Sanqu

Sanqu
Chinese name
Chinese	Tán khúc
Literal meaning	"Literary song"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin sǎnqǔ Wade–Giles san3-ch’ü3 IPA [sàntɕʰù] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization sáankūk Jyutping saan2 kuk1
Japanese name
Kanji	Tán khúc
Hiragana	さんきょく
Transcriptions Romanization sankyoku

Sanqu(Chinese:Tán khúc;pinyin:Sǎnqǔ;Wade–Giles:San-ch’ü) is a fixed-rhythm form ofClassical Chinese poetryor "literary song".Specificallysanquis a subtype of thequformal type of poetry.Sanquwas a notable Chinese poetic form, possibly beginning in theJin dynasty(1115–1234), but especially associated with theYuan(1271–1368),Ming(1368–1644) andQing(1644–1912) dynasties. The tonal patterns modeled on tunes drawn from folk songs or other music.

Overview

Thesanquwere literary lyrics directly related to thezajuarias:these were dramatic lyrics written to fixed musical modes or metrical forms and could contain several aria or lyric song segments in one suite.Sanqu,however, could be composed in single discrete sections. It is often said that thesanquverses tend to reflect excess energies and resentments of contemporary disenfranchised Chinese literati, due to contemporaryJurchenandMongolpolitical domination. Often the poetry could be humorous as is the following anonymous lyric:

The seams have come unstitched,
All falling apart, the leather is ruined.
Money wasted several times fixing them.
I haven’t repaid
The money used to buy them.
I dare not swagger,
But only take half-steps;
Fearing stones like wolves’ teeth,
Stairs like turtles’ backs.
Climbing the lookout
I veer left and right.
I dare not use the shoe stretcher;
At best I can hang them out in the sun.

— Anonymous, "Wearing Ruined Boots"

There were many forms of Sanqu during theYuan Dynasty.These included a kind of opera (or acting and singing), dance accompaniment and instrumental accompaniment. During feasts, actors would hold lotus flowers in their left hands and, holding their goblets in the right, would sing a song of the heavy rains hitting the lotus flowers.

Bothsanqudramatic lyrics and plays enjoyed the same social milieu; for example, esteemed playwrights likeMa Zhiyuan(c. 1270-1330) andGuan Hanqing(c. 1300) were also well established writers ofsanqu.This poetry was strongly influenced by the linguistics of vernacular or semi-vernacularClassical Chinese.In terms of historical transmission to modern times, textual problems abound and, this has perhaps contributed to the paucity of translations of a truly significant Chinese literary genre that expanded the limits of literary expression. The collection and printing ofsanqupoetry is ongoing. Recently a Ming period collection has seen a modern edition.

See also

• Classical Chinese poetry forms
• Mandarin Chinese
• Ming poetry
• Yuan poetry
• Zhongyuan Yinyun

References

• Crump, J. I. (1990).Chinese Theater in the Days of Kublai Khan.(Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan)ISBN0-89264-093-6.

Books

• Crump, James I,Songs from Xanadu,Ann Arbor, 1983.
• Lynn, Richard John and Bailey Roger B.Guide to Chinese Poetry and Drama,G.K.Hall, 1973.
• Nienhauser, William H.The Indiana Companion to Chinese Literature,Indiana University Press, 1986.
• Tan, Tian Yuan.Songs of Contentment and Transgression: Discharged Officials and Literati Communities in Sixteenth-Century North China,Harvard University Asia Center, 2010.

Translations

• Carpenter, Bruce E. "Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: I",Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo(Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 22, pp. 27–72.
• Carpenter, Bruce E. "Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: II",Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo(Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 23, pp. 31–76.