Princess Mononoke
Princess Mononoke | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Theatrical release poster | |||||
Japanese name | |||||
Kanji | もののけ cơ | ||||
| |||||
Directed by | Hayao Miyazaki | ||||
Written by | Hayao Miyazaki | ||||
Produced by | Toshio Suzuki | ||||
Starring | |||||
Cinematography | Atsushi Okui | ||||
Edited by | Takeshi Seyama | ||||
Music by | Joe Hisaishi | ||||
Production company | |||||
Distributed by | Toho | ||||
Release date |
| ||||
Running time | 133 minutes | ||||
Country | Japan | ||||
Language | Japanese | ||||
Budget | |||||
Box office | $194.3 million[1] |
Princess Mononoke(Japanese:もののけ cơ,Hepburn:Mononoke-hime)is a 1997 Japanese animatedepichistoricalfantasy filmwritten and directed byHayao Miyazakiand animated byStudio GhibliforTokuma Shoten,Nippon Television NetworkandDentsu.The film stars the voices of Yōji Matsuda, Yuriko Ishida, Yūko Tanaka, Kaoru Kobayashi, Masahiko Nishimura, Tsunehiko Kamijo, Akihiro Miwa, Mitsuko Mori, and Hisaya Morishige.
Set in the lateMuromachi periodof Japan (approximately 1336 to 1573 AD) and including fantasy elements, the story follows a youngEmishiprince named Ashitaka, and his involvement in a struggle between the gods (kami) and spirits (yōkai) of a forest against the humans who consume its resources. The film deals with a recurrent theme in Studio Ghibli workenvironmentalismas a reaction againstover-industrializationwithin the context ofShintoism,animism,andfolklore.[2][3][4]
Princess Mononokewas released in Japan on July 12, 1997, byToho,and in the United States on October 29, 1999. A critical and commercial success, the film became the highest-grossing film in Japan of 1997, and also held Japan's box office record for domestic films until 2001'sSpirited Away,another Miyazaki film. It wasdubbedinto English with a script byNeil Gaimanand initially distributed in North America byMiramax,where it sold well on home media despite not performing strongly at the box office.[5]The film greatly increased Ghibli's popularity and influence outside Japan.[6][7]
Plot
[edit]InMuromachiJapan, anEmishivillage is attacked by a hideousdemon.The last Emishi prince, Ashitaka, kills it before it reaches the village, but it grasps his arm and curses him before its death. The curse grants him superhuman strength, but it also causes him pain and it will eventually kill him. The villagers discover that the demon was aboar god,corrupted by an iron ball lodged in his body. The village's wise woman, Hī-sama, tells Ashitaka that he may find a cure in the western lands that the demon came from, and that he cannot return to his homeland.
Heading west, Ashitaka meets Jigo, an opportunistic monk who tells Ashitaka he may find help from theGreat Forest Spirit,adeer-like animal godby day and a giantNightwalkerby night. Nearby, men on a cliffside herd oxen to their home of Iron Town, led by Lady Eboshi, and repel an attack by a wolf pack led by thewolf goddessMoro, whom Eboshi wounds with a gun shot. Riding one of the wolves is San, a human girl. Down below, Ashitaka encounters San and the wolves, who rebuff his greeting. He then rescues two of the men fallen from the cliff and transports them back through the forest, where he briefly glimpses the Great Forest Spirit.
Ashitaka and the survivors arrive at Iron Town, where he is greeted with fascination. Iron Town is a refuge for outcasts andlepersemployed to process iron and create firearms, such ashand cannonsandmatchlock muskets.Ashitaka learns that the town was built byclearcuttingforests to mine the iron, leading to conflicts with Asano, adaimyō(kanrei[8]), and a giant boar god named Nago. Eboshi admits that she shot Nago, incidentally turning him into the demon that attacked Ashitaka's village. She also reveals that San — dubbedPrincessMononoke,a supernatural spirit of retribution — was raised by the wolves and hates humankind.
San infiltrates Iron Town and fights Eboshi, but Ashitaka intervenes and subdues them both. Amidst the hysteria, a villager with a firearm shoots him, but the curse gives him strength to carry San out of the village. San wakes and tries killing the weakened Ashitaka, but hesitates when he compliments her beauty. She decides to trust him after the Forest Spirit heals his bullet wound that night. The next day, a boar clan led by the blind god Okkoto plans to attack Iron Town to save the forest. Eboshi sets out to kill the Forest Spirit with Jigo. Eboshi intends to give the god's head to theEmperor(who believes it will grant him immortality) in return for protection from Asano, while Jigo desires the large reward being offered.
Ashitaka recovers and finds Iron Town besieged by Asano'ssamuraiandjizamurai.[8]The boar clan has been annihilated in battle, and Okkoto is badly wounded. Jigo's men trick Okkoto into leading them to the Forest Spirit. San tries stopping Okkoto but is swept up as his pain corrupts him into a demon. As everyone clashes at the pool of the Forest Spirit, Ashitaka rescues San while the Forest Spirit euthanizes Moro and Okkoto. As it begins to transform into the Nightwalker Eboshi decapitates it. Jigo steals the head, while the Forest Spirit's body bleeds ooze that spreads over the land and kills anything it touches. The forest and its spirits begin to die. Moro's head briefly comes alive and bites off Eboshi's right arm, but she survives. An enraged San tries killing Eboshi, but is stopped by Ashitaka, who consoles her and encourages her not to give up.
After Iron Town is evacuated, Ashitaka and San pursue Jigo and retrieve the head, returning it to the Forest Spirit. The Spirit dies but its form washes over the land, healing it and lifting Ashitaka's curse. Ashitaka stays to help rebuild Iron Town, but promises San he will visit her in the forest. Eboshi vows to build a better town and the forest begins to regrow.
Voice cast
[edit]Character name | Voice actor[9] | ||
---|---|---|---|
English | Japanese | Japanese | English |
Ashitaka | Ashitaka(アシタカ) | Yōji Matsuda | Billy Crudup |
San | San(サン) | Yuriko Ishida | Claire Danes |
Lady Eboshi | Eboshi Gozen(エボシ ngự tiền) | Yūko Tanaka | Minnie Driver |
Jigo | Jiko-bō(ジコ phường) | Kaoru Kobayashi | Billy Bob Thornton |
Toki | Toki(トキ) | Sumi Shimamoto | Jada Pinkett Smith |
Kohroku | Kōroku(Giáp lục) | Masahiko Nishimura | John DeMita |
Gonza | Gonza(ゴンザ) | Tsunehiko Kamijō | John DiMaggio |
Moro | Moro no Kimi(モロの quân) | Akihiro Miwa | Gillian Anderson |
Hii-sama | Hī-sama(ヒイ dạng) | Mitsuko Mori | Debi Derryberry |
Okkoto | Okkoto-nushi(Ất sự chủ) | Hisaya Morishige | Keith David |
Nago | Nago no Kami(ナゴの thủ) | Makoto Sato | Unknown |
Wolf | Yama-inu(Sơn khuyển) | Tetsu Watanabe | |
Ushikai | Ushikai no Osa(Ngưu tự いの trường) | Akira Nagoya |
Production
[edit]Development
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Shiratani_Unsui_Gorge_17.jpg/240px-Shiratani_Unsui_Gorge_17.jpg)
Miyazaki composed the preliminary ideas for what would becomePrincess Mononokeshortly after the release of his first filmThe Castle of Cagliostro(1979),[11]drawing sketches of a princess living in the woods with a beast.[12]After unsuccessfully proposing the project to several production companies, Miyazaki published his concepts in a 1983 book,[13]republished in 2014 asPrincess Mononoke: The First Story.[14]While being set in Japan, the concept had strong similarities to the fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast"(1740). According to film scholarRayna Denison,the differences that can be discerned between the original idea and the final film demonstrate the radical change of Miyazaki's filmmaking philosophies.[11]Upon the completion of hismangaseriesNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind(1994), Miyazaki began work on the project proposal for the film in April 1994.[15]However, encounteringwriter's blockin December of that year, he decided to take a break from the production and direct the short filmOn Your Mark(1995) as a side project.[16]Miyazaki returned to the film and began working on the storyboards in April 1995.[17]
To achieve the environmental depiction that he was seeking to portray, Miyazaki and four art directors visited the island ofYakushimain May 1995.[18]Additionally, art directorKazuo Ogawent to theShirakami-Sanchimountains, which had already inspired some environments inNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.[19]
Miyazaki did not want to create an accurate history ofMedieval Japan,and wanted to "portray the very beginnings of the seemingly insoluble conflict between the natural world and modern industrial civilization." Despite being set during the Muromachi period, the actual time period ofPrincess Mononokedepicts a "symbolic neverwhen clash of three proto-Japanese races (theJomon,YamatoandEmishi). "[20]
Two titles were originally considered for the film. One, ultimately chosen, has been translated into English asPrincess Mononoke.The other title can be translated into English asThe Legend of Ashitaka(アシタカ𦻙 ký,Ashitaka Sekki),and it contains anuncommon kanji𦻙 that represents "a legend passed down from ear to ear without being recorded in official history", according to Miyazaki. In aTokyo Broadcasting Systemprogram, televised on November 26, 2013, Toshio Suzuki mentioned that Miyazaki had preferredThe Legend of Ashitakaas the title while Suzuki himself favoredPrincess Mononoke,though the former title was eventually reused for the first song on the soundtrack.[21]
Animation
[edit]Princess Mononokewas produced with a budget of¥2.35 billion(US$19.6 million;US$36.6 millionin 2023), making it the most expensive Japanese animation at the time.[22]The film used 144,000cels,80,000 of them beingkey animationframes, more than any other Studio Ghibli film.[23]Miyazaki is estimated to have drawn or retouched nearly 80,000 cels himself.[24]The animation production commenced in July 1995.[17]The final storyboards were finished in June 1997.[17]
Computer graphics
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Mononoke_hime_cgi.png/240px-Mononoke_hime_cgi.png)
The decision to use computer graphics was made early in the production at Miyazaki's request, starting with the opening sequence of the demon god.[26]A variety of techniques were eventually used in the animation process:digital ink and paint,used to color the frames;3D renderinganddigital compositing,which put the hand-drawn images in a three-dimensional environment to create more visual depth; andmorphingandparticle effects,which create additional detail and smoother transitions.[26]Approximately five minutes of the film were animated entirely using digital processes. A further ten minutes use digital ink and paint, a technique used in all subsequent Studio Ghibli films.[27]
Themes
[edit]Environmentalismis a central theme ofPrincess Mononoke.[28]Film scholars Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc wrote that the film simultaneously mounts a criticism of humanity's mistreatment of the natural world and "grudgingly admits" that some disputes are inevitable to facilitate technological process.[29]The film presents several themes similarly to the mangaNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind,which Miyazaki had completed in 1994,[30]namely the "environmental catastrophe, the role of technology and warfare, and human interactions with nonhuman species", according to Napier.[31]In a 1998 interview at theBerlin International Film Festival,Miyazaki stated "I meant to state my objection to the way environmental issues are treated."[32]
Michelle J. Smith and Elizabeth Parsons said that the film "makes heroes of outsiders in all identity politics categories and blurs the stereotypes that usually define such characters". In the case of the deer god's destruction of the forest and Tataraba, Smith and Parsons said that the "supernatural forces of destruction are unleashed by humans greedily consuming natural resources".[33]Deidre M. Pike writes that San is simultaneously part of nature and part of the problem. She represents the connection between the environment and humans, but also demonstrates that there is an imbalance in power between the two.[34]
According to theChicago Sun-Times'sRoger Ebert,"It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil, but the story of how humans, forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order."[35]Anime historianSusan J. Napiersaid there is no clear good vs. evil conflict inPrincess Mononoke,unlike other films popular with children. Based on the multiple points of view the film adopts, San and Lady Eboshi can simultaneously be viewed as heroic or villainous. San defends the forest and viewers empathize with her. But she also attacks innocent people, complicating how we evaluate her. Opposed to San, Eboshi tries to destroy the forest and could be considered a villain. But everything she does is out of a desire to protect her village and see it prosper. San and Lady Eboshi survive until film's end, defying the usual convention of good triumphing over evil with the antagonist defeated. Napier concluded that the resolution of the conflict is left ambiguous, implying that Lady Eboshi and San will be able to come to some sort of compromise. The ambiguity suggests that there are no true villains or heroes.[36][page needed]
According to media arts scholar Benjamin Thevenin, duality is central to Eboshi's characterization. She holds no inherent malicious intent toward nature and its spirits, as evidenced by the garden she keeps in Irontown, until they begin attacking her people. Irontown itself is a haven for downtrodden members of society, who Eboshi treats equally.[37]In a speech in 2016, Miyazaki explained that he was inspired to portray people living with leprosy, "said to be an incurable disease caused by bad karma", after visiting theTama Zenshoen Sanatoriumnear his home in Tokyo.[38]According to media and literature scholars Sierra et al., Eboshi is driven by her compassion for the disabled, and believes that blood from the Great Forest Spirit could allow her to "cure [her] poor lepers".[39]
Dan Jolin ofEmpiresaid that a potential theme could be that of lost innocence. Miyazaki attributes this to his experience of making his previous film,Porco Rosso,and thewars in the former Yugoslavia,which he cites as an example of mankind never learning, making it difficult for him to go back to making a film such asKiki's Delivery Service,where he has been quoted as saying "It felt like children were being born to this world without being blessed. How could we pretend to them that we're happy?"[40]
Style
[edit]Princess Mononokemarked the first time Miyazaki explored ajidaigekistyle – aperiod dramafocusing on the lives of historic Japanese peoples.[41]According to Napier, the film presents a much "grimmer" tone than his previous works, inspired by Japanese literary classicHōjōki(1212).[42]The film also subverts many traditional elements of thejidaigekigenre, such as the portrayals of the Emperor and the samurai as sacred and noble.[43]Additionally, Miyazaki chooses not to follow typical depictions of the Muromachi period such as the development of high culture orZenaesthetics inKyoto,[44]opting to focus on the beauty and danger of the natural landscape.[45]However, according to animation scholarHelen McCarthy,Miyazaki was drawn to the period as the Japanese people "began to feel they could control nature, rather than placate or worship it".[17]
Music
[edit]Princess Mononoke Soundtrack | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Soundtrack albumby | ||||
Released | July 2, 1997 (Japan) October 12, 1999 (North America) | |||
Recorded | 1997 | |||
Genre | ||||
Length | 65:05 | |||
Label | Tokuma Japan Communications(Japan) Milan(North America) | |||
Joe Hisaishichronology | ||||
|
As with many of Miyazaki's previous films, the film's score was composed byJoe Hisaishi.[46]According to McCarthy, the development of the score involved a much closer collaboration between the two than on previous works. Hisaishi first composed animage album– a collection of demos and musical sketches that serve as a precursor to the finished score – which was then reworked into the final score, performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic.[47]Tokuma Shoten released the image album in July 1996 and the soundtrack album in July 1997.[48]A third version of the soundtrack, arranged forsymphony orchestraand performed by theCzech Philharmonic,was released in 1998.[49]
Release
[edit]Princess Mononokewas released theatrically in Japan on July 12, 1997.[50]
SinceWalt Disney Studioshad made a distribution deal with Tokuma Shoten for Studio Ghibli's films in 1996, it was the first film from Studio Ghibli along withCastle in the Sky(1986) andKiki's Delivery Service(1989) to have been dubbed into English by Disney.[51]
The film was aired onNippon TVin Japan on January 22, 1999. It reached a 35.1%audience share,making it the broadcaster's second-most-viewed film at the time behindSpirited Away(2001).[52]
On April 29, 2000, the English version ofPrincess Mononokewas released theatrically in Japan along with the documentaryMononoke hime in U.S.[50]The film had a limited theatrical re-release in the United States during July 2018,[53]and again during April 2022 for the 25th anniversary of its original Japanese release.[54]
Box office
[edit]Princess Mononokewas the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1997, earning¥11.3 billionindistribution rentalearnings.[55]It became the highest-grossing film in Japan, beating the record set byE.T.in 1982, but was surpassed several months later byTitanic.[56]The film earned total domestic gross receipts of¥20.18 billion.[57]The film remained in the top 5 films at the box office for 22 weeks.[58][verification needed]
It was thehighest-grossing anime filmin the United States in January 2001, but because its US release was only in select theaters, the film did not fare as well financially in the country when released in October 1999. It grossedUS$2.2 millionin its first eight weeks.[59][53]The film earned a total ofUS$11 millionoutside Japan, bringing its worldwide total toUS$159 millionat the time.[53]On December 6, 2016,GKIDSannounced that it would screen the film in US cinemas on January 5 and January 9, 2017 to celebrate its 20th anniversary,[60]bundled with theOn Your Markshort.[61]The film's limited US re-release in 2018 grossedUS$1.4 millionover five days, bringing its US total toUS$3.7 millionand worldwide total toUS$160 million.[53]As of 2020[update],the film has grossedUS$194.3 million.[1]
For its 25th anniversary, the film was screened at New York City'sJapan Societyon July 22, 2022.[62]
Home media
[edit]In Japan, the film was released onVHSbyBuena Vista Home Entertainmentin 1997, as well as byTokuma Shotenin 1998.[63]By 2007,Princess Mononokesold 4.4million DVD units in Japan.[64]
The DVD release ofPrincess Mononokein North America was not initially to include the Japanese audio track. Multiple online petitions were opened to retain it,[65]and the original August 2000 release was delayed as a result.[66][67]Miramax Home Entertainment released the DVD on December 19, 2000, with the original Japanese audio, the English dubbed audio and extras including a trailer and a documentary with interviews from the English dub voice actors.[68]It would then have its sell-through VHS release on March 13, 2001.[67]
Walt Disney Studios Home EntertainmentreleasedPrincess MononokeonBlu-rayon November 18, 2014. In its first week, it sold 21,860 units; by November 23, 2014, it had grossedUS$502,332.[69]It was later included in Disney's "The Collected Works of Hayao Miyazaki" Blu-ray set, released on November 17, 2015.[70]GKIDSre-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 17, 2017.[71]As of October 2020[update],the film has grossedUS$9.2 millionfrom Blu-ray sales in the United States.[69]
In the United Kingdom, the film's Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared several times on the annual lists of bestsellingforeign language filmonhome video,ranking number three in 2019, belowSpirited Away(2001) andMy Neighbor Totoro(1988).[72]
English dub
[edit]In response to demands from Miramax chairmanHarvey Weinsteinto edit the film, producer Toshio Suzuki presented Weinstein a prop sword with the verbal message "Mononoke Hime,no cut! ".[73][74]Promotion manager Steve Alpert revealed that Weinstein had wanted to trim the film down from 135 minutes to 90 minutes "despite having promised not to do so".[75]Weinstein hiredNeil Gaimanto write the English script. Despite Gaiman's independent fame as an author, his role as scriptwriter for the dub was not heavily promoted; Studio Ghibli requested that Miramax remove some executives' names from the poster for the film.[76]
Reception
[edit]Critical response
[edit]On the review aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes,93% of 117 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's consensus reads, "With its epic story and breathtaking visuals,Princess Mononokeis a landmark in the world of animation. "[77]OnMetacritic,it has an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indictating "generally favorable reviews".[78]
The Daily Yomiuri'sAaron Gerowcalled the film a "powerful compilation of Miyazaki's world, a cumulative statement of his moral and filmic concerns."[79]Leonard Klady ofVarietysaid thatPrincess Mononoke"is not only more sharply drawn, it has an extremely complex and adult script" and the film "has the soul of a romantic epic, and its lush tones, elegant score by Joe Hisaishi and full-blooded characterizations give it the sweep of cinema's most grand canvases".[80]Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-TimescalledPrincess Mononoke"a great achievement and a wonderful experience, and one of the best films of the year."[56]Ty BurrofEntertainment Weeklycalled the film "a windswept pinnacle of its art" and that it "has the effect of making the average Disney film look like just another toy story".[81]Kenneth Turanof theLos Angeles Timessaid that the film "brings a very different sensibility to animation, a medium [Miyazaki] views as completely suitable for straight dramatic narrative and serious themes."[82]In his review, Dave Smith fromGamers' Republiccalled it "one of the greatest animated films ever created, and easily one of the best films of 1999".[83]
In 2001,AnimagerankedPrincess Mononoke47th in their list of the 100 best anime.[84]It ranked 488th onEmpire's list of the 500 greatest films.[85]Time Outranked the film 26th on 50 greatest animated films.[86]It also ranked 26 onTotal Film'slist of 50 greatest animated films.[87]
Accolades
[edit]Princess Mononokeis the first animated feature film to win the Japan Academy Prize for Best Picture.[88]For the70th Academy Awardsceremony,Princess Mononokewas theJapanese submissionfor theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film,but was not successfully nominated.[89]Hayao Miyazaki was also nominated for anAnnie Awardfor his work on the film.[90]
Award / Publication | Year | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinema Junpo | 1997 | Best Ten (Critics' Choice) | Princess Mononoke | Won | [91] |
Best Ten (Readers' Choice) | Runner-up | ||||
Best Director (Readers' Choice) | Hayao Miyazaki | Won | |||
52ndMainichi Film Awards | Best Film | Princess Mononoke | Won | [92] | |
Best Animation Film | Won | ||||
Japanese Movie Fans' Choice | Won | ||||
10thNikkan Sports Film Awards | Best Director | Hayao Miyazaki | Won | [93] | |
Yūjirō Ishihara Award | Princess Mononoke | Won | |||
1stJapan Media Arts Festival | Grand Prize in Animation | Won | [91] | ||
7thTokyo Sports Film Award | Best Director | Won | |||
Osaka Film Festival | Special Award | Won | |||
21stFumiko Yamaji Award | Cultural Award | Toshio Suzuki | Won | [94] | |
15thGolden Gross Award | Gold Award | Princess Mononoke | Won | [95] | |
39th Japan Record Awards | Composition Award | Joe Hisaishi | Won | [96] | |
Best Album Production | Music ofPrincess Mononoke | Won | |||
21stJapan Academy Film Prize | 1998 | Picture of the Year | Princess Mononoke | Won[a] | [88] |
Special Award | Yoshikazu Mera | Won | |||
40thBlue Ribbon Awards | Special Award | Princess Mononoke | Won | [91] | |
22ndHochi Film Awards | Special Award | Won | [98] | ||
12thTakasaki Film Festival | Best Director | Hayao Miyazaki | Won | [99] | |
Elan d'or Awards | Special Prize | Princess Mononoke | Won | [91] | |
28th Annie Awards | 2000 | Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production | Hayao Miyazaki[b] | Nominated | [90] |
4th Golden Satellite Awards | Best Animated or Mixed Media Film | Princess Mononoke | Nominated | [100] | |
27th Saturn Awards | 2001 | Best Home Video Release | Won | [101] | |
36thNebula Awards | Best Script | Nominated | [102] |
Legacy
[edit]According to Napier,Princess Mononokeis "considered by many to be Miyazaki's most important work".[31]The film's release was a "cultural phenomenon" in Japan,[103]breaking box office records previously held only by Hollywood films, which Denison feels was "reflective of a general trend towards the globalization of anime".[104]
James CameroncitedPrincess Mononokeas an influence on his 2009 filmAvatar.He acknowledged that it shares themes withPrincess Mononoke,including its clash between cultures and civilizations, and citedPrincess Mononokeas an influence on the ecosystem ofPandora.[105]
Stage adaptation
[edit]In 2012, it was announced that Studio Ghibli and British theater company Whole Hog Theatre would be bringingPrincess Mononoketo the stage. It is the first stage adaptation of a Studio Ghibli work.[106]The contact between Whole Hog Theatre and Studio Ghibli was facilitated byNick ParkofAardman Animationsafter he sent footage of Whole Hog performances to Studio Ghibli'sToshio Suzuki.[107]The play features large puppets made out of recycled and reclaimed materials.[108]
The first performances were scheduled for London'sNew Diorama Theatreand sold out in 72 hours, a year in advance.[109][110]In March 2013, it was announced that the show would transfer to Japan after its first run of shows in London. A second series of performances followed in London after the return from Tokyo. The second run of London performances sold out in four and half hours.[111][112]The play received positive reviews and was one ofLyn Gardner's theater picks inThe Guardian.[113][114][115][116][117]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^abLoo, Egan (December 15, 2020)."Spirited Away, 3 Other Ghibli Films' Box Office Totals Rose Due to This Year's Revival Screenings".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2021.RetrievedDecember 22,2020.
- ^The Guardian: ‘I’m really serious this time!’: have Hayao Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli made their final masterpiece? [[1]]
- ^The Guardian: ‘Irreplaceable’: will Hayao Miyazaki, Japan’s animation auteur, ever retire? [[2]]
- ^The Guardian: Studio Ghibli films [[3]]
- ^"How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever".Time.July 20, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on August 5, 2023.RetrievedAugust 22,2023.
- ^Kelly, Stephen."Princess Mononoke: The masterpiece that flummoxed the US".www.bbc.com.Archivedfrom the original on August 22, 2023.RetrievedAugust 22,2023.
- ^"5 reasons to celebrate Princess Mononoke: Hayao Miyazaki's animated masterpiece turns 20".BFI.July 12, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on August 22, 2023.RetrievedAugust 22,2023.
- ^abCung kỳ tuấn giam đốc tác phẩm もののけ cơ (Japanese souvenir program booklet)(in Japanese).Toho.July 12, 1997. pp. 6, 9–10.
ただあそこに lai たのは, "アサノ công phương" って ngôn ってますから, quản lĩnh とか do tự chính しい thị だから, (p.6), thị thiết を thư ってタタラ tràng を thư う lĩnh chủ アサノの võ giả đạt (p.6), địa thị たちが công めかかってくるのは, biệt に ác いことでも hà でもない. (pp.9-10)
- ^abcNausicaa.net a.
- ^Napier 2018,p. 189.
- ^abDenison 2018,p. 3.
- ^McCarthy 2002,p. 182.
- ^Greenberg 2018,p. 136.
- ^Green 2014.
- ^McCarthy 2002,p. 185;Napier 2018,p. 176.
- ^Greenberg 2018,p. 140;McCarthy 2002,p. 185.
- ^abcdMcCarthy 2002,p. 185.
- ^Yanagihara 2018.
- ^McCarthy 2002,p. 186.
- ^Clements & McCarthy 2006,p. 505.
- ^Matsumoto & Hamada 2013;Miyazaki 2009,pp. 272–274.
- ^Schilling 1999,p. 5.
- ^Schilling 1999,p. 5;Toyama.
- ^Denison 2018,pp. 8–9.
- ^Denison 2023,p. 114.
- ^abDenison 2018,p. 12.
- ^Denison 2018,p. 13;Napier 2018,p. 177.
- ^Napier 2018,p. xiii;Odell & Le Blanc 2009,p. 109.
- ^Odell & Le Blanc 2009,p. 109.
- ^Napier 2018,pp. 176–177.
- ^abNapier 2018,p. 182.
- ^Miyazaki 2014,pp. 85–86, cited inDenison 2018,p. 3
- ^Smith & Parsons 2012,pp. 26–27.
- ^Pike 2014,p. 159.
- ^Ebert 1999b.
- ^Napier 2005.
- ^Thevenin 2013.
- ^Kitano 2016.
- ^Sierra et al. 2015.
- ^Jolin 2009.
- ^Napier 2018,p. 176.
- ^Napier 2018,pp. 180–181.
- ^Napier 2018,p. 183.
- ^Napier 2005,p. 233.
- ^Napier 2018,p. 185.
- ^McCarthy 2002,p. 196.
- ^McCarthy 2002,p. 189;Caraan 2020.
- ^Hisaishi.
- ^Caraan 2020.
- ^abGalbraith 2008,p. 414.
- ^Napier 2018,p. 179.
- ^Hamano et al. 2007,p. 58–59.
- ^abcdBox Office Mojo.
- ^Chapman 2022.
- ^"Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1997-nen"(in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan.Archivedfrom the original on June 26, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 16,2011.
- ^abEbert 1999a.
- ^"Lịch đại hưng thâu ベスト100"[All-time box office top 100] (in Japanese). Kogyo Tsushinsha.Archivedfrom the original on August 8, 2017.RetrievedDecember 22,2020.
- ^"Japan Top 15".Screen International.December 12, 1997. p. 47.
- ^"Anime Radar: News".Animerica.9(2). San Francisco, California:Viz Media:32. March 2001.ISSN1067-0831.OCLC27130932.
- ^"'Princess Mononoke: 20th Anniversary' Comes to U.S. Cinemas on January 5 and 9 Only ".Anime News Network.December 6, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2020.RetrievedDecember 10,2020.
- ^"Princess Mononoke to Screen in U.S. Theaters With 'On Your Mark' Short".Anime News Network.December 6, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on January 4, 2021.RetrievedDecember 10,2020.
- ^"Japan Society's Monthly Anime Series Screens The Night is Short, Walk on Girl- June 17, 2022 Princess Mononoke, 25th Anniversary Screening in 35mm- July 22, 2022".Japan SocietyviaAnime News Network.June 4, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on April 17, 2023.RetrievedOctober 30,2023.
- ^Nausicaa.net c.
- ^Nakamura 2007.
- ^Anime News Network 2000a.
- ^Anime News Network 2000b.
- ^ab"Princess Mononoke (movie)".Anime News Network.RetrievedMarch 8,2024.
- ^Anime News Network 2000c.
- ^abThe Numbers.
- ^Polo 2015.
- ^Giardina 2017.
- ^BFI 2020.
- ^Brooks 2005.
- ^Alpert 2020,p. 76.
- ^Alpert 2020,pp. 141–142.
- ^Anderson 2019.
- ^Rotten Tomatoes.
- ^Metacritic.
- ^Gerow 1997.
- ^Klady 1998.
- ^Burr 1999.
- ^Turan 1999.
- ^Smith 1999.
- ^Anime News Network 2001.
- ^Empire.
- ^Time Out.
- ^Total Film.
- ^abJapan Academy Film Prize.
- ^Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 1997.
- ^abcAnnie Awards.
- ^abcdNausicaa.net b.
- ^Mainichi Shimbun.
- ^Nikkan Sports.
- ^Fumiko Yamaji Cultural Foundation.
- ^Japan Association of Theater Owners.
- ^Japan Composer's Association.
- ^Odell & Le Blanc 2009,p. 112.
- ^Sports Hochi.
- ^Takasaki Film Festival.
- ^International Press Academy.
- ^Saturn Awards.
- ^Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.
- ^Napier 2018,p. 177.
- ^Denison 2018,p. 1.
- ^Ito, Norihiro (December 25, 2009)."Tân tác “アバター” cung kỳ アニメにオマージュ J・キャメロン giam đốc (New FilmAvatarHomage to Miyazaki's Animated Film: J. Cameron) ".Sankei Shimbun(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon December 28, 2009.RetrievedMarch 10,2010.
- ^"An Anime Hit Is Reborn on the Stage".Wall Street Journal.Archived fromthe originalon April 29, 2013.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
- ^"Studio Ghibli Explains How UK" Princess Mononoke "Stage Play Got OKed".CrunchyRoll.Archivedfrom the original on April 2, 2016.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
- ^"EXCLUSIVE: News on the Upcoming Stage Adaptation of Miyazaki Hayao's Anime Classic PRINCESS MONONOKE!".Twitch. Archived fromthe originalon June 1, 2015.RetrievedMarch 11,2013.
- ^"Official Stage Adaptation of 'Princess Mononoke' Coming To London; Sold Out Almost A Year In Advance".Slash Film. September 24, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on March 30, 2013.RetrievedMarch 11,2013.
- ^"Princess Mononoke Comes to London Stage".Escapist Magazine. July 19, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon August 25, 2018.RetrievedMarch 11,2013.
- ^"Princess Mononoke Stage Play Heads to Japan".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2013.RetrievedMarch 11,2013.
- ^"Whole Hog Theatre Announces Further Performances of Princess Mononoke at the New Diorama Theatre, London".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2014.RetrievedMarch 11,2013.
- ^"UK stage adaptation of Princess Mononoke met with praise".Flixster. Archived fromthe originalon June 25, 2014.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
- ^"Princess Mononoke – New Diorama Theatre, London".The Public Reviews. Archived fromthe originalon May 1, 2013.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
- ^"Review of Princess Mononoke Play at the New Diorama Theatre by Wholehog Theatre".Anime UK News. April 7, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2013.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
- ^"PRINCESS MONONOKE".West End Wilma. April 9, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2013.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
- ^"What to see: Lyn Gardner's theatre tips".The Guardian.London. March 29, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on August 9, 2014.RetrievedApril 27,2013.
Book and journal sources
[edit]- Alpert, Steve (2020).Sharing a House with the Never-Ending Man: 15 Years at Studio Ghibli.Stone Bridge Press.ISBN978-1-6117-2057-0.
- Clements, Jonathan;McCarthy, Helen(2006).The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917.Stone Bridge Press.ISBN978-1-9333-3010-5.
- Denison, Rayna,ed. (2018).Princess Mononoke:Understanding Studio Ghibli's Monster Princess.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN978-1-5013-2976-0.
- Denison, Rayna(2023).Studio Ghibli: An Industrial History.Palgrave MacMillan.ISBN978-3-031-16843-7.
- Galbraith, Stuart IV (2008).The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography.Scarecrow Press.ISBN978-1461673743.
- Greenberg, Raz(2018).Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN978-1-5013-3594-5.
- McCarthy, Helen(2002) [1999].Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation.Stone Bridge Press.ISBN978-1-8806-5641-9.
- Miyazaki, Hayao(1999) [1997].Princess Mononoke: The Art and Making of Japan's Most Popular Film of All Time.Translated bySchilling, Mark.Hyperion.ISBN978-0-7868-6609-0.
- Schilling, Mark.Introduction. InMiyazaki 1999.
- Miyazaki, Hayao(2009) [1996].Starting Point: 1979–1996.Viz Media.ISBN978-1-4215-6104-2.
- Miyazaki, Hayao(2014).Turning Point: 1997–2008.Viz Media.ISBN978-1-9747-2450-5.
- Napier, Susan J.(2005) [2001].Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation.Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-1-4039-7051-0.
- Napier, Susan J.(2018).Miyazakiworld: A Life in Art.Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-3002-2685-0.
- Odell, Colin; Le Blanc, Michelle (2009).Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata.Kamera.ISBN978-1-84243-279-2.
- Pike, Deidre M. (2014).Enviro-Toons: Green Themes in Animated Cinema and Television.McFarland & Company.ISBN978-0-7864-9002-8.
- Sierra, Wendi; Berwald, Alysah; Guck, Melissa; Maeder, Erica (January 1, 2015)."Nature, Technology, and Ruined Women:Ecofeminism and Princess Mononoke".The Seneca Falls Dialogues Journal.1(1).Archivedfrom the original on February 13, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 7,2017.
- Smith, Michelle J.; Parsons, Elizabeth (February 2012). "Animating child activism: Environmentalism and class politics in Ghibli'sPrincess Mononoke(1997) and Fox'sFern Gully(1992) ".Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies.26(1). Routledge: 25–37.doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.630138.S2CID144411247.
- Thevenin, Benjamin (October 1, 2013). "Princess Mononokeand beyond: New nature narratives for children ".Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture.4(2): 147–170.doi:10.1386/iscc.4.2.147_1.
Online and other sources
[edit]- "44 Countries Hoping for Oscar Nominations"(Press release).Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.November 24, 1997. Archived fromthe originalon February 13, 1998.RetrievedDecember 7,2008.
- Anderson, Kyle (August 14, 2019)."Why people forget Neil Gaiman wroteMononoke'sdub ".Nerdist.Archivedfrom the original on November 1, 2020.RetrievedOctober 30,2020.
- "New petition forMononoke".Anime News Network.July 3, 2000.Archivedfrom the original on September 1, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 15,2012.
- "Disney blinks".Anime News Network.August 1, 2000.Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 15,2012.
- "Princess MononokeDVD confirmed ".Anime News Network.October 11, 2000.Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 15,2012.
- "Animagetop 100 anime listing ".Anime News Network.January 15, 2001.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2019.RetrievedMarch 10,2013.
- "28th Annual Annie Awards".Annie Awards.Archived fromthe originalon June 30, 2015.RetrievedMay 2,2015.
- BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020.United Kingdom:British Film Institute.2020. p. 94.Archivedfrom the original on April 27, 2022.RetrievedApril 26,2022.
- "Princess Mononoke".Box Office Mojo.Archivedfrom the original on January 3, 2024.RetrievedJanuary 3,2024.
- Brooks, Xan (September 14, 2005)."A god among animators".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on June 25, 2008.RetrievedMay 22,2010.
- Burr, Ty(October 29, 1999)."Princess MononokeReview ".Entertainment Weekly.Archivedfrom the original on October 25, 2014.RetrievedSeptember 14,2020.
- Caraan, Sophie (April 16, 2020)."Princess Mononokesoundtrack to receive first ever vinyl release ".Hypebeast.Archivedfrom the original on January 28, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 4,2024.
- Chapman, Paul (March 23, 2022)."Princess Mononoke25th Anniversary screenings hit theaters in April ".Crunchyroll.Archivedfrom the original on April 4, 2022.RetrievedApril 4,2022.
- Ebert, Roger(October 24, 1999)."Director Miyazaki draws American attention".Chicago Sun-Times.Archived fromthe originalon January 31, 2018.RetrievedAugust 27,2009– via Industry Central.
- Ebert, Roger (October 29, 1999)."Princess Mononoke".Rogerebert.com.Archivedfrom the original on March 6, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 29,2016.
- "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".Empire.Archived fromthe originalon November 20, 2011.RetrievedJune 14,2010.
- "Ánh họa thưởng thụ thưởng giả nhất lãm"[List of film award winners] (in Japanese). Fumiko Yamaji Cultural Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- Gerow, Aaron (July 10, 1997)."A spirited battle for nature".Yomiuri Shimbun.p. 9.Archivedfrom the original on January 8, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 24,2024– viaNausicaa.net.
- Giardina, Carolyn (July 17, 2017)."GKIDS, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal".The Hollywood Reporter.Archivedfrom the original on August 3, 2017.RetrievedJuly 17,2017.
- Green, Scott (March 14, 2014)."Viz to release Hayao Miyazaki'sPrincess Mononoke: The First Story".Crunchyroll.Archivedfrom the original on December 30, 2023.RetrievedDecember 25,2023.
- Hamano, Keiji; Kitae, Hiroyuki; Udagawa, Shoji; Watanabe, Yasuko; Uchiyama, Takashi (November 2007).The Japanese Market for UK Films.Cinema Alliance Limited,UK Film Council,British Film Institute.Archivedfrom the original on September 23, 2022.RetrievedApril 22,2022– viaYumpu.
- Hisaishi, Joe."Discography".Joe Hisaishi Official Site(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon June 4, 2010.RetrievedMarch 11,2023.
- "International Press Academy: Satellite Awards".International Press Academy.Archived fromthe originalon January 6, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- "21st Japan Academy Film Prize Winners".Japan Academy Film Prize.Archivedfrom the original on September 3, 2017.RetrievedMay 1,2015.
- "Đệ 15 hồi ゴールデングロス thưởng thụ thưởng tác phẩm"[15th Golden Gross Award Winners] (in Japanese). Japan Association of Theater Owners.Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- "Đệ 39 hồi nhật bổn レコード đại thưởng"[39th Japan Record Awards] (in Japanese).Japan Composer's Association.Archivedfrom the original on January 5, 2024.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- Jolin, Dan (September 2009)."Miyazaki on Miyazaki: The animation genius on his movies".Empire.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2023.RetrievedMay 6,2015.
- Kitano, Ryuichi (January 29, 2016)."Hayao Miyazaki: Leprosy scene inMononoke Himeinspired by real-life experience ".Asahi Shimbun.Archived fromthe originalon January 30, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 29,2016.
- Klady, Leonard (January 29, 1998)."Princess Mononoke".Variety.Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 14,2012.
- "52nd Mainichi Film Awards Winners".Mainichi Shimbun.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- Matsumoto, Hitoshi; Hamada, Masatoshi (November 26, 2013)."Linh mộc mẫn phu 100 miểu bác sĩ アカデミー"[Toshio Suzuki, 100 Byo Hakase Academy].100 miểu bác sĩ アカデミー(in Japanese).TBS.RCC.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 28,2014.
- "Princess Mononoke".Metacritic.Archivedfrom the original on April 26, 2022.RetrievedJune 19,2023.
- Nakamura, Hitoshi (May 23, 2007)."110 vạn sách vô liêu phối bố." ゲドを đọc む. "の thư いを đọc む cung kỳ ngô lãng giam đốc tác phẩm “ゲド chiến ký” DVDのユニークなプロモーション "(in Japanese).Nikkei Business.Archived fromthe originalon August 16, 2018.RetrievedAugust 16,2018.
- "Princess Mononoke– Credits ".Nausicaa.net.Archivedfrom the original on June 12, 2010.RetrievedDecember 28,2023.
- "Princess Mononoke– Film information ".Nausicaa.net.Archivedfrom the original on January 8, 2023.RetrievedAugust 7,2024.
- -title=Princess Mononoke– Video list "Princess Mononoke // Video List // Nausicaa.net".Nausicaa.net.Archivedfrom the original on June 7, 2009.RetrievedJanuary 22,2024.
{{cite web}}
:Check|url=
value (help) - "Nhật khan スポーツ ánh họa đại thưởng – lịch đại thụ thưởng giả ・ tác phẩm"[Nikkan Sports Film Award – Past winners and works].Nikkan Sports.Archivedfrom the original on September 3, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 22,2024.
- "Mononoke-hime(1999) – Video sales ".The Numbers.Archivedfrom the original on August 4, 2021.RetrievedApril 26,2022.
- Polo, Susana (July 30, 2015)."The complete Hayao Miyazaki collection is pretty enough to spirit you away".Polygon.Archivedfrom the original on July 31, 2015.RetrievedApril 30,2015.
- "Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-hime)".Rotten Tomatoes.Archivedfrom the original on July 21, 2023.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
- "Past Saturn Awards".Saturn Awards.Archived fromthe originalon September 27, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 30,2024.
- "2000 Nebula Awards".Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 29,2024.
- Smith, Dave (December 1999)."Anime Republic".Gamers' Republic.Vol. 19, no. 2–07.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- "Báo tri ánh họa thưởng thụ thưởng tác phẩm ・ thụ thưởng giả"[Hochi Film Award winning works].Sports Hochi(in Japanese). Archived fromthe originalon December 14, 2005.RetrievedJanuary 27,2024.
- "Đệ 12 hồi cao kỳ ánh họa tế thụ thưởng giả ・ thụ thưởng tác phẩm"[12th Takasaki Film Festival winning works] (in Japanese).Takasaki Film Festival .Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 28,2024.
- "Time Out's 50 greatest animated films: Part 3".Time Out.Archived fromthe originalon October 8, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 15,2012.
- Toyama, Ryoko."Princess Mononoke– frequently asked questions ".Nausicaa.net.Archivedfrom the original on February 13, 2017.RetrievedJuly 30,2021.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Kinnear, Simon."50 Greatest Animated Movies".Total Film.Archivedfrom the original on May 23, 2014.RetrievedDecember 18,2012.
- Turan, Kenneth(October 29, 1999)."Mononokea Haunting, Magical World of Fantasy ".Los Angeles Times.p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on October 16, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 14,2012.
- Yanagihara, Hanya(May 17, 2018)."A real-life enchanted forest".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2021.RetrievedNovember 19,2023.
Further reading
[edit]- Cheng, Catherine (June 2019)."Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki'sPrincess Mononoke"(PDF).Tamkang Review.49(2): 27–48.doi:10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002.
- Morgan, Gwendolyn (2015)."Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki'sNausicaä of the Valley of the WindandPrincess Mononoke".Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities.2(3): 172–183.doi:10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172.JSTOR10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172.S2CID156400474.
External links
[edit]- Official website(in Japanese)
- Princess MononokeatIMDb
- Princess MononokeatAllMovie
- Princess MononokeatBox Office Mojo
- Princess Mononoke(film) atAnime News Network's encyclopedia
- 1997 films
- 1990s historical fantasy films
- 1990s Japanese-language films
- 1997 anime films
- 1997 fantasy films
- 1997 in Japanese cinema
- Ainu in fiction
- Animated films about demons
- Animated films about orphans
- Animated films about princesses
- Animated films about wolves
- Animated films based on Japanese myths and legends
- Animated films set in forests
- Animated films set in Japan
- Animated films set in the 14th century
- Animated films set in the 15th century
- Animated films set in the 16th century
- Animated films set in the Middle Ages
- Anime with original screenplays
- Environmental films
- Feminism in anime and manga
- Fiction about deicide
- Fictional princesses
- Fictional wolves
- Films about curses
- Films directed by Hayao Miyazaki
- Films scored by Joe Hisaishi
- Films set in the Muromachi period
- Films with screenplays by Hayao Miyazaki
- Historical fantasy anime and manga
- Japanese animated fantasy films
- Japanese epic films
- Japanese fantasy adventure films
- Miramax animated films
- Orphan characters in anime and manga
- Philosophical anime and manga
- Picture of the Year Japan Academy Prize winners
- Shenmo fiction
- Shinto kami in anime and manga
- Studio Ghibli animated films
- Supernatural war films
- Toho animated films
- Films produced by Toshio Suzuki (producer)
- Nippon TV films