peninsula, after the Pahang River basin.[150]The Perak River is the longest river in the state, at some 400 km (250 mi), and is the Malay Peninsula's second longest after thePahang River.It originates in the mountains of the Perak-Kelantan-Yalaborder, snaking down to the Strait of Malacca.[151][152][153]Other major rivers include the Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, and Tiram Rivers.[154]

Perak is located in atropical regionwith a typically hot, humid and wetequatorial climate,and experiences significant rainfall throughout the year.[155]The temperature remains fairly constant, between 21 and 27 °C (70 and 81 °F).Humidityis often above 80%.[156][157]Annual rainfall is about 3,000 millimetres (120 in), the central area of the state receiving an average of 5,000 mm (200 in) of rain.[158][159]The state experiences twomonsoonseasons: the northeast and southwest seasons. The northeast season occurs from November to March, the southwest from May to September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and June. The northeast monsoon brings heavy rains, especially in the upper areas of Hulu Perak, causing floods.[160]Little effect of the southwest monsoon is felt in the Kinta Valley, although coastal areas of southern Perak occasionally experiencethunderstorms,heavy rain and strong, gusting winds in the predawn and early morning.[161][162]

Biodiversity

[edit]
Belum Rainforest Resort Outdoor Walkway onBanding IslandinTemenggor Lake

The jungles of Perak are highlybiodiverse.The state's main natural park,Royal Belum State Park,covers an area of 117,500 hectares (290,349 acres) in northern Perak. It contains 18 species offrogandtoad,67 species ofsnake,more than 132 species ofbeetle,28 species ofcicada,97 species ofmoth,and 41 species ofdragonflyanddamselfly.[163]The park was further gazetted as National Heritage Site by the federal government in 2012, and was inscribed on theWorld Heritage Site tentative listofUNESCOin 2017.[164]Royal Belum State Park also hosts an estimated 304birdspecies, includingmigratoryspecies, in addition to birds endemic to the three forest reserve areas of Pangkor Island.[165][166]Tenhornbillspecies are found within the area, including large flocks of theplain-pouched hornbill.Mammal species include theSeladang,Asian elephant,andMalayan tiger.The area is also notable for harbouring high concentrations of at least threeRafflesiaspecies.[167]The Pulau Sembilan (Nine Islands) State Park in western Perak covers an area of 214,800 hectares (530,782 acres).[168]Itscoral reefsare home tocoral reef fishspecies.[169]In addition, 173 freshwater fish species have been identified as native to the state.[170]Another natural attraction, the tin-mining ponds in Kinta District, was gazetted as a state park in 2016. The Kinta Nature Park, Perak's third state park, covers an area of 395.56 hectares (977 acres).[171][172]

Kuhl's flying gecko (Ptychozoon kuhli) in Tapah Hills

The government of Perak has stated its commitment to protecting its forests to ensure the survival ofendangered wildlifespecies, and to protect biodiversity.[173]The Perak Forestry Department is the state body responsible for forest management and preservation.[174]In 2013, the state planted some 10.9 milliontreesunder the "26 Million Tree Planting Campaign: One Citizen One Tree", associated with globalEarth Day.[175]

Widespread conversion and reclamation of mangroves andmudflatsfor economic and residential purposes has caused the rapid decline of shore birds, 86% of the reduction on the Malay Peninsula having occurred on Perak's coasts.[176]Poachingin forest reserve areas has caused a stark decline inmammalpopulations. The Perak State Park Corporation estimates that there were only 23Malayan tigersleft within the state's two forest reserves of Royal Belum and Temenggor in 2019.[177]The state government of Perak has also been blamed in part for destroying forest reserves for the lucrativewoodandpalm oilbusinesses. Records since 2009 reveal that more than 9,000 hectares (22,239 acres) of permanent forest reserves have been degazetted in the state, the latest occurring within the Bikam Permanent Forest Reserve in July 2013.[178]A number of business activities permitted by the state government have caused environmental damage, including to many of Perak's rivers, which require extensive water treatment because of severe pollution.[179][180][181]Between 1982 and 1994, the state government was embroiled in aradioactive environmental pollution controversyover the deaths of seven residents who suffered frombirth defectsandleukaemiaresulting from exposure. The factory involved was only closed and cleaned up following lengthy court action by affected residents and increasing international pressure. No responsibility has been accepted by the associated companies, the state government, or the federal government.[182][183]Although Perak has the highest number of mangrove reserves of the Malay Peninsula states, with 19 reserves in the mangroves of Matang,[184]growing uncontrolled clearance of mangroves foraquacultureprojects and residential areas is causing significantcoastal erosionin addition to the damage resulting fromclimate change.[179]

Government and Politics

[edit]
Perak State Assembly Composition
Affiliation Coalition/Party Leader Status Seats
2022 election Current

Barisan Nasional
Pakatan Harapan
Saarani Mohammad Government 33 33
Perikatan Nasional Razman Zakaria Opposition 26 26
Total 59 59
Government majority 7 7
Iskandariah Palaceon Chandan Hill, Kuala Kangsar

Perak is aconstitutional monarchy,with a ruler elected by an electoral college composed of the major chiefs.[185]The sultan is the constitutional head of Perak. The currentSultan of PerakisNazrin Shah,who acceded to the throne on 29 May 2014.[186]The main royal palace is theIskandariah Palacein Kuala Kangsar. Kinta Palace in Ipoh is used by the sultan as an occasional residence during official visits.[187][188]Other palaces in Ipoh include the Al-Ridhuan Palace, Cempaka Sari Palace, and Firuz Palace.[188]

The state government is headed by aMenteri Besar(Chief Minister), assisted by an 11-memberExecutive Council(Exco) selected from the members of thePerak State Legislative Assembly.[189]The 59-seat Assembly is the legislative branch of Perak's government, responsible for making laws in matters regarding the state. It is based on theWestminster system.Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years byuniversal suffrage.The Chief Minister is appointed on the basis of his or her ability to command a majority in the Assembly. The majority (33 seats) is currently held byBarisan Nasional(BN) andPakatan Harapan(PH).

Prior to the major British overhaul of Perak's administration,slaverywas widely practised along with a type ofcorvéelabour system, calledkerah.The chief of a given area could call on his citizens to work asforced labourwithout pay, although under normal circumstances food was still provided.[101][190]The system was created to ensure the maintenance of the ruling class. It was often described as onerous and demanding, as there were times when the call to duty, and its duration, interfered with citizens' individual work.[190]The slaves were divided into two classes:debtor-bondsmenand ordinary slaves. The debtor-bondsmen had the higher status, being ranked as free men and acknowledged as members of their masters' society. In contrast, the ordinary slaves had no prospect of status redemption. As Islam does not allow enslavement of fellow Muslims, the ordinary slaves came mainly from non-Muslim groups, especially the Orang Asli,Batak,andAfricanspurchased by Malays onpilgrimageinMecca.[110][190]

State administration issues and subsequent 2009 constitutional crisis

[edit]

The oppositionPakatan Rakyat(PR) coalition won Perak in the2008 general election.Although theDemocratic Action Party(DAP) had won the most seats of the opposition parties,Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddinof thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party(PAS) was appointedMenteri Besarof the state.[191]This happened because the state constitution states that theMenteri Besarmust be aMuslim,unless the sultan specially appoints a non-Muslim to the office.[192][193]As the DAP did not have any Muslim assemblymen in Perak at that time, theMenteri Besarhad to come from one of its two allied parties, thePeople's Justice Party(PKR) or the PAS.[192]However, the national ruling party,Barisan Nasional(BN), gained control over the state government administration when three PR assemblymen,Hee Yit Foong(Jelapang), Jamaluddin Mohd Radzi (Behrang), and Mohd Osman Mohd Jailu (Changkat Jering) defected to the BN as independent assemblymen during the crisis, on 3 February 2009.[194][195]A statement from the office of the Sultan of Perak urged the PRMenteri Besarto resign, but also refused to dissolve the State Legislative Assembly, which would have triggered new elections.[196]Amid multiple protests, lawsuits and arrests, a new BN-led Assembly was sworn in on 7 May. The takeover was then ruled illegal by theHigh Courtin Kuala Lumpur, on 11 May 2009, restoring power to the PR.[197][198]The following day, theCourt of Appeal of Malaysiasuspended the High Court ruling pending a new Court of Appeal judgment. On 22 May 2009, the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court's decision and returned power to the BN. Many opposition party supporters believed that the crisis was effectively a "power grab", in which the democratically elected government was ousted through the political machinations of the more dominant national ruling party.[198][199]

Departments

[edit]
  • Perak State Finance Office[200]
  • Perak Irrigation and Drainage Department[201]
  • Perak State Forestry Department[202]
  • Perak Social Welfare Department[203]
  • Perak Syariah Judiciary Department[204]
  • Perak Public Works Department[205]
  • Perak State Islamic Religious Affairs Department[206]
  • Perak Public Service Commission[207]
  • Perak State Agriculture Department[208]
  • Office of Lands and Mines Perak[209]
  • Perak State Mufti Office[210]
  • Perak Town and Country Planning Department[211]
  • Department of Veterinary Services of Perak[212]

Statutory bodies

[edit]
  • Perak Islamic Religious and Malay Customs Council[213]
  • Perak State Public Library Corporation[214]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Perak is divided into 12districts(daerah), 81mukims,and 15 local governments.[215][216]There are district officers for each district and a village headperson (ketua kampungorpenghulu) for each village in the district. Before the British arrived, Perak was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan who held rights to collect taxes and duties.[101]The British developed a more organised administration following Perak's integration into theFederated Malay States(FMS). The FMS government created two institutions, the State Council and the Malay Administrative Service (MAS).[101]The two institutions encouraged direct Malay participation and gave the former ruling class a place in the new administrative structure. Most of the sultan's district chiefs removed from authority at that time were given new positions in the State Council, although their influence was restricted to Malay social matters raised in council business. The sultan and the district chiefs were compensated for their loss of tax revenue with a monthly allowance from the state treasury.[101]

The role of the localpenghuluschanged considerably when they were appointed no longer by the sultan but by the British Resident.[217]Colonial land policy introduced individual landholding, thereby making land a commodity, and thepenghuluwere then involved in matters relating to this property.[101]The Perak State Council was established in 1875 to assist the British Resident in most administrative matters. It also brought together the Malay chiefs and Chinese leaders (Kapitan Cina) to deal with certain administrative issues relating to Perak's growing Malay and Chinese populations.[101]The State Council also helped provide education and training to assist Malays in qualifying for government positions. When the post of the FMS Resident was abolished, other European-held administrative posts were gradually occupied by local appointees. As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government.[101]

Administrative divisions of Perak
UPI code[215] Districts Population
(2010 census)[2]
Area
(km2)[218]
Seat Mukims
0801 Batang Padang 123,600 1,794.18 Tapah 4
0802 Manjung 227,071 1,113.58 Seri Manjung 5
0803 Kinta 749,474 1,305 Batu Gajah 5
0804 Kerian 176,975 921.47 Parit Buntar 8
0805 Kuala Kangsar 155,592 2,563.61 Kuala Kangsar 9
0806 Larut, Matang and Selama 326,476 2,112.61 Taiping 14
0807 Hilir Perak 128,179 792.07 Teluk Intan 5
0808 Hulu Perak 89,926 6,560.43 Gerik 10
0809 Selama 3
0810 Perak Tengah 99,854 1,279.46 Seri Iskandar 12
0811 Kampar 96,303 669.8 Kampar 2
0812 Muallim 69,639 934.35 Tanjung Malim 3
0813 Bagan Datuk 70,300 951.52 Bagan Datuk 4
Note: Population data for Hilir Perak, Bagan Datuk, Batang Padang, and Muallim are based on district land office data. Selama is an autonomous sub-district (daerah kecil) under Larut, Matang and Selama.[219]Most districts and sub-districts have a single local government, excepting Hulu Perak and Kinta, respectively divided into three (Gerik, Lenggong and Pengkalan Hulu), and two (Batu Gajah and Ipoh) local councils. Bagan Datuk remains under the jurisdiction of Teluk Intan council.

On 26 November 2015, it was announced that theBatang Padang Districtsub-district of Tanjung Malim would become Perak's 11th district, to be calledMuallim.[220][221]Sultan Nazrin officiated at its formal creation on 11 January 2016.[222]On 9 January 2017, the sultan proclaimedBagan Datukthe 12th district of the state.[223]The proclamation marked the start of transformation for the district, one of the biggestcoconutproducers in Malaysia.[224][225]

Economy

[edit]

Perak GDP Share by Sector (2016)[226]

Services (60.9%)
Manufacturing (18.5%)
Agriculture (16.1%)
Construction (4.0%)
Fishing villageinKuala Sepetangilluminated by lamps during theblue hour.Agriculture, especiallyfreshwater fishandprawn farming,is a major economic sector in Perak, along with services and manufacturing.

From the 1980s on, Perak began an economic transition away from theprimary sector,where for decades income was generated by thetin miningindustry.[227][228]Early in 2006, the state government established the Perak Investment Management Centre (InvestPerak) to serve as the contact point for investors in themanufacturingandservicessectors.[229]The state's economy today relies mainly on thetertiary sector.[230]In 2017, thetourism industrycontributedRM201.4 billion (14.9%) to the stategross domestic product(GDP).[231]

Through theEleventh Malaysia Plan(11MP), the state has set targets under its five-year 2016–2020 development plan, including economic development corridor targets for Southern Perak.[232]Perak has several development corridors, with a different focus for each district.[233]A 20-year masterplan was also formulated in 2017 to drive economic development in the state, with a development value of up to RM30 billion.[234]

In the first quarter of 2018, the state received a total of RM249.8 million in investments. A year later, investments in the first quarter of 2019 had increased to RM1.43 billion. Perak ranks fifth afterPenang,Kedah,Johorand Selangor in total value of investments.[235]In 2018, investments of RM1.9 billion were planned for the implementation of a range of manufacturing projects and associated factory construction from 2019.[236]

Since 2005, Perak has made efforts to remain the biggestagriculturalproducer in Malaysia.[237]In 2008, the state sought to legalise theprawn-farmingindustry, mostly located in western Perak with some activity inTanjung Tualang.[238][239][240]In 2016, some 17,589 young people in Perak were involved in implementing a range of state initiatives in Perak's agriculture sector.[241]In 2019, the Perak State Agriculture Development Corporation (SADC) launched the Perak AgroValley Project to increase the state's agricultural production. This initiative covers an area of 1,983.68 hectares (4,902 acres) in the Bukit Sapi Mukim Lenggong region.[242][243]Most of Perak's abandoned tin mine lakes provide suitable environments for the breeding offreshwater fish.65% of abandoned mines have been used for fisheries production, with 30% of the fish exported to neighbouringSingaporeand Indonesia.[244]To further improve agricultural productivity and meet increasing demand, the state plans to expand the permanent cultivation ofvegetables,flowers,coconut,palm oil,durian,andmango,in different areas throughout Perak.[245]The construction sector accounted for 5.6% of Perak's economic growth in 2015, dropping to 4.0% the following year. Development andhousing projectsrepresented the sector's major contribution to the state's economic growth.[246]

Tourism

[edit]
Historic architecture of Perak, clockwise from top right:Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan,Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery,Perak Royal Museum,Kellie's Castle

The tertiary sector is Perak's main economic sector. In 2018, the state was the second most popular destination fordomestic touristsin Malaysia, after the state ofPahang.[247]Perak's attractions include the royal town of Kuala Kangsar and its iconic buildings, such as the Iskandariah Palace, Pavilion Square Tower,Perak Royal Museum,Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery,andUbudiah Mosque.[248][249][250]The British colonial legacy in Perak includes the Birch Memorial Clock Tower, Ipoh High Court, Ipoh railway station, Ipoh Town Hall and Old Post Office,Kellie's Castle,Majestic Station Hotel,Malay College Kuala Kangsar,Maxwell Hill(Bukit Larut),Perak State Museum,[251]Royal Ipoh Club, St. John Church, and Taiping Lake Gardens.[252]The historical events of the local Malay struggle are remembered in thePasir Salak Historical Complex.[253][254]There are also several historical ethnic Chinese landmarks, mainly in Ipoh, the capital. They include the Darul Ridzuan Museum building,[255]a former wealthy Chinese tin miner's mansion; Han Chin Pet Soo, a former club for Hakka miners and haven of shadowy activities;[252]and theLeaning Tower of Teluk Intan.[256]

Road bridge passing the Royal Belum Rainforest during blue hour

The state also contains a number of natural attractions, includingbird sanctuaries,caves,forest reserves, islands, limestone cliffs, mountains, and white sandy beaches. Among the natural sites areBanding Island,Belum-TemengorForest Reserve,[257]Kek Lok Tong Cave Temple and Zen Gardens,[258]Kinta Nature Park,[258]Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Mount Yong Belar,[258]Pangkor Island,[259]Tempurung Cave,[260]and Ulu Kinta Forest Reserve.[258]Recreational attractions include the Banjaran Hotsprings Retreat,[261]D. R Seenivasagam Recreational Park,[262]Gaharu Tea Valley Gopeng,[263]Go Chin Pomelo Nature Park,[264]Gunung Lang Recreational Park,[258]Kinta Riverfront Walk,[261]Kuala Woh Jungle Park,[261]Lang Mountain,[261]Lost World of Tambun,[265]My Gopeng Resort,[261]Perak Herbal Garden,[261]Sultan Abdul Aziz Recreational Park, and Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park.[262]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Old and new infrastructure in capital cityIpoh[266]

Perak has a 2016–2020 state government development plan. A Development Fund amounting to RM397,438,000 was approved by the State Legislative Assembly in 2016.[267]The 2018 Budget allocated Perak a further RM1.176 billion, of which RM421.28 million was earmarked for development expenditure, and RM755.59 million for management costs.[268][269]In addition to attracting investors, the state government is working to improve and build new infrastructure. The new government elected in 2018 announced its intention to continue development projects initiated by the previous government for all districts in Perak.[270]

Energy and water resources

[edit]

Electricity distribution in Perak is operated and managed by theTenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB). TheTemenggor Power Stationin Gerik has a capacity of 348MW,the largest of the manyhydroelectric plantsin the state. Built by the British,Chenderoh Power Station,the state's oldest hydroelectric dam power station, has a capacity of 40.5 MW.[271]Other hydroelectric power stations include the Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station (120 MW), Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Hydroelectric Power Station (72 MW), Sungai Piah Lower Power Station (54 MW), and Sungai Piah Upper Power Station (14.6 MW).[272][273]The 4,100 MW Manjung Power Plant, also known as the Sultan Azlan Shah Power Station, is acoal-fired power stationlocated on anartificial islandoff the Perak coast. It is owned and operated by TNB Janamanjung, a wholly ownedsubsidiaryof the TNB. The plant is considered one of the biggestIndependent Power Producer(IPP) projects in Asia.[274]The GB3combined cycle power plantin Lumut, operated byMalakoff,has a capacity of 640 MW.[275]

The state's pipedwater supplyis managed by the Perak Water Board (PWB), a corporate body established under the Perak Water Board Enactment in 1988. It serves over 2.5 million people, and is among the biggest water operators on the Malay Peninsula, after Selangor and Johor. Before the PWB was established, water services were initially provided by the Perak Public Works Department, and subsequently by the Perak Water Supply Department.[276]The state's water supplies mainly come from its two major dams, the Air Kuning Dam in Taiping and the Sultan Azlan Shah Dam in Ipoh.[277]

Telecommunications and broadcasting

[edit]

Telecommunications in Perak was originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department, and maintained by the BritishCable & Wireless Communications,responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.[278][279]The first telegraph line, connecting the British Resident's Perak House in Kuala Kangsar to the house of the Deputy British Resident at Taiping, was laid by the Department of Posts and Telegraph in 1874.[280]Further lines were then built to link all of the key British economic areas of the time, and in particular the British Straits Settlements territory.[281][282]Following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, in 1968 the telecommunications departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later becameTelekom Malaysia(TM).[279]The state remains committed to full co-operation with the federal government to implement the latest telecommunications development projects in Perak.[283]

Perak is set to become the first Malaysian state to introduce the National Fiberisation and Connectivity Plan (NFCP) for high-speed Internet in rural areas.[284]Television broadcasting in the state is divided intoterrestrialandsatellite television.There are two types offree-to-airtelevision providers:MYTV Broadcasting(digital terrestrial) andAstro NJOI(satellite), whileIPTVis accessed viaUnifi TVthrough the UniFifibre opticinternet subscription service.[285][286]The Malaysian federal government operates one state radio channel, Perak FM.[287]

Transport

[edit]
Clockwise from top right:Tanjung Malim railway station,Pangkor Island ferry,Sultan Azlan Shah Airport,and theNorth–South Expresswayof Ipoh
Rush hourtraffic atduskinKampar
A PerakTransit bus at Kuala Kangsar road,Ipoh

Malaysia'sNorth–South Expresswayconnects Perak with the other west coast Malaysian states and federal territories. Perak has two categories of road, as at 2016 totalling 1,516 kilometres (942 mi) offederal roads,and 28,767 kilometres (17,875 mi) ofstate roads.[288]A new highway, theWest Coast Expressway,is being built to link the coastal areas of the state and reduce the growingtraffic congestion.[289]Perak has adual carriagewayroad network, and follows theleft-hand traffic rule.Towns provide public transport, including buses, taxis, andGrabservices. Under theEleventh Malaysia Plan(11MP), around 23 infrastructure projects, worth RM4.7 billion, have been implemented. These include 11 road projects for the state, involving allocations of RM1.84 billion for upgrade and expansion works carried out by thePublic Works Department(PWD).[290]

Ipoh railway station,on Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab in the state capital, is the oldest station of Perak's rail network. It was built by the British in 1917, and upgraded in 1936.[291][292]In 2019, an integrated development project was launched to upgrade the railway station and its surrounding areas.[293]Boat servicesprovide the main transport access to Pangkor Island, in addition to air travel.[294]Sultan Azlan Shah Airportis Perak's main international airport, acting as the main gateway to the state. Other public airports includePangkor AirportandSitiawan Airport,and there are private or restricted airfields such asJendarata Airportand the militaryTaiping Airport.[295]

Healthcare

[edit]
Taiping HospitalinTaiping

Health services in Perak are administered by the Perak State Health Department (Malay:Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Perak). The state's main government hospital is the 990-bed Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, previously known as the Ipoh Hospital, which also incorporates the women's and children's hospital.[296]Other hospitals include four specialist hospitals:Taiping Hospital,Teluk Intan Hospital, Seri Manjung Hospital, and the minor speciality Slim River Hospital; nine district hospitals: Batu Gajah Hospital, Changkat Hospital, Gerik Hospital, Kampar Hospital, Kuala Kangsar Hospital, Parit Buntar Hospital, Selama Hospital, Sungai Siput Hospital, Tapah Hospital; and one psychiatric hospital: Bahagia Ulu Kinta Hospital.[297]Other public health clinics,1Malaysia clinics,and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state. There are a number of private hospitals, including the Anson Bay Medical Centre, Apollo Medical Centre, Ar-Ridzuan Medical Centre, Colombia Asia Hospital, Fatimah Hospital, Ipoh Pantai Hospital, Ipoh Specialist Centre, Kinta Medical Centre, Manjung Pantai Hospital, Perak Community Specialist Hospital, Sri Manjung Specialist Hospital, Taiping Medical Centre, and Ulu Bernam Jenderata Group Hospital.[298]In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000.[299]

Education

[edit]
Chinese architectureofUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman(UTAR) Campus Grand Hall, Kampar, at night[300]

All primary and secondary schools are within the jurisdiction of the Perak State Education Department, under the guidance of the nationalMinistry of Education.[301]Among the oldest schools in Perak are theKing Edward VII School(1883), the Anglo-Chinese School (1895), andSt. Michael's Institution(1912).[302]As of 2019, Perak had a total of 250 government secondary schools,[303]sixinternational schools(City Harbour International School,[304]Fairview International School Ipoh Campus,[305]Imperial International School Ipoh,[306]Seri Botani International School,[307]Tenby Schools Ipoh,[308]and the Westlake International School),[309]and nineChinese independent schools.[310]There is one Japanese learning centre, located in the state capital, Ipoh.[311]Sultan Idris Education Universityis the solepublic university,and there are threeprivate universities:theUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman(UTAR), Quest International University,[312]andUniversiti Teknologi Petronas,as well as the campus branch of theUniversity of Kuala LumpurMalaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (UniKL MIMET),[313]and the University of Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP).[314][315]Other colleges include the Cosmopoint College, Maxwell College Ipoh, Olympia College Ipoh, Sunway College Ipoh, Syuen College, Taj College, Tunku Abdul Rahman College Perak Branch Campus, and WIT College Ipoh Branch. There are several polytechnics, including theSultan Azlan Shah PolytechnicinBehrang,andUngku Omar Polytechnicin Ipoh.[316][317]

Demography

[edit]

Ethnicity and immigration

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19701,569,139
19801,743,655+11.1%
19911,877,471+7.7%
20001,973,368+5.1%
20102,299,582+16.5%
20202,496,041+8.5%
Source:[318]
Ethnic groups in Perak (2010)[2]
Ethnic Percent
Malay
52.0%
Chinese
29.0%
Indian
11.0%
OtherBumiputera
2.7%
Non-Malaysian citizen
2.9%

The 2015 Malaysian Census reported the population of Perak at 2,477,700, making it the fifth most populous state in Malaysia, with a non-citizen population of 74,200.[319]Of the Malaysian residents, 1,314,400 (53.0%) areMalay,713,000 (28.0%) areChinese,293,300 (11.0%) areIndian,and another 72,300 (2.9%) identified as otherbumiputera.[319]In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 2,299,582, with 1,212,700 (52.0%) Malay, 675,517 (29.0%) Chinese, 274,631 (11.0%) Indian, and another 62,877 (2.7%) from other bumiputera.[2]Once the most populous state during the British administration under the FMS, Perak has yet to recover from the decline of the tin-mining industry.[190][320]The associated economic downturn resulted in a massive manpower drain to higher-growth states such asPenang,Selangor, andKuala Lumpur.[321][322]

The current constitution defines Malays as someone who is Muslim and assimilated with Malay community[citation needed]Traditionally, the nativeMalaysmostly live inLenggong,Gerik,Kinta,BotaandBeruaswhile the Javanese mostly lived in Hilir Perak, comprising Bagan Datuk,Batak Rabit,Sungai Manik, Teluk Intan, and a few other places along the Perak shores. The Mandailing andRawapeople were mostly in Gopeng, Kampar,Tanjung Malim,and Kampung Mandailing at Gua Balak. These people had mostly come from neighbouring Selangor, escaping theKlang War.[citation needed]The Buginese are found in Kuala Kangsar, especially in Kota Lama Kiri andSayong.The few Minangkabau people in the state lived among the other ethnic groups with no distinct villages or settlements of their own.[citation needed]As of 2015, there were some 3,200Malaysian Siamesein Perak, a legacy of the Siamese presence in the northern Malay states.[323]There is also a scatteredAcehnesepresence, dating back to the rule of theSultanate of Aceh.[citation needed]

Perak's highestpopulation densityis mainly concentrated in the coastal and lowland areas. The Chinese and Indian population represents a higher percentage of the state's total population than in the neighbouring northern Malay states.[324]The presence of these groups was particularly significant after the British opened many tin mines and extensive rubber plantations in the mid-19th century. More than half of Perak's inhabitants in the 1930s wereChinese immigrants.[325]Perak's Indian community is mostly ofTamilethnicity, although it also includes other South Indian communities such as theMalayalees,principally in Sitiawan, Sungai Siput, Trolak and Kuala Kangsar; theTelugus,in Teluk Intan and Bagan Datuk; and theSikhs,scattered in and around Perak, predominantly inIpohandTanjung Tualang.[326][failed verification][327][failed verification]

Population density is relatively low in much of Perak's interior, where the indigenousOrang Asliare scattered, including in the northernmost border district of Hulu Perak.[324]The indigenous people originally inhabited most of Perak's coastal areas, but were pushed deeper into the interior with the arrival of increasing numbers of Javanese, Banjar, Mandailing, Rawa, Batak, Kampar, Bugis and Minangkabau immigrants in the early 19th century. The Orang Aslioral traditionspreserve stories of Rawa and Batak atrocities and enslavement of the aboriginal population.[110]

Religion

[edit]
Place of worshipin Perak, clockwise from top right:Sam Poh Tong Temple,St. John Church, Kallumalai Murugan Temple and theUbudiah Mosque
Religion in Perak (2010)[328]
Religion Percent
Islam
55.3%
Buddhism
25.4%
Hinduism
10.9%
Christianity
4.3%
Unknown
0.7%
Chinese folk religion
1.7%
No religion
0.9%
Others
0.8%

As in the rest of Malaysia,Islamis recognised as thestate religion,although other religions may be freely practised.[329][330]According to the 2010 Malaysian Census, Perak's population was 55.3%Muslim,25.4%Buddhist,10.9%Hindu,4.3%Christian,1.7%Taoistor followers ofChinese folk religion,0.8% other religions or unknown, and 0.9% non-religious.[328]The census indicated that 83.7% of Perak's Chinese population identified as Buddhist, with significant minorities identifying as Christian (9.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (5.8%), and Muslim (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindu (87.6%), with significant minorities identifying as Christian (6.01%), Muslim (2.67%), and Buddhist (1.0%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantlyirreligion(28.2%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslim (24.1%), and Christian (22.9%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslim.Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysiadefines professing the Islamic faith as one of the criteria of being a Malay.[328][331]

Languages

[edit]
Malay languageroad sign with English location name in Ipoh
Road sign nearIpoh City Council

As a multi-ethnic state, Perak is also linguistically diverse. The main local variety of Malay spoken in the state isPerak Malay,which is characterised by its "e" (as in "red",[e]) and its "r", like theFrench"r" ([ʁ]). It is commonly spoken in central Perak, more specifically in the districts ofKuala KangsarandPerak Tengah.[332][333]Speakers of the northernKedah Malaydialect are also found in the northern part of Perak, comprisingKerian,Pangkor Island, andLarut, Matang and Selamadistricts.[334]In the northeastern part of Perak (Hulu Perak), and some parts of Selama and Kerian, the Malay people speak another distinct Malay language variant known asReman Malayor locally known asBasa Ulu/Grik(named afterGrik), which is most closely related toKelantan-Pattani Malayin Kelantan andsouthern Thailand(Yawi) due to geographical proximity and historical assimilation.[333]In the southern parts of Perak (Hilir Perak and Batang Padang), and also in the districts of Kampar and Kinta and several parts of Manjung, the dialect spoken is heavily influenced by the southern Malay dialects of the peninsula such as Selangor, Malacca, and Johore-Riau Malay. It is also influenced by several languages of the Indonesian archipelago:Javanese,Banjar,Rawa(a variety ofMinangkabau),Batak(Mandailing), andBuginese,as a result of historical immigration, civil wars such as the Klang War, and other factors.[333]

Among Perak's various Chinese ethnicities,Malaysian Cantonesehas become thelingua franca,although a number ofdialectsare spoken includingCantonese,Hakka,Mandarin,Teochew,Hokkien,andHokchiu.[327][335][336]

The Tamil community mainly speaks aMalaysiandialect of theTamil language;theMalayaleesspeakMalayalam;the Telugus speak theTelugu language;and the Sikhs speakPunjabi.[327]Over time,Tamilbecame a lingua franca among Perak's different Indian communities as Tamil-speaking people became the majority in several west coast Malaysian states with higher Indian populations.[325][327]A small number ofSinhalaspeakers also found in parts of the state capital, Ipoh.[327]

Several Orang Asli languages are spoken within the state, all belonging to theAslianbranch of theAustroasiatic languages.These languages areLanoh,Temiar,Jahai,Kensiu,Kintaq,andSemai.

Members of the Siamese community mainly speak aSouthern Thaivariant, and are fluent in Malay, also having some knowledge of some of the Chinese dialects. With the multi-ethnic make-up of Perak's society, some people speak more than one language.[337][338]

Culture

[edit]
Multiculturalism in Perak. Clockwise from top right:Thaipusamfestival, Cultural Parade, andCantonese operaperformance
Labu sayongpotterytraditional in Kuala Kangsar[339]

Perak'smulticulturalsociety reflects the influences of different ethnicities throughout its history. Several Malay art forms, such asembroideryand performances likedabus,show apparentArab culturalinfluence. The state's characteristic embroidery,tekat emas(gold embroidery), was once presented to royalty. Designs are based onfloral,animal, andgeometricmotifs.[340]Dabushas existed for some 300 years, and is inseparable from a ritual involvingincantation.[341]It was brought to Perak by traders from Sumatra, and practised by the Malay community in Lumut, Pasir Panjang Laut Village in Sitiawan, and Teluk Intan.[342]The traditional Malaypotteryhandicraft calledlabu sayongis part of the art heritage of Kuala Kangsar. Its unique design is uninfluenced by foreign techniques.[339]Labu sayongis associated with a dance called thesayong.[343]Another dance local to the Malays of Perak is thebubu,known for 120 years, which originates from Tanjung Bidara Village on Tiga Parit Island.[344]

Cantonese operaonce flourished in the town of Ipoh, as the majority of Chinese there were Cantonese.[345][346][347]Thehistory of China,and particularlyHong Kong,is recreated in Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village (nicknamed LittleGuilin) in Ipoh, with painted wooden structures around a lake set among limestone hills and caves.[348][349]Another ethnic Chinese cultural location in Perak isBercham,originally calledWo Tau Kokin Cantonese in the 1950s. The area was formerly a tin mining centre, which also become one of the relocation points for Malayan ethnic Chinese during the British era under the government'sBriggs Planto protect and distance them from communist influence.[350][351]Perak's Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities, representing its three main ethnic groups, each have their own traditional arts and dance associations to maintain and preserve their respective cultural heritage.[352]

Cuisine

[edit]
Ipoh white coffee,Perak's signaturedrink[353]

As a melting pot of different cultures, Perak features various cuisines.Lemang,a Malay delicacy made fromglutinous ricecooked in abambootube over a slow fire, is very popular in the state. It is mainly served during the festivities ofEid al-Fitr(Hari Raya Aidilfitri) andEid al-Adha(Hari Raya Haji), along withrendang.[354]The method of its preparation is believed to derive partly from the indigenous Orang Asli of Perak, explaining the origins of the dish. Another popular Malay delicacy istempoyak,a durian extract that is preserved and kept in a traditional urn. It is commonly mixed withbird's eye chillies,and eaten with other dishes.[354]Chinese cuisineis very common in Perak, because of the state's history of Chinese migration and trade relations over centuries. It was traditionally popular chiefly in Ipoh. Through over 2,000 years of contact with India, theinfluence of Indian cuisinealso spread in Perak.[354]The state is particularly known as a producer of the Balipomelo(limau bali). This fruit was introduced by Hugh Low, Perak's fourth British Resident, who broughtseedlingsfrom the neighbouringDutch East Indiesand distributed them both in Penang and in Perak (mainly in Tambun).[355]Other districts are also known for their agricultural production: Bidor for itsguava,Hulu Perak (durian), Menglembu (groundnut), and Tapah (petai).[356]Ipoh white coffee,a popular Malaysiandrink,traces its origin to Ipoh.[353]

Sports

[edit]
Perak FAfootball supporters at theMalaysia Cupquarter-finals againstPahang,Perak Stadium,Ipoh, 24 September 2017

Perak became a part of Malaya since 1957, and its athletes have represented Malaya, and later Malaysia, at theSummer Olympic Games,Commonwealth Games,Asian Games,andSoutheast Asian Games.The Perak State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1964 to raise the standard of sports in the state.[357]Perak hosted theSukma Gamesin 1994 and2018.The state has a number of sports complexes, located around Ipoh and in other districts.[358]The state government allocates funds for sports development to each district-level sports association.[359]

Ipoh'sPerak Stadiumis the main stadium forPerak FA.The team was formed in 1951, although the state had had a football team since 1921.[360]Perak FA won theMalaysia FA Cupin 1990 and 2004; theMalaysia Cupin 1926, 1931, 1957, 1967, 1970, 1998, 2000, and2018;was runner-up in theMalaysia Super Leaguein2006–07and2018;and won thePresident Cup Malaysiain 2006–07, 2012 and 2014. The state women's football team was runner-up in theTun Sharifah Rodziah Cupin 1977, 1979 and 1992. Another notable stadium in the state isNaval Base StadiuminLumut.

The annualfield hockeytournament in Perak, theSultan Azlan Shah Cup,traced its roots to former state sultan namedAzlan Shah,an avid fan of the sport.[361]Perak was the first Malaysian state to introducee-sports,in the Sukma Games. The state government is further targeting e-sports development with the increase in youth interest.[362][363]

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Further reading

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