Serbia in the Roman era
This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(October 2011) |
Much of the territory of the modern state ofSerbiawas part of theRoman Empireand later theEastern Roman Empire.In particular, the region ofCentral Serbiawas under Roman rule for about 800 years (with interruptions), starting from the 1st century BC, interrupted by thearrival of the Slavs into the Balkansduring the 6th century, but continued after fall of theFirst Bulgarian Empirein the early 11th century and permanently ended with the rise of theSecond Bulgarian Empirein the late 12th century. The territories were administratively divided into the provinces ofMoesia(laterMoesia Superior),Pannonia(laterPannonia Inferior) andDardania.Moesia Superior roughly corresponds to modernSerbia proper;Pannonia Inferior included the eastern part of Serbia proper; Dardania included the western part of Serbia proper. After its reconquest from the Bulgarians by EmperorBasil IIin 1018, it was reorganized into theTheme of Bulgaria.
TheDanube Riverinfluenced the extension of the Roman Empire; its confluents, such as Sava and Morava, affected the growth of frontier fortresses and towns. Many authors and explorers[by whom?]wrote about traces of the Roman Empire on the Danube coast. One of the localities,Felix Romuliana,was ranked on the list of cultural heritage ofUNESCOin July 2007.
The location has been invaded by many peoples over the centuries. The northern Serbian city ofSirmium(Sremska Mitrovica) was among the top 4 cities of the lateRoman Empire,serving as its capital during theTetrarchy.[1] Contemporary Serbia comprises theclassicalregions ofMoesia,Pannonia,parts ofDalmatia,DaciaandMacedonia.
History
[edit]Roman conquest
[edit]TheRoman Republicconquered the region ofIllyriain 168 BC in the aftermath of theIllyrian Wars."Illyria" was a designation of a roughly defined region of the western Balkans as seen from a Roman perspective, just asMagna Germaniais a rough geographic term not delineated by any linguistic or ethnic unity.
The later province ofIllyricumwas to the west of what is now Serbia.
The Romans conquered parts of Serbia in 167 BC and established the province of Illyricum. What is now central Serbia was conquered in 75 BC when the province ofMoesiawas established. Srem is conquered by 9 BC and Backa and Banat in 106 AD after the Dacian wars.
The city ofSirmium(Sremska Mitrovica) was among the top four cities of the lateRoman Empire,serving as its capital during theTetrarchy.[1]Contemporary Serbia comprises theclassicalregions ofMoesia,Pannonia,parts ofDalmatia,DaciaandMacedonia.
The chief towns ofUpper Moesiain the Principate were:Naissus(modernNiš),Viminacium(sometimes called municipium Aelium; modernKostolac),Singidunum(modernBelgrade), Remesiana (modernBela Palanka)
Many Roman noblemen and statesmen were born in present-day Serbia, including 17 or 18Roman Emperors(Vetraniowasn't universally recognized as an emperor, but was proclaimed acaesar).[2][3]
Emperor | Ancient Roman birthplace |
Present-day settlement inSerbia |
ruled | died |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.Trajan Decius | c.201,Budalia Pannonia Inferior |
Martinci | September 249-June 251 | June 251, Abrittus (Razgrad,Bulgaria) |
2.Herennius Etruscus | c.227, near Sirmium Pannonia |
Sremska Mitrovica | May-June 251 | June 251, Abrittus (Razgrad, Bulgaria) |
3.Hostilian | c.235, Sirmium Illyricum |
Sremska Mitrovica | July-November 251 | November 251, Rome (Italy) |
4.Claudius II Gothicus | 10 May 210, Sirmium Panonia Inferior |
Sremska Mitrovica | September 268-January 270 | January 270, Sirmium |
5.Aurelian | 9 September 214, Sirmium Dacia Ripensis |
Sremska Mitrovica | September 270-October 275 | October 275, Caenophrurium (Çorlu,Turkey) |
6.Marcus Aurelius Probus | 19 August 232, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior |
Sremska Mitrovica | 276-October 282 | October 282, Sirmium |
7.Maximian | c.250, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior |
Sremska Mitrovica | 2 April 286-1 May 305; 306-11 November 308; 310 | July 310, Massilia (Marseilles,France) |
8.Constantius I Chlorus | 31 March 250,Naissus Moesia Superior |
Niš | 305-25 July 306 | 25 July 306, Eboracum (York,Great Britain) |
9.Galerius | c.250,Felix Romuliana Dacia Ripensis |
Gamzigrad[4] | 1 May 305-May 311 | May 311, Felix Romuliana |
10.Valerius Severus | Naissus Moesia Superior |
Niš | 306-April 307 | 16 September 307, Tres Tabernae (Cisterna di Latina,Italy) |
11.Licinius I | c.263, Felix Romuliana Moesia Superior |
Gamzigrad | 11 November 308-18 September 324 | 325,Thessalonica (Greece) |
12.Constantine I the Great | 27 February 272, Naissus Moesia Superior |
Niš | 309-22 May 337 | 22 May 337,Nicomedia (İzmit,Turkey) |
13.Maximinus II | 20 November 270, Felix Romuliana Dacia Ripensis |
Gamzigrad | 310-May 313 | August 313, Tarsos (Tarsus,Turkey) |
14.Constantius II | 7 August 317, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior |
Sremska Mitrovica | 337-3 November 361 | 3 November 361,Mopsuestia,Cilicia (Turkey) |
15.Vetranio | Moesia | Central Serbia? | 1 March-25 December 350 | c356, Prusa ad Olympum (Bursa,Turkey) |
16.Jovian | 331,Singidunum Moesia |
Belgrade | 27 June 363-17 February 364 | 17 February 364, Dadastana, nearNicaea (İznik,Turkey) |
17.Gratian | 18 April 359, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior |
Sremska Mitrovica | 24 August 367-25 August 383 | 25 August 383,Lugdunum (Lyon,France) |
18.Constantius III | Naissus Moesia Superior |
Niš | 8 February-2 September 421 | 2 September 421,Ravenna (Italy) |
Byzantine period
[edit]The Byzantine era in the history Serbia refers to three distinctive periods. The territory of later Serbia was under control of theEastern Roman Empireup to the beginning of the 7th century. During that period, emperorJustinian I(527–565) oversaw reinforcement of defensive structures in the region, and founded the city ofJustiniana Prima,today aCultural Heritage of Serbia-listed archeological site (Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance). In 535, the city became center of theArchbishopric of Justiniana Prima,that had metropolitan jurisdiction over all provinces of theDiocese of Dacia.At the beginning of the 7th century, region was invaded byAvarsandSlavs,thus ending the Byzantine rule. From that time, and up to the middle of the 10th century, the region was controlled by the newly created Slavic state - the early medievalPrincipality of Serbia.In 971–976, Byzantine rule was briefly restored, andCatepanate of Raswas established, but it was short lived. Only after 1018, the territory of Serbia came under the Byzantine rule, and it was included into twothemata:the Theme of Serbia and theTheme of Sirmium,that existed until 1071.[5]
Arrival of the Slavs
[edit]The Byzantines broadly grouped the numerous Slav tribes into two groups: theSklavenoiandAntes.[6]Apparently, the Sklavenoi group were based along the middle Danube, whereas the Antes were at the lower Danube, inScythia Minor.Some, such as Bulgarian scholar Zlatarsky, suggest that the first group settled the western Balkans, whilst offshoots of the Antes settled the eastern regions (roughly speaking).[6]From the Danube, they commenced raiding the Byzantine Empire from the 520s, on an annual basis. They spread about destruction, taking loot and herds of cattle, seizing prisoners and taking fortresses. Often, the Byzantine Empire was stretched defending its rich Asian provinces from Arabs, Persians and Turks. This meant that even numerically small, disorganised early Slavic raids were capable of causing much disruption, but could not capture the larger, fortified cities on the Aegean coast.
The Slavs invaded Balkans duringJustinian Irule (527–565), when eventually up to 100,000 Slavs raidedThessalonica.The Western Balkans was settled withSclaveni(Sklavenoi), the east withAntes.[6]
The Sklavenoi plundered Thrace in 545.[7] In 551, the Slavs crossedNišinitially headed for Thessalonica, but ended up inDalmatia.During the 6th and 7th century, Slavic tribes made eight attempts to take Niš and in the final attack in 615 the Slavs took the city.[8]
Menander Protectormentions a King of the Sklavenoi,Daurentius(577-579) that slayed an Avar envoy of KhaganBayan I.The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs [...] so it shall always be for us".[9]
In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured intoThraceandIllyricum,pillaging cities and settling down.[10] By the 580s, as the Slav communities on the Danube became larger and more organised, and as the Avars exerted their influence, raids became larger and resulted in permanent settlement. In 586 AD, as many as 100,000 Slav warriors raided Thessaloniki. By 581, many Slavic tribes had settled the land around Thessaloniki, though never taking the city itself, creating aMacedonian Sclavinia.[11]As John of Ephesus tells us in 581: "the accursed people of the Slavs set out and plundered all of Greece, the regions surrounding Thessalonica, and Thrace, taking many towns and castles, laying waste, burning, pillaging, and seizing the whole country." However, John exaggerated the intensity of the Slavic incursions since he was influenced by his confinement in Constantinople from 571 up until 579.[12]Moreover, he perceived the Slavs as God's instrument for punishing the persecutors of theMonophysites.[13]By 586, they managed to raid the westernPeloponnese,Attica,Epirus,leaving only the east part of Peloponnese, which was mountainous and inaccessible. InMaurice's Balkan campaigns,the final attempt to restore the northern border was from 591 to 605, when the end of conflicts with Persia allowed Emperor Maurice to transfer units to the north. However he was deposed after a military revolt in 602, and the Danubian frontier collapsed one and a half decades later.
Archaeological evidence in Serbia and Macedonia conclude that the White Serbs may have reached the Balkans earlier than thought, between 550 and 600, as much findings; fibulae and pottery found at Roman forts point at Serb characteristics and thus could have been either part of the Byzantinefoedoratior a fraction of the early invading Slavs who upon organizing in their refuge of theDinarides,formed the ethnogenesis of Serbs and were pardoned by the Byzantine Empire after acknowledging their suzerainty.[7]
Administrative units
[edit]Moesia
[edit]History ofSerbia |
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Serbia portal |
In ancient geographical sources, Moesia was bounded to the south by theBalkans(Haemus) andŠar mountain(Scardus,Scordus,Scodrus) mountains, to the west by theDrinariver (Drinus), on the north by theDanubeand on the east by theEuxine(Black Sea). The region was inhabited chiefly byThracian,DacianandIllyrianpeoples.
The region took its name from theMoesi,a Thraco-Dacian tribe that lived there before the Roman conquest 75 BC-c. 29 BC and formally became aRoman provinceof that name some years later (by 6 AD).
Cities and towns, in Moesia Superior (at times Macedonia/ Dardania):
- Ulpiana[14](modernLipljan)
- Municipium Dardanicum[15]
- Dardapara
- Naissus,[16](modern Nis,Nysusin the Byzantine era)
- Theranda[17](modernPrizren)
- Vicianum(modernVučitrn)
- Vindenis
- Velanis
Pannonia
[edit]The cities and towns in Pannonia, located in modern Serbia, were:
- Acumincum(Stari Slankamen)
- Bassianae(Donji Petrovci)
- Bononia(Banoštor)
- Burgenae (Novi Banovci)
- Cusum(Petrovaradin)
- Rittium(Surduk)
- Singidunum(Beograd)
- Sirmium(Sremska Mitrovica)
- Taurunum(Zemun)
Cultures and tribes
[edit]Tribes in Roman Serbia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name (Group) |
Time | Territory | Notes | Sites |
SeeAncient Serbiafor tribes inhabiting the territory of Serbia before 75 BC | ||||
Moesi (Daco-Thracian) |
87 AD | Central Serbia | Crassusdefeated them in the 29 BC, during theWars of Augustus.They are eponymous toMoesia. | |
Triballi (Thracian) |
87 AD | Central Serbia | mentioned first in 424 BC. They fought the Macedonians throughout the 5th and 4th century BC. They are last mentioned in 3rd century AD. | |
Timachi (Thracian) |
87 AD | Timok | a Romanized Thracian tribe. | |
Tricornenses (Thraco-Celtic) |
6 AD | a Romanized Thraco-Celtic tribe that governed the city of Tricornium (Ritopek) | Ritopek | |
Picenses (Unknown) |
6 AD | governed Pincum (Veliko Gradište) | ||
Iazyges (Sarmatians) |
92 AD | Bačka Banat |
Penetrated northern Rome in late 1st century AD. | |
Gepids (Gothic) |
375 AD | Vojvodina | a Gothic tribe inVojvodina,Serbia. |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abAndrić, Stanko (October 2002)."Southern Pannonia during the age of the Great Migrations".Scrinia Slavonica.2(1). Slavonski Brod, Croatia: Croatian Historical Institute - Department of History of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja.ISSN1332-4853.Retrieved27 February2012.
- ^http://www.arheo-amateri.rs/2012/03/17-rimskih-imperatora-rodenih-u-srbiji/Listing provided by the archeological association of Serbia. Information also verifiable on the Emperors' wikipedia pages.
- ^Anica Nikolić (26 April 2008)."Profit na drumovima rimskih imperatora"[Profit on the roads of Roman emperors].Politika(in Serbian). p. 18.
- ^Barnes,New Empire,p. 37.
- ^Ćirković 2004.
- ^abcHupchick, Dennis P.The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism.Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.ISBN1-4039-6417-3
- ^ab"Пројекат Растко: Đorđe Janković: The Slavs in the 6th century North Illyricum".
- ^BG III 40[clarification needed]
- ^Curta (2001), pp. 91–92, 315
- ^History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (2008)[page needed]
- ^Cambridge Medieval Encyclopedia, Volume II.
- ^Curta, Florin.The Making of the Slavs.Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 48. "Beginning in 571, John spent eight years in prison. Most of Book VI, if not the entire third part of theHistory,was written during this period of confinement...John was no doubt influenced by the pessimistic atmosphere at Constantinople in the 580s to overstate the intensity of Slavic ravaging. "
- ^Curta, Florin.The Making of the Slavs.Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 48. "On the other hand, God was on their side, for in John's eyes, they were God's instrument for punishing the persecutors of the Monophysites. This may also explain why John insists that, beginning with 581 (just ten years after Justin II started persecuting the Monophysites), the Slavs began occupying Roman territory..."
- ^The Roman army as a community: including papers of a conference held at... byAdrian Keith Goldsworthy,Ian Haynes, Colin E. P. Adams,ISBN1-887829-34-2,1997, page 100
- ^The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5,Page 258, "In the south the new city named municipium Dardanicum, was another 'mining town' connected with the local workings (Metalla Dardanica)."
- ^The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae... by Fanula Papazoglu, 1978, page 198, "... the Peutinger Table marks 40 miles from Naissus, on the Naissus-founded by Auielian..."
- ^Hauptstädte in Südosteuropa: Geschichte, Funktion, nationale Symbolkraft by Harald Heppner, page 134
Sources
[edit]- Bulić, Dejan (2013). "The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation".The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD).Belgrade: The Institute for History. pp. 137–234.ISBN9788677431044.
- Ćirković, Sima(2004).The Serbs.Malden: Blackwell Publishing.ISBN9781405142915.
- Curta, Florin(2001)."Limes and Cross: the Religious Dimension of the Sixth-century Danube Frontier of the Early Byzantine Empire".Старинар.51:45–70.
- Curta, Florin(2001).The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN9781139428880.
- Curta, Florin(2006).Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Given, John (2014).The Fragmentary History of Priscus.Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing.ISBN9781935228141.
- Janković, Đorđe (2004)."The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum".Гласник Српског археолошког друштва.20:39–61.
- Kazhdan, Alexander(1991)."Singidunum".The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1904.ISBN978-0-19-504652-6.
- Kazhdan, Alexander(1991)."Sirmium".The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1906.ISBN978-0-19-504652-6.
- Kuzmanović, Zorica; Mihajlović, Vladimir D. (2015)."Roman Emperors and Identity Constructions in Modern Serbia".Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power.22(4): 416–432.
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