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Shin Bet

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Israel Security Agency
Sherut haBitaẖon haKlali
שירות הביטחון הכללי
جهاز الأمن العام
Emblem of the Israel Security Agency
Emblem of the Israel Security Agency
Common nameShabak
AbbreviationEnglish:ISA,Local:Shabak- Hebrew:שב״כ,Arabic:شاباك
MottoMagen veLo Yera'e
Agency overview
Formed8 February 1949;75 years ago(1949-02-08)[1]
Preceding agency
Jurisdictional structure
National agencyIsrael
Operations jurisdictionIsrael
Governing bodyPrime Minister of Israel
Operational structure
HeadquartersYarkon Park, Tel Aviv
Agency executive
Website
www.shabak.gov.il

TheIsrael Security Agency(ISA;Hebrew:שֵׁירוּת הַבִּיטָּחוֹן הַכְּלָלִי,romanized:Sherut haBitaẖon haKlali,lit. 'the General Security Service';Arabic:جهاز الأمن العام,romanized:jihāz al'amn al`ami), better known by theacronymsShabak(Hebrew:שב״כ;IPA:[ʃaˈbak]ⓘ;Arabic:شاباك) orShin Bet(from the abbreviation ofSherut haBitaẖon,"Security Service" ), is Israel's internalsecurity service.Its motto is "Magen veLo Yera'e"(Hebrew:מָגֵן וְלֹא יֵרָאֶה,lit. 'the unseen shield'). The Shin Bet's headquarters are located in northwestTel Aviv,north ofYarkon Park.

It is one of three principal organizations of theIsraeli intelligence community,alongsideAman(military intelligence) andMossad(foreign intelligence service).

Organization

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Shabak is believed to have three operational wings:[2]

The Arab Department
responsible primarily for Arab-relatedcounterterrorismactivities in Israel, theWest Bank,and theGaza Strip.
The Israel and Foreigners Department
formerly named the Non-Arab Affairs Department. It includes the Department for Counter-intelligence and Prevention of Subversion in the Jewish Sector, also known as theJewish Department.[3]It is responsible for preventing espionage, and for dealing with extremists who carry out actions (such as terrorism) against the state and thedemocratic regime.As its original concerns mostly related to theCommunist Bloc,it shrank after thefall of the Soviet Union,but rose again in importance in response to Jewish terrorist activity that began in the early 1980s.[4]
The Protective Security Department
responsible for protecting high-value individuals and locations in the country such as government officials, embassies, airports, and research facilities.

Although a security agency, it is not a part of theIsraeli Ministry of Defense,and its chief answers directly to thePrime Minister of Israel.

Duties and roles

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Shabak's duties are safeguarding state security, exposingterroristrings, interrogating terror suspects, providingintelligenceforcounter-terrorismoperations in theWest Bankand theGaza Strip,counter-espionage,personal protection of senior public officials, securing important infrastructure and government buildings, and safeguarding Israeli airlines and overseasembassies.[5][6]

History

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With theIsraeli declaration of independencein 1948, the Shabak was founded as a branch of the Israel Defense Forces and was initially headed byIsser Harel(the father of Israeli Intelligence, who later headed theMossad). Responsibility for Shabak activity was later moved from the IDF to the office of the prime minister. During the1948 Arab–Israeli war,Shabak's responsibilities included only internal security affairs. In February 1949 (a short while before the end of the war), its responsibilities were extended to counter-espionage.[7]

One of the Shabak's leading successes was obtaining a copy of thesecret speechmade byNikita Khrushchevin 1956, in which he denounced Stalin. A Polish edition of the speech was provided to the Israeli embassy inWarsawby the boyfriend of the secretary of a Polish communist official. The Shabak's Polish liaison officer conveyed the copy to Israel. The Israeli government then decided to share the information with the United States, which published it with Israeli approval.[8]On the other hand, a study published in 2013 by Matitiahu Mayzel casts doubt on the story, arguing that the speech was not secret and that it was conveyed to the West by multiple sources, including Soviet political and intelligence agencies.[9]

A notable achievement in counter-espionage was the 1961 capture ofIsrael Beer,who was revealed to be a Sovietspy.Beer was alieutenant colonelin the reserves, a senior security commentator and close friend of Ben-Gurion and reached high Israeli circles. Beer was tried and sentenced to ten years in prison (later extended by the Supreme Court to fifteen years, following his appeal), where he died. A year before,Kurt Sitte,aChristianGerman from theSudetenlandand aprofessorin theTechnion,was revealed as aCzechoslovakianspy.[10]

Medal given to Shabak workers on the 40th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, 1988

In 1967, an Egyptian-Israeli double agent,Refaat Al-Gammal,gave Egypt false information about Israel's battle plans, claiming it would begin with ground operations. The Egyptians thus left their aircraft on open runways, which enabled theIsrael Air Forcetoknock outEgypt's air force within three hours of the outbreak of theSix-Day War.[11]Operation Yated, as it was later known, is considered one of the most successful deceptions in Israeli intelligence history, on a par with Britain'sOperation Mincemeatduring World War II.[11]

After the war, monitoring terrorist activity in theWest BankandGaza Stripbecame a major part of Shabak's mission. During 1984–1986, Shabak experienced a major crisis following theKav 300 affairin which four Palestinian militants hijacked a bus. Two of the hijackers were killed in the ensuing standoff and the other two were killed shortly after being taken into custody by Shabak officers, who later covered up the event and conspired to frame a seniorIDFofficer.[12]Following the affair, Shabak headAvraham Shalomwas forced to resign.

The 1987Landau Commission,set up to investigate Shabak interrogation methods, criticized the organization and established guidelines to regulate what forms of physical pressure could be used on prisoners. Among the practices authorised were "keeping prisoners in excruciatingly uncomfortable postures, covering their heads with filthy and malodorous sacks and depriving them of sleep." Human rights groups in Israel maintained that this amounts totorture.[13]A 1995 official report byMiriam Ben-Porat,made public in 2000, showed that Shin Bet "routinely" went beyond the "moderate physical pressure" authorised by the Landau Commission. In the report, Israel admitted for the first time that Palestinian detainees were tortured during theFirst Intifada,between 1988 and 1992.[13]

In 1995, the Shin Bet failed to protect the Israeli prime minister,Yitzhak Rabin,who wasassassinatedby right-wing Israeli radicalYigal Amir.Shin Bet had discovered Amir's plans, and a Shin Bet agent was sent to monitor Amir, and reported that Amir was not a threat. Following the assassination, the Shabak director,Carmi Gillon,resigned preemptively. Later, theShamgar Commissionpointed to serious flaws in the personal security unit. Another source of embarrassment and criticism was the violent, provocative and inciting behavior ofAvishai Raviv,aninformerof the Shabak's Jewish Unit during the time leading up to the assassination.[14]Later, Raviv was acquitted of the charges that he encouragedYigal Amirto kill Yitzhak Rabin.

A few months after the Rabin assassination, Hamas chief bombmakerYahya Ayyashwas assassinated in atargeted killingin which an explosive device was planted in hiscellular phone.[15]

Gillon was replaced byIsraeli NavyadmiralAmi Ayalon,who helped to restore the organizationalmorale,after the debacle of the Rabin assassination, and to rehabilitate its public image.[16]

In 2000, Ayalon was replaced byAvi Dichter,an ex-Sayeret Matkalcommandoand experienced Shabak agent, who tightened the working relationship with the Israel Defense Forces andIsraeli police.Dichter was in charge when theal-Aqsa Intifadaerupted. He turned Shabak into a prominent player in the war on terrorism after the collapse of the2000 Camp David Summit.

In November 2003, four former heads of Shabak (Avraham Shalom,Yaakov Peri,Carmi Gillon and Ami Ayalon) called upon the Government of Israel to reach a peace agreement with the Palestinians.[17]

In May 2005, Dichter was replaced byYuval Diskin,who served until 2011.

In 2007, the service launched its first-ever public recruitment drive, unveiling a "slick Website" and buying on-line ads in Israel and abroad in a campaign aimed at "attract[ing] top-tier computer programmers" to its "cutting-edge" IT division. On March 18, 2008, it was announced that Shabak's official website would also offer ablog,where four of its agents would discuss anonymously how they were recruited, and what sort of work they perform; they would also answer questions sent in by members of the public.[18]The decision to launch the blog was made by the Shin Bet's top brass, including headYuval Diskin,and is part of an attempt to attract high-tech workers to the agency's growing IT department. According to Shabak officers, the Web site and blog are aimed also at promoting a more accessible and positive public image for the secret service, long associated with "dark, undercover and even violent activity".[19]

In 2011,Yoram Cohenwas chosen as the new head of Shabak, and served until 2016.

In 2016,Nadav Argamanwas chosen as the new head of Shabak, and assumed office on 8 May 2016.

On 11 October 2021,Ronen Barwas announced as the next head of the ISA,[20][21]and took office on 13 October.[22]

On 16 October 2023, following thesuccessful surprise attacks by Hamas against Israeland the subsequent outbreak of the2023 Israel–Hamas war,ISA directorRonen Bartook responsibility for his role in the failure of Israeli intelligence to predict the oncoming war from Gaza.[23][24]

Accountability

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Former Shin Bet director special assistant Barak Ben-Zur said that since 1948 (or more particularly 1957) the group has been brought under the control of the Knesset in order to monitor its budget. In May 2002, Shin Bet was brought under the purview of the Knesset Foreign and Security Committee, which could investigate whether it is working within legal boundaries which, in turn, involves the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee. The government legal adviser approves Shin Bet activities while the Political-Security Cabinet receives reports directly from the Shin Bet director and ensures that every detainee has the right to submit a complaint.[25]

Information gathering, interrogation methods and torture

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Shabak also extracts information byinterrogatingsuspects, and there is a history of concern over its methods. In 1987, after complaints about excessive use of violence, theLandau Commissiondrew up guidelines condoning "moderate physical pressure" when necessary, but in 1994, State ComptrollerMiriam Ben-Poratfound that these regulations were violated and senior GSS commanders did not prevent it.[26]

Later, in 1999, theIsraeli Supreme Courtheard several petitions against Shabak methods, including (1) "forceful and repeated shaking of the suspect's upper torso, in a manner which causes the neck and head to swing rapidly," (2) manacling of the suspect in a painful "Shabach position" for a long period of time, (3) the "frog crouch" consisting of "consecutive, periodical crouches on the tips of one's toes," and other methods. The Court ruled that Shabak did not have the authority, even under the defense of "necessity," to employ such methods.[27]This ruling was hailed as landmark against using torture on Palestinian prisoners.[28]

Shabak claims it now uses only psychological means, althoughB'TselemandAmnesty Internationalcontinue to accuse Shabak of employing physical methods that amount to torture under international conventions.[29][30][31][32]In 2015,Physicians for Human Rights–Israelnoted that petitions against Shin Bet had quadrupled since 2012, and claimed that over the past several years of 850 complaints against Shin Bet for torture none had yet been investigated. It further claimed that no system of legal redress against security organizations is in place.[33]

Shabak has also worked closely with theIsraeli Air Forcein "targeted killings"of field commanders and senior leaders of Palestinian militant factions[34]ofHamas,theIslamic Jihad,theAl-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades,andFatah.These killings are usually done byhelicopter gunships.Both the IAF commanders and Shabak agents sit together in the command center to monitor the operations. Shabak's task is to give intelligence about when and where the target will be available for a strike and then react to IAFdronefeedback to ensure the men at the location are indeed the correct targets.[35]

Detentions

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Salah Haj Yihyeh, a Palestinian who runs mobile clinics forPhysicians for Human Rights,was detained for questioning by the Shin Bet.[dubious–discuss]In the questioning, Yihyeh answered questions about the activities of the organization, its budget, the identity of its donors, and details about others employed by PHR. The board of Physicians for Human Rights, in a letter to Shin Bet chief Yuval Diskin, rejected the "crossing of a red line in a democracy." The letter argued that since the only cause for calling an employee of the group was to scare him, the tactics were unacceptable and illegal.[36]

Palestinian journalistMohammed Omerwas detained in July 2008 by Shin Bet. Having arrived on a flight from London, Omer says that he was taken aside by a Shin Bet official. According toDemocracy Now!,Omer was later questioned, strip-searched, and then beaten by eight armed Shin Bet officers. Injuries from the ordeal allegedly left Mohammed Omer in the hospital for a week.[37]The Israeli government rejected Omer's claims outright, citing inconsistencies in his allegations and noting that such investigations are strictly regulated.[38][39]

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In 2012, six former heads of the Shabak (Shalom, Peri, Gillon, Ayalon, Dichter, and Diskin) featured in a documentary film,The Gatekeepers,and discussed the main events of their tenures.

An undercover Shin Bet agent appears inTom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrowas a supporting character.

InMessiah,Tomer Sisleyplays Aviram Dahan, a Shin Bet operative who is fighting terrorism to protect his country.

InMunich,Mathieu Kassovitzplays Robert, a Belgian toy-maker and explosives expert, who worked for Shin Bet as a bomb dismantler.

Shabak directors

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Reuven Rivlinthepresident of IsraelwithYoram Cohenthe former director of the Shin Bet andNadav Argamanthe new director. May 2016

See also

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References

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  1. ^"The History of the ISA".Shabak.Retrieved25 May2011.
  2. ^"Profile: Israel's Shin Bet agency".BBC News. 30 January 2002.Retrieved30 October2013.
  3. ^Assenheim, Omri (6 May 2013)."Mission: Impossible".Uvda(in Hebrew). Mako.Retrieved18 March2020.
  4. ^Hadar, Roni;Melman, Yossi(12 July 2006)."There's Someone To Not Talk With".Haaretz(in Hebrew).
  5. ^"Refworld | Israel: Division of labour and mandates of the Mosad and Shabak (Shin Bet, General Security Service, Sherut ha-Bitachon ha-Klali); on forced recruitment to the Mossad or the Shabak".Refworld.Retrieved23 October2023.
  6. ^"Israel's national airline El Al is an intelligence front for the Shin Bet".Mondoweiss.30 August 2023.Retrieved23 October2023.
  7. ^Shin Bet historyArchived2016-10-30 at theWayback Machine(Hebrew)
  8. ^"There's a speech by Khrushchev from the conference (Hebrew)".Haaretz.7 March 2006.
  9. ^Matitiahu Mayzel (2013). "Israeli Intelligence and the leakage of Khrushchev's" Secret Speech "".The Journal of Israeli History.32(2): 257–283.doi:10.1080/13531042.2013.822730.S2CID143346034.
  10. ^Shin Bet between 1957 and 1967Archived2016-08-05 at theWayback Machine(Hebrew)
  11. ^abMelman, Yossi (31 March 2011)."How Israel won the Six-Day War Israel News".Haaretz.Retrieved30 October2013.
  12. ^David K. Shipler,Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land.1986.ISBN0-8129-1273-X.pages 89, 90.
  13. ^abIsrael admits tortureArchived2019-03-22 at theWayback Machine9 February 2000,BBC
  14. ^See thechapter on Raviv in the Shamgar reportArchived2011-08-08 at theWayback Machinein Hebrew
  15. ^Katz, Samuel.The Hunt for the Engineer.Lyons Press, 2002.ISBN1-58574-749-1
  16. ^Amir Oren (15 January 2007)."איילון מסוגל, ברק לא - מאמרים ודעות - הארץ".Haaretz.Retrieved30 October2013.
  17. ^Urquhart, Conal (30 November 2003)."Israel's hard men fight for peace".The Observer.London.Retrieved23 May2010.
  18. ^Franks, Tim (17 March 2008)."Israel's Shin Bet launches blog".BBC News.Retrieved30 October2013.
  19. ^Yaakov Katz,"Shin Bet security agency launches blog"Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine,Jerusalem Post,17 March 2008.
  20. ^"Ronen Bar: Israel's next Shin Bet Director".IsraelDefense website. 11 October 2021.Retrieved11 October2021.
  21. ^Yoni Weiss (11 October 2021)."Ronen Bar Announced as New Shin Bet Head".HamodiaEnglish website.Retrieved11 October2021.
  22. ^"בטקס חגיגי: ראש השב" כ הנבחר רונן בר נכנס לתפקידו "[In a festive ceremony: appointed ISA head Ronen Bar took office].בחזית(in Hebrew). 13 October 2021.Retrieved16 October2021.
  23. ^Israel National News."ISA director takes responsibility for allowing invasion".Arutz Sheva-Israel National News.Retrieved16 October2023.
  24. ^Feldman, Joseph."Shin Bet Head Takes Responsibility for No Warning Before Hamas Attack".VINnews/The Associated Press.Retrieved16 October2023.
  25. ^"Inside Shabak".Al Jazeera English. 24 October 2013.Retrieved30 October2013.
  26. ^"A/55/373 of 11 September 2000".Domino.un.org. Archived fromthe originalon 1 November 2013.Retrieved30 October2013.
  27. ^"Public Committee Against Torture v. Israel"(PDF).Elyon.court.gov.il.Retrieved30 October2013.
  28. ^World: Middle East Israeli 'torture' methods illegalArchived2015-07-20 at theWayback Machine,September 6, 1999,BBC
  29. ^"The Interrogation of Palestinians During the Intifada: Ill-Treatment," Moderate Physical Pressure "or Torture?, March 1991 | B'Tselem".Btselem.org. 1 January 1990.Retrieved30 October2013.
  30. ^"The ISA interrogation regime: routine ill-treatment | B'Tselem".Btselem.org. 1 January 2011.Retrieved30 October2013.
  31. ^"Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories | Amnesty International".Amnesty.org.Retrieved30 October2013.
  32. ^"Kept in the Dark, Oct. 2010 | B'Tselem".Btselem.org.Retrieved30 October2013.
  33. ^Tamar Pileggi,'850 Torture Complaints yield no investigations,'Archived2015-10-30 at theWayback MachineThe Times of Israel11 February 2015.
  34. ^"BBC News - Israel pounds Gaza after deadly attacks near Eilat".Bbc.co.uk. 18 August 2011.Retrieved30 October2013.
  35. ^Katz, Yaakov (25 March 2021)."How the IDF invented 'Roof Knocking', the tactic that saves lives in Gaza".Jerusalem Post.
  36. ^Akiva Eldar,Haaretz:"Physicians for Human Rights official detained by Shin Bet"Archived2016-01-03 at theWayback Machine,3 June 2008.
  37. ^Democracy Now:"Award-Winning Palestinian Journalist Mohammed Omer Details Abuse by Israeli Security Officials"Archived2019-03-22 at theWayback Machine,7 July 2008.
  38. ^"IMRA - Wednesday, July 9, 2008 RESPONSE TO ALLEGATIONS REGARDING MOHAMMED OMER AL-MUGHAIER".www.imra.org.il.
  39. ^Ofra Edelman,"Charges dropped against settler filmed shooting Palestinians" –HaaretzArchived2010-02-08 at theWayback Machine,14 July 2009.
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