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Seán MacBride

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Seán MacBride
MacBride in 1984
Minister for External Affairs
In office
18 February 1948 – 13 June 1951
TaoiseachJohn A. Costello
Preceded byÉamon de Valera
Succeeded byFrank Aiken
Leader ofClann na Poblachta
In office
21 January 1946 – 3 June 1965
Preceded byNew office
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Chief of Staff of the IRA
In office
24 April 1936 – 1937
Preceded byMoss Twomey
Succeeded byTom Barry
Teachta Dála
In office
February 1948–March 1957
ConstituencyDublin South-West
In office
October 1947–February 1948
ConstituencyDublin County
Personal details
Born(1904-01-26)26 January 1904
Paris,France
Died15 January 1988(1988-01-15)(aged 83)
Dublin,Ireland
Resting placeGlasnevin Cemetery,Dublin, Ireland
NationalityIrish
Political party
Spouse
Catalina Bulfin
​
​
(m.1924⁠–⁠1976)​
Children2
Parents
RelativesIseult Gonne(half sister)
Education
Alma materUniversity College Dublin

Seán MacBride(26 January 1904 – 15 January 1988)[1]was an IrishClann na Poblachtapolitician who served asMinister for External Affairsfrom 1948 to 1951, Leader of Clann na Poblachta from 1946 to 1965 andChief of Staff of the IRAfrom 1936 to 1937. He served as aTeachta Dála(TD) from 1947 to 1957.[2][3]

Rising from a domestic Irish political career, he founded or participated in multiple international organisations of the 20th century, including theUnited Nations,theCouncil of EuropeandAmnesty International.He received theNobel Peace Prizein 1974, theLenin Peace Prizefor 1975–1976 and the UNESCO Silver Medal for Service in 1980.

Early life

[edit]

MacBride was born inParisin 1904, the son ofMaud Gonneand MajorJohn MacBride.[4]As a founding member ofInghinidhe na hÉireannandCumann na mBan,his mother was to become a prominent figure inIrish nationalistandrepublicancircles.[5][6]Later, in the thirties, she became a devotee of thesocial creditideas ofMajor C.H. Douglas[7]and was "noisily anti-Semitic".[8][9]His father had led theIrish Transvaal Brigadeagainst theBritishin theSecond Boer War.Within a year of MacBride's birth, he returned toDublinwhere, following his participation in theEaster Rising,John MacBride was court-martialed by the British and executed in May 1916.[10][11][12]

MacBride's first language wasFrench,and he retained, or, as some would claim, affected, a French accent in the English language for the rest of his life.[13][14][15]MacBride first studied at the JesuitLycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague,and remained in Paris until his father's execution by the British for his involvement in the 1916Easter Rising,when he was sent to school at Mount St Benedict's,Gorey,County Wexfordin Ireland, and briefly at theDownside School.[16]

MacBride first became involved in politics during the1918 Irish general electionin which he was active forSinn Féin.The following year in 1919, aged 15, he lied about his age to join theIrish Volunteers,which fought as part of theIrish Republican Army,and took part in theIrish War of Independence.He opposed the 1921Anglo-Irish Treatyand was imprisoned by theIrish Free Stateduring theIrish Civil War.[17]

Anti-Treaty IRA, cooperation with the Soviets

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On his release in 1924, MacBride studied law atUniversity College Dublinand resumed his IRA activities.[18]He worked briefly forÉamon de Valeraas his personal secretary, travelling with him toRometo meet various dignitaries.

In January 1925, on his twenty-first birthday, MacBride married Catalina "Kid" Bulfin, a woman four years his senior who shared his political views.[19]Bulfin was the daughter of theIrish nationalistpublisher and travel-writerWilliam Bulfin.

Before returning toDublinin 1927, where he became the IRA's Director of Intelligence, MacBride worked as a journalist in Paris andLondon.

According to historians Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly, recently deciphered IRA messages from the 1920s reveal that the organisation's two main sources of funding wereClan na Gaeland theSoviet Union.[20]The messages further reveal that MacBride, before becoming IRA Director of Intelligence, was involved in theespionageactivities in Great Britain ofGRUspymasterWalter Krivitsky,whom ciphered IRA communications referred to only by the code name "James".[21]

In addition to supplying the USSR with detailed information onRoyal Navyships andRoyal Air Forceaeroplane engines, MacBride provided Soviet agents with "a brief specification and a complete drawing" ofASDIC,an earlysonarsystem for detecting submarines, at a covert meeting inAmsterdamduring the autumn of 1926.[22]MacBride also assisted the GRU by providing forged passports to Soviet intelligence operatives who were at risk of capture.[23]

In October 1926, MacBride sent a ciphered report fromParisto his IRA superiors about Sovietcounterfeitingoperations, saying, "Several badBank of Englandnotes have been passed here lately. These are said to emanate from Russia. "[24]

Soon after his return to Dublin in 1927, he was arrested and charged with the murder of politicianKevin O'Higgins,who had been assassinated near his home inBooterstown,County Dublin.At his trial, however,Cumann na nGaedhealpoliticianBryan Coopertestified as a witness for the defence that, at the time of Kevin O'Higgins' murder, both he and MacBride had been aboard a ferry travelling from Britain to Ireland. MacBride was then charged with being a subversive and interned inMountjoy Prison.[25]

In September 1927, Krivitsky sent the IRA a message from Amsterdam, demanding to see MacBride immediately, claiming to have a "present" he was anxious to give away, and naming a cafe where the meeting could take place. As MacBride was then imprisoned in Dublin, the IRA'schief of staff,Moss Twomey,replied that the request was "rather awkward and impossible to fulfill at the present". In response, Twomey and two other senior IRA members travelled to Amsterdam and met with Krivitsky instead.[26]

In 1929 an Irish section of theLeague Against Imperialismwas formed and MacBride served as its secretary.[27]Aimed at creating a "mass anti-imperialist movement", the organization was founded with the support of theComintern.[28]

Towards the end of the 1920s, after many supporters had left to joinFianna Fáil,some members of the IRA started pushing for a more left-wing agenda. After theIRA Army Councilvoted down the idea, MacBride launched a new movement,Saor Éire( "Free Ireland" ), in 1931. Although it was a non-military organisation, Saor Éire was declared unlawful along with the IRA,Cumann na mBanand nine other bodies. MacBride, meanwhile, became the security services' number-one target.[29]

In 1936, the IRA'schief of staffMoss Twomey was sent to prison for three years; he was replaced by MacBride. At the time, the movement was in a state of disarray, with conflicts between several factions and personalities.Tom Barrywas appointed chief of staff to head up a military operation against the British, an action with which MacBride did not agree.[30]

In 1937, MacBride was called to thebar.He then resigned from the IRA when theConstitution of Irelandwas enacted later that year. As a barrister, MacBride frequently defended IRA prisoners of the state (Thomas Hart&Patrick McGrath). MacBride was unsuccessful in preventing the 1944death by hangingofCharlie Kerins,who had been convicted based on fingerprint evidence of the 1942 ambush and murder ofGardaDetective SergeantDenis O'Brien.In 1946, during the inquest into the death ofSeán McCaughey,MacBride embarrassed the Irish State by forcing them to admit that conditions inPortlaoise Prisonwere inhumane.[31]

Clann na Poblachta, Minister for External Affairs

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Main article:Clann na Poblachta
MacBride circa 1947 when he founded Clann na Poblachta

In 1946, MacBride founded the republican/socialist partyClann na Poblachta.He hoped it would replace Fianna Fáil as Ireland's major political party. In October 1947, he won a seat inDáil Éireannat aby-electionin theDublin Countyconstituency.[32]On the same day,Patrick Kinanealso won theTipperaryby-election for Clann na Poblachta.[33]

However, at the1948 general electionClann na Poblachta won only ten seats. The party joined withFine Gael,theLabour Party,theNational Labour Party,Clann na Talmhanand several independents to form theFirst Inter-Party Governmentwith Fine GaelTDJohn A. CostelloasTaoiseach.Richard Mulcahywas theLeader of Fine Gael,but MacBride and many other Irish Republicans had never forgiven Mulcahy for his role incarrying out 77 executionsunder the government of theIrish Free Statein the 1920s during theIrish Civil War.To gain the support of Clann na Poblachta, Mulcahy stepped aside in favour of Costello. Two Clann na Poblachta TDs joined the cabinet; MacBride becameMinister for External Affairs[4]whileNoël BrownebecameMinister for Health.

On his ministerial accession, MacBride sent atelegramtoPope Pius XIIoffering:

...to repose at the feet of Your Holiness the assurance of our filial loyalty and our devotion to Your August Person, as well as our firm resolve to be guided in all our work by the teaching of Christ and to strive for the attainment of a social order in Ireland based on Christian principles.[34]

At MacBride's suggestion, Costello nominated the northern ProtestantDenis IrelandtoSeanad Éireann,[35]the first resident of Northern Ireland to be appointed as a member of theOireachtas.While a Senator (1948–1951), Ireland was Irish representative to theCouncil of Europeassisting MacBride in the leading role he was to play in securing acceptance of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights—signed in Rome on 4 November 1950.[36]In 1950, MacBride was president of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Council of Europe, and he was vice-president of theOrganisation for European Economic Co-operation(OEEC, later OECD) in 1948–1951. He was responsible for Ireland not joining theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO).[37]

He was instrumental in the repeal of theExternal Relations Actand the passing of theRepublic of Ireland Actwhich came into force in 1949. It declared that Ireland may officially be described as the Republic of Ireland and that thePresident of Irelandhad the executive authority of the state in its external relations.

In 1951, MacBride controversially ordered Noël Browne to resign as a minister over theMother and Child Schemeafter it was attacked by theIrish Catholic hierarchyand the Irish medical establishment.[38][39]Whatever the merits of the scheme, or of Browne, MacBride concluded in a Cabinet memorandum:

Even if, as Catholics, we were prepared to take the responsibility of disregarding [the Hierarchy's] views, which I do not think we can do, it would be politically impossible to do so... We are dealing with the considered views of the leaders of the Catholic Church to which the vast majority of our people belong; these views cannot be ignored.[40]

Also in 1951, Clann na Poblachta was reduced to two seats after the general election. MacBride kept his seat and was re-elected again in 1954. Opposing the internment of IRA suspects during theBorder Campaign(1956–1962), he contested both the1957and1961general elections but failed to be elected both times. He then retired from politics and continued practising as a barrister.

International roles and commissions

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Seán MacBride in 1986

After retiring from politics in Ireland, MacBride assumed various international commissions and roles. He was among a group of lawyers who foundedJUSTICE—the UK-based human rights and law reform organisation—initially to monitor theshow trialsafter the1956 Budapest uprising.Later it became the UK section of theInternational Commission of Juristsfor which MacBride, from 1963 to 1971, was Secretary-General. In 1966, his standing on the Commission was unsuccessfully challenged byUSclaims that he had been involved with aCentral Intelligence Agencyfunding operation.[41]

In 1961, MacBride was a co-founder ofAmnesty International,and he served as its International Chairman until 1975.[42]

In 1963, he had helped draft the constitution of theOrganisation of African Unity(OAU); following consultations on the constitutions of newly-independentGhana,ZambiaandTanzania.[43]

In 1968, MacBride was elected Chair and, in 1975, President of theInternational Peace Bureauin Geneva, a position he retained until 1985.[44]He was also involved in the International Prisoners of Conscience Fund.[45][1]

In the course of the 1970s, he held various positions with theUnited Nations.[44]In 1973, he was elected by theUN General Assemblyto the post of High Commissioner forNamibia,with the rank of Assistant Secretary-General. It was thought that, represented by man whose father had volunteered to fight alongside their forefathers, theAfrikanerleadership ofApartheidSouth Africawould find the UN's assurances in return for a withdrawal from Namibia more credible.[43]

In 1977, MacBride was appointed president of the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems, set up byUNESCO.In 1980, this produced the controversialMacBride Reportwhich called for policies to reduce the international dominance of the Western media.[46]

During the 1980s, he initiated the Appeal by Lawyers against Nuclear War[47]which was jointly sponsored by theInternational Peace Bureauand theInternational Progress Organization.In close cooperation withFrancis BoyleandHans Köchlerof theInternational Progress Organizationhe lobbied the General Assembly for a resolution demanding an Advisory Opinion from theInternational Court of Justiceon the legality of nuclear arms. The Advisory Opinion on theLegality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weaponswas eventually handed down by the ICJ in 1996.

In 1982, MacBride was chairman of the International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during itsinvasion of the Lebanon.The other members wereRichard Falk,Kader Asmal,Brian Bercusson, Géraud de la Pradelle, and Stefan Wild. The commission's report, which concluded that "thegovernment of Israelhas committed acts of aggression contrary to international law ", was published in 1983 under the titleIsrael in Lebanon.[48]

Nobel Peace Prize and other international honours

[edit]

MacBride's work was awarded theNobel Peace Prize(1974)[49]as a man who "mobilised the conscience of the world in the fight against injustice". He shared the prize withEisaku Sato,the formerJapanese Prime Ministeracknowledged for his commitment to peace andnon-proliferation.[50]

Other international honours followed: theLenin Peace Prizein 1975; the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievementin 1978;[51]and the UNESCO Silver Medal for Service (1980). He received the Lenin Peace Prize for his opposition to what MacBride referred to as "this absolutely obscene arms race." He was one of only two to win both the Lenin and Nobel peace prizes, the other beingLinus Pauling.[52]

Last Irish interventions

[edit]

In 1977, in the midst of theNorthern IrelandTroubles,MacBride co-operating withDesmond Boal(QCand former chairman ofIan Paisley'sDemocratic Unionist Party) as joint mediator in confidential negotiations between theProvisional IRA(PIRA) and theUlster Volunteer Forceabout a federal settlement for Ireland.[53]Their efforts included a meeting, brokered by West Belfast priestDes Wilson,between Boal andGerry Adams.Inasmuch as their exchange was "frank", Adams found the discussion "constructive", but it failed to identify common political ground.[54]

In 1984, MacBride was one of four well-known Irish activists, two Catholic and two Protestants, who endorsed a set offair-employmentguidelines for American investment in Northern Ireland, intended to redress a history of sectarian discrimination.[55][56]The campaign for what became known as the MacBride Principles resulted in both British and American legislation.[57]

In the Irish Republic, MacBride edited a 1981 report of a Commission of Enquiry into the Irish Penal System.Crime and Punishmentbroadly condemned the country's prisons, unreformed since independence, for failing to address the task of offender rehabilitation and consequently for its high degree of recidivism.[58]

In 1983, MacBride voted yes to theEighth Amendment to the Constitution,enshrining the legal ban on abortion, and wrote a newspaper article two days before stating his position.[59]In 1985, he supported the largely female workforce in theDunnes Stores Strikeand attended at least one of their rallies.[43]

Later life and death

[edit]

In his later years, MacBride lived in his mother's home, Roebuck House, which served as a meeting place for many years for Irish nationalists, as well as in the Parisianarrondissementwhere he grew up with his mother.

Seán MacBride died inDublinon 15 January 1988, eleven days before his 84th birthday. He is buried inGlasnevin Cemeteryalongside his mother, and his wife, who died in 1976.

On the occasion of MacBride's death,Oliver Tamboof theAfrican National Congress(ANC), stated "Seán MacBride will always be remembered for the concrete leadership he provided to the liberation movement and people of Namibia and South Africa. Driven by his own personal and political insight arising out of the cause of national freedom in Ireland... our debt to him can never be repaid."[43]

Legacy

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Streets inWindhoek,Namibiaand Amsterdam are named after him.[43]The Headquarters ofAmnesty International Irelandis called 'Seán MacBride House' in his honour.[60]and theInternational Peace Bureaulikewise named the 'Seán MacBride Prize' in his name.[61]

A bust of MacBride was unveiled inIveagh House,headquarters of the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs in 1995.[62]

[edit]

A novel,The Casting of Mr O'Shaughnessy,was published in 1995 (revised edition 2002) byÉamon Delaneyin which the eponymous Mr O'Shaughnessy was, in the author's own words "partly, but quite obviously, based on the career of the colourful Seán MacBride".[63]

Career summary

[edit]
  • 1946–1965 Leader of Clann na Poblachta
  • 1947–1958 Member ofDáil Éireann
  • 1948–1951Minister for External Affairsof Ireland in Inter-Party Government
  • 1948–1951 Vice-president of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
  • 1950 President, Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe
  • 1954 Offered but declined, Ministerial office in Irish Government
  • 1963–1971 Secretary-General, International Commission of Jurists
  • 1966 Consultant to the Pontifical Commission on Justice and Peace
  • 1961–1975 Chairman Amnesty International Executive
  • 1968–1974 Chairman of the Executive International Peace Bureau
  • 1975–1985 President of the Executive International Peace Bureau
  • 1968–1974 Chairman Special Committee of International NGOs on Human Rights (Geneva)
  • 1973 Vice-chairman, Congress of World Peace Forces (Moscow, October 1973)
  • 1973 Vice-president, World Federation of United Nations Associations
  • 1973–1977 Elected by the General Assembly of the United Nations to the post of United Nations Commissioner for Namibia with the rank of Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations
  • 1977–1980 Chairman, Commission on International Communication for UNESCO
  • 1982 Chairman of the International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of Lebanon

Further reading

[edit]
  • Keane, Elizabeth (2006).An Irish Statesman and Revolutionary: The Nationalist and Internationalist Politics of Seán MacBride.Tauris.
  • Jordan, Anthony J, (1993),Seán A biography of Seán MacBride,Blackwater Press

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Seán MacBride | Irish statesman".Encyclopedia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 29 June 2019.Retrieved28 August2019.
  2. ^"Seán MacBride".Oireachtas Members Database.Archivedfrom the original on 20 April 2019.Retrieved22 September2009.
  3. ^Keane, Ronan."MacBride, Seán".Dictionary of Irish Biography.Retrieved28 May2022.
  4. ^abSaturday Evening Post; 23 April 1949, Vol. 221 Issue 43, pp. 31–174, 5p
  5. ^"MacBride, (Edith) Maud Gonne | Dictionary of Irish Biography".www.dib.ie.Retrieved14 June2021.
  6. ^Bendheim, Kim (2021).The Fascination of What's Difficult: A Life of Maud Gonne.OR Books.ISBN978-1682192061.
  7. ^Warren, Gordon (24 November 2020)."Maud Gonne and the 1930s' movement for basic income in Ireland".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  8. ^Boyce, David George (1 January 1988).Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923.Macmillan International Higher Education.ISBN978-1-349-18985-4.
  9. ^Garvin, Tom (13 September 2005).Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland 1858–1928: Patriots, Priests and the Roots of the Irish Revolution.Gill & Macmillan Ltd.ISBN978-0-7171-6362-5.
  10. ^McCarthy, Mark (2018). "Making Irish Martyrs: The Impact and Legacy of the Execution of the Leaders of the Easter Rising, 1916". In Outram, Quentin;Laybourn, Keith(eds.).Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland(PDF).Springer Nature. p. 171.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62905-6.ISBN978-3-319-62905-6.LCCN2017947721.
  11. ^McEvoy, Dermot (18 April 2021)."Arbour Hill, Dublin's forgotten memorial to the men of 1916".Irish Central.Retrieved6 November2022.
  12. ^Jordan Anthony J.The Yeats Gonne MacBride Triangle(Westport Books 2000) pp. 49–104
  13. ^Dungan, Myles (2007).Speaking ill of the dead.New Island Books. p. 156.
  14. ^Delaney, Eamon (2001).An Accidental Diplomat.New Island Books. p. 391.
  15. ^Ireland – A Television History – Part 10 of 13 – 'Civil War 1921–1923',archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2019,retrieved28 August2019
  16. ^"Mount St Benedict – Craanford Monaseed Hollyfort".
  17. ^Jordan, Anthony J. (1993).Seán MacBride: A Biography.Dublin: Blackwater Press. pp. 26–35.ISBN0-86121-453-6.
  18. ^Jordan (1993), p. 41.
  19. ^Jordan (1993), p. 42.
  20. ^Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly (2008),Decoding the IRA,Mercier Press,Cork City.Page 251.
  21. ^Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly (2008),Decoding the IRA,Mercier Press,Cork City.Pages 253–262.
  22. ^Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly (2008),Decoding the IRA,Mercier Press,Cork City.Pages 253–254.
  23. ^Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly (2008),Decoding the IRA,Mercier Press,Cork City.Page 254.
  24. ^Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly (2008),Decoding the IRA,Mercier Press,Cork City.Page 256.
  25. ^Jordan (1993), p. 47.
  26. ^Tom Mahon and James J. Gillogly (2008),Decoding the IRA,Mercier Press,Cork City.Page 262.
  27. ^Edwards, Robert Dudley; Moody, Theodore William (2003).Irish Historical Studies: Joint Journal of the Irish Historical Society and the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies.Hodges, Figgis & Company.Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2021.Retrieved25 September2020.
  28. ^Jani, Disha Karnad (2022)."The league against imperialism, national liberation, and the economic question".Journal of Global History.17(2): 210–232.doi:10.1017/S1740022822000079.ISSN1740-0228.S2CID248445034.
  29. ^Jordan (1993), p. 57.
  30. ^Jordan (1993), p. 70.
  31. ^Hanley, Brian (2010).The IRA: A Documentary History 1916–2005.Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 122.ISBN978-0717148134.
  32. ^"Seán MacBride".ElectionsIreland.org.Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2010.Retrieved22 December2009.
  33. ^Jordan (1993), pp. 86–98
  34. ^Semple, Patrick (18 November 2014)."Previous generations would be astounded at attitudes to churches in Ireland today A 60-year journey from obsequious conformity".Irish Times.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2020.Retrieved25 September2018.
  35. ^"Denis Ireland".Oireachtas Members Database.Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2018.Retrieved15 July2013.
  36. ^William Schabas (2012). "Ireland, The European Convention on Human Rights, and the Personal Contribution of Seán MacBride," inJudges, Transition, and Human Rights,John Morison, Kieran McEvoy, and Gordon Anthony eds., Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2012
  37. ^Jordan (1993), p. 115
  38. ^Jordan (1993), pp. 125–140
  39. ^Blanshard, Paul (1954).The Irish and Catholic Power: an American Interpretation.London: Derek Verschoyle. pp. 78–79.
  40. ^Ronan Fanning (6 December 2009)The age of our craven deference is finally overArchived23 October 2012 at theWayback Machine.The Independent.
  41. ^"Peter Benenson".The Independent.28 February 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 30 October 2020.Retrieved24 October2020.
  42. ^"Peace Prize Laureates: Seán MacBride 1974".peaceprizelaureates.nobelpeacecenter.org.Retrieved24 August2023.
  43. ^abcde"Seán MacBride and Namibia".History Ireland.21 February 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2019.Retrieved28 August2019.
  44. ^ab"The Nobel Peace Prize 1974".NobelPrize.org.Retrieved24 August2023.
  45. ^Jordan (1993), pp. 157–165
  46. ^"The MacBride Report".archive.ccrvoices.org.Retrieved24 August2023.
  47. ^Appeal by Lawyers against Nuclear WarArchived21 October 2006 at theWayback Machine.I-p-o.org. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  48. ^MacBride, Seán; A. K. Asmal; B. Bercusson; R. A. Falk; G. de la Pradelle; S. Wild (1983).Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon.London: Ithaca Press. p. 191.ISBN0-903729-96-2.
  49. ^United Nations Chronicle, Sep95, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p. 14, 2/5p, 1c; (AN 9511075547)
  50. ^"Eisaku Sato".Nobel Prize.The Norwegian Nobel Institute.Retrieved21 January2015.
  51. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".www.achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2016.Retrieved4 November2020.
  52. ^Blair, William G. (16 January 1988)."Sean MacBride of Ireland Is Dead at 83".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2019.Retrieved28 August2019.
  53. ^Maune, Patrick (2022)."Boal, Desmond Norman Orr | Dictionary of Irish Biography".www.dib.ie.Retrieved21 August2023.
  54. ^Sharrock and Devenport (1997), p. 155
  55. ^"The MacBride Principles | Irish America".7 October 2022.Retrieved12 May2023.
  56. ^"The Nine MacBride Principles".The Irish Times.2 March 1996.Retrieved18 August2023.
  57. ^Staff Reporter (16 February 2011)."Editorial MacBride's triumph".Irish Echo.Retrieved24 August2023.
  58. ^Sean MacBride ed. (1982).Crime and Punishment: Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Irish Penal System.Dublin: Ward River Press.
  59. ^O'Brien, Breda (23 April 2016)."Amnesty abandons values of Seán MacBride".The Irish Times.
  60. ^Seán MacBride: A Republican Life, 1904–1946 By Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid
  61. ^"Media's lack of interest in Jeremy Corbyn's Seán MacBride Peace Prize not biased, www.irishnews.com".15 December 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2019.Retrieved10 September2020.
  62. ^Delaney, Eamon (2001).An Accidental Diplomat My Years in the Irish Foreign Service 1987–1995.Dublin: New Island Books. p. 391.ISBN1-902602-39-0.
  63. ^An Accidental Diplomat.p. 382.
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Political offices
Preceded by Minister for External Affairs
1948–1951 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
New political party Leader of Clann na Poblachta
1946–1965 		Succeeded by
Party disbanded
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