Stockholm
Stockholm | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
| Nickname(s): Sthlm, Eken, theVenice of the North,the Venice of Scandinavia[1] | |
  Stockholm Location within Stockholm County  Stockholm Location within Sweden  Stockholm Location within the European Union#Europe#Earth | |
| Coordinates:59°19′46″N18°4′7″E/ 59.32944°N 18.06861°E | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | SödermanlandandUppland |
| County | Stockholm County |
| First mention | 1252 |
| Charter | 13th century |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Karin Wanngård(S) |
| Area | |
| 188 km2(73 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 381.63 km2(147.35 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 6,519 km2(2,517 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 28 m (92 ft) |
| Population | |
| 984,748 | |
| • Density | 5,200/km2(14,000/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 1,617,407 |
| • Urban density | 4,200/km2(11,000/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 2,415,139 |
| • Metro density | 370/km2(960/sq mi) |
| Demonyms |
|
| GDP | |
| • Metro | €171.269 billion (2021) |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | 100 00-199 99 |
| Area code | +46-8 |
| Website | start |
Stockholm(Swedish:[ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlm])[10]is thecapitalandmost populous cityof theKingdom of Sweden,as well as thelargest urban area in the Nordic countries.Approximately 1 million people live in themunicipality,[11]with 1.6 million in theurban area,[12]and 2.4 million in themetropolitan area.[11]The city stretches across fourteen islands whereLake Mälarenflows into theBaltic Sea.Outside the city to the east, and along the coast, is the island chain of theStockholm archipelago.The area has been settled since theStone Age,in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesmanBirger Jarl.The city serves as the county seat ofStockholm County.
Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country'sGDP,[13]and is among the top 10 regions inEuropebyGDP per capita.[14]Considered aglobal city,[15]it is the largest inScandinaviaand the main centre forcorporate headquartersin the Nordic region.[16]The city is home to some of Europe's top-ranking universities, such as theKarolinska Institute(medicine),KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm School of EconomicsandStockholm University.[17]It hosts the annualNobel Prizeceremonies and banquet at theStockholm Concert HallandStockholm City Hall.One of the city's most prized museums, theVasa Museum,is the most visited museum in Scandinavia.[18]TheStockholm metro,opened in 1950, is well known for the decor of its stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world.[19]The city was the host of the1912 Summer Olympics,and has played host to several other international sports events since.[20]
Stockholm is Sweden's primaryfinancial centre,one of the largest in Scandinavia, and hosts several of Sweden's largest companies. Furthermore, the headquarters of most of Sweden's largest banks are in Stockholm. Stockholm is one of Europe's major tech centres; the city has sometimes been called Europe's innovation hub.[21]The Stockholm region has a GDP of around $180 billion,[22]and Stockholm County has thehighest GDP per capitaof allcounties in Sweden.[23]
Stockholm is the seat of theSwedish governmentand most ofits agencies,[24]including the highest courts in thejudiciary,[25]and theofficial residencesof theSwedish monarchand thePrime Minister.The government has its seat in theRosenbadbuilding, theRiksdag(Swedish parliament) is seated in theParliament House,[26]and the Prime Minister's residence is adjacent at theSager House.[27]Stockholm Palaceis the official residence and principal workplace of the Swedish monarch, whileDrottningholm Palacein neighbouringEkeröserves as theRoyal Family's private residence.[28]
History
[edit]
Stockholm's location appears inNorse sagasasAgnafit,and inHeimskringlain connection with the legendary kingAgne.Birka,located near Stockholm, was one Sweden's major trade centres during theViking Age,and its restored remains are one ofStockholm County's most-visited sites.[29]
The earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines inBergslagenmade it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name (stock) means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word (Stock) meaningfortification.The second part of the name (holm) means islet and is thought to refer to the isletHelgeandsholmenin central Stockholm. According toErik's Chroniclethe city is said to have been founded byBirger Jarlto protect Sweden from sea invasions made byKareliansafter thepillage of Sigtunaon Lake Mälaren in the summer of 1187.[30]
Stockholm's core, the present Old Town (Gamla Stan) was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid-13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of theHanseatic League.Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages withLübeck,Hamburg,Gdańsk(Danzig),Visby,Tallinn(Reval), andRigaduring this time.[31]
The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between theDanish Kingsof theKalmar Unionand the Swedish national independence movement in the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. The Danish KingChristian IIwas able to enter the city in 1520 and on 8 November of that year, a massacre of opposition figures called theStockholm Bloodbathtook place and set off further uprisings that eventually led to the breakup of the Kalmar Union with the attainment of Swedish independence. With the accession ofGustav Vasain 1523 and the establishment of royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching 10,000 by 1600.[32]
The seventeenth century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish, Baltic andScandinavianterritories. In 1697,Tre Kronor Castleburned down and was replaced eventually byStockholm Palace;the time of theSwedish Empirealso saw several architectural modernisations of the city.[33]
The beginning of the Swedish Empire saw a renaissance in the arts and sciences; the new queen,Christina,was a strong supporter of science and culture.Réne Descartes,one of the most prominent European philosophers of his time, died in Stockholm; he had been hosted by the queen for several years prior to his death. Inventors, likeChristopher Polhem,moved to the city during the time of the Swedish Empire. Academics also spent much time in Stockholm, likeOlaus Rudbeck,rector of theUppsala University.[34]
Throughout Sweden's history,wallswere created in Stockholm to defend the city from attacks. These defensive walls were modified throughout the 13th to the 16th century. In 1625, theGreat Stockholm Fire of 1625destroyed the southwestern section ofStadsholmen,an island in the centre of Stockholm.[35]The amount of destruction led to the beginning of the demolition of the Stockholm walls. Today, most of the younger city walls cannot be found anywhere above ground. However, parts of the northern city walls are preserved in the modernMuseum of Medieval Stockholm.[36]
In 1710, aplaguekilled about 20,000(36 percent) of the population.[37]After the end of theGreat Northern Warthe city stagnated; population growth halted and economic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having lost its place as the capital of agreat power.However, Stockholm maintained its role as Sweden's political centre and continued to develop as the country's economic and cultural capital.[38]
During theAge of Enlightenmentin the late eighteenth century, the city flourished. The new monarch,Gustav III,proved an able and energetic regnant; his economic policies helped theSwedish economydevelop, and his partially successfulwar against Russiarestored some of Sweden's international reputation. The king was an avid patron of the arts, and scientists and cultural figures flocked to Stockholm on a scale unprecedented since the reign ofQueen Christina.[39]
During this time,Carl Michael BellmanandJoseph Martin Kraushelped develop the city's music, a process further accelerated by the founding of theRoyal Swedish Opera.[40]Various artists and writers became prominent, funded by the king and other cultural patrons likeCarl Gustaf Tessin;the two aforementioned figures laid the base for Sweden'sNationalmuseumat this time. Science also became prevalent; renowned figures likeCarl LinnaeusandAnders Celsiusspent time in Stockholm, and various research institutes, like theStockholm Observatory,were founded.[41]
The early nineteenth century saw a major economic decline of Stockholm and Sweden as a whole, but by the second half of the nineteenth century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged with industrialisation and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically during this time, mainly throughimmigration.At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born, with most migrants being from poorer rural Sweden; major settlement began to expand outside the historical city limits. The nineteenth century also saw the establishment of a number of scientific institutes and universities, including theKarolinska InstitutetandKTH Royal Institute of Technology.TheGeneral Art and Industrial Expositionwas held in 1897,[42]drawing international attention. From 1887 to 1953 theOld Stockholm telephone towerwas a landmark; originally built to link phone lines, it became redundant after these were buried, and it was later used for advertising before its demolition in the twentieth century. The early twentieth century also saw the creation of theNobel Prizes,some of Stockholm's most renowned institutions.[43]
Stockholm became a modern and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th century. Many historical buildings were torn down during themodernistera, including substantial parts of the historical district ofKlara(which caused major controversy), and replaced with modern architecture. However, in many other parts of Stockholm (such as inGamla stan,Södermalm,Östermalm,KungsholmenandVasastan), many older buildings, blocks and streets built before the modernism andfunctionalismmovements survived this era of demolition. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from industrial activities into more high-tech and service industry areas, which still dominate the city's economy today.[21]
Stockholm's metropolitan area has become one of the fastest-growing regions in Europe.[citation needed]In 2020 alone, Stockholm's population increased by 1,477.[44]As a result of this massive population growth, there has been a proposal to build densely packed high-rise buildings in the city centre connected by elevated walkways, though these have been opposed by several groups.[45]
Geography
[edit]Location
[edit]
Stockholm is located on Sweden's east coast at the 59th parallel north,[46]where the freshwaterLake Mälaren—Sweden's third-largest lake—flows out into the Baltic Sea. The central parts of the city consist of fourteen islands that are continuous with theStockholm archipelago.The geographical city centre is situated on the water, inRiddarfjärdenbay. Over 30% of the city area is made up of waterways and another 30% is made up of parks and green spaces.
Positioned at the eastern end of theCentral Swedish lowlandand near theBergslagenregion, the city's location reflects the early orientation of Swedish trade toward the Baltic region.[47]
Stockholm belongs to theTemperate deciduous forestbiome, which means the climate is very similar to that of the far northeastern area of theUnited Statesand coastalNova ScotiainCanada.The average annual temperature is 7.9 °C (46 °F). The average rainfall is 531 mm (21 in) per year. The deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In the autumn the leaves change color. During the winter months, the trees lose their leaves.[excessive detail?]
For details about the other municipalities in the Stockholm area, see the pertinent articles. North of Stockholm Municipality:Järfälla,Solna,Täby,Sollentuna,Lidingö,Upplands Väsby,Österåker,Sigtuna,Sundbyberg,Danderyd,Vallentuna,Ekerö,Upplands-Bro,Vaxholm,andNorrtälje.South of Stockholm:Huddinge,Nacka,Botkyrka,Haninge,Tyresö,Värmdö,Södertälje,Salem,NykvarnandNynäshamn.
Stockholm Municipality
[edit]Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders. The semi-official name for the municipality isCity of Stockholm(Stockholms stadin Swedish).[48]As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, which carry responsibility for primary schools, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The municipality is usually described in terms of its three main parts: Innerstaden (Stockholm City Centre),Söderort(Southern Stockholm) andVästerort(Western Stockholm). The districts of these parts are:
Stockholm City Centre
[edit]Söderort
[edit]Västerort
[edit]The modern centreNorrmalm(concentrated around the town squareSergels torg) is the largest shopping district inSweden.[49]It is the most central part of Stockholm in business and shopping.
Climate
[edit]Stockholm has ahumid continental climatein the 0 °C isotherm (Köppen:Dfb)[50][51]bordering on anoceanic climate(Cfb) in the -3 °C isotherm. Although winters are cold, average temperatures generally remain above 0 °C for much of the year. Summers are pleasantly warm, and precipitation occurs throughout the year.[52]
Due to the city's high northerly latitude, the length of the day varies widely from more than 18 hours around midsummer to only around 6 hours in late December. The nights from late May until mid-July are not completely dark even when cloudy. Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at a similar latitude, or even farther south. With an average of 1900 hours of sunshine per year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Northern Europe, receiving more sunshine than Paris, London and a few other major European cities of a more southerly latitude. Because of theurban heat islandeffect and the prevailing wind travelling overland rather than sea during summer months, Stockholm has the warmest July months of the Nordic capitals. Stockholm has an annual average snow cover between 75 and 100 days.[53]
Despite its mild climate, Stockholm is located further north than parts of Canada that are above the Arctictree lineat sea level.[54]
Summers average daytime high temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) and lows of around 13 °C (55 °F), but temperatures can reach 30 °C (86 °F) on some days. Days above 30 °C (86 °F) occur on average 1.55 days per year (1992–2011).[55]Days between 25 °C (77 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) are relatively common especially in July and August. Night-time lows of above 20 °C (68 °F) are rare, and hot summer nights vary from 17 to 18 °C (63 to 64 °F). Winters generally bring cloudy weather with the most precipitation falling in December and January (as either rain or snow). The average winter temperatures range from −3 to −1 °C (27 to 30 °F), and occasionally drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) in the outskirts of the city. Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild.
The climate table below presents weather data from the years 1991–2020. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during the years 1991–2020 as compared with the last series, from 1961 to 1990. This increase averages about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) over all months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) in January.[56]For the 2002–2014 measurements some further increases have been found, although some months such as June have been relatively flat.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm was 36 °C (97 °F) on 3 July 1811; the lowest was −32 °C (−26 °F) on 20 January 1814.[57]The temperature has not dropped to below −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) since 10 January 1987.[58][59]
The warmest month ever recorded was July 2018 with a mean temperature of 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) which is also the nationwide record.
Annual precipitation is 546.4 mm (21.51 in) with around 170 wet days and light to moderate rainfall throughout the year. The precipitation is not uniformly distributed throughout the year. The second half of the year receives 50% more than the first half. Snowfall occurs mainly from December through March. Snowfall may occasionally occur in late October as well as in April.
In Stockholm, theaurora borealiscan occasionally be observed.
| Climate data for Stockholm (Observatorielunden), 1991–2020 normals, extremes since 1901 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
2.5 (36.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
0.6 (33.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −11.2 (11.8) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.2 (−18.8) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−28.2 (−18.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 37.0 (1.46) |
29.4 (1.16) |
27.3 (1.07) |
29.2 (1.15) |
34.0 (1.34) |
61.7 (2.43) |
61.5 (2.42) |
66.2 (2.61) |
53.3 (2.10) |
51.4 (2.02) |
47.6 (1.87) |
47.8 (1.88) |
546.4 (21.51) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 23.3 (9.2) |
25.6 (10.1) |
18.1 (7.1) |
5.9 (2.3) |
1.1 (0.4) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.8 (0.7) |
6.6 (2.6) |
20.3 (8.0) |
102.7 (40.4) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 43.9 | 75.1 | 150.8 | 215.9 | 277.4 | 277.4 | 279.5 | 234.5 | 170.3 | 95.8 | 44.6 | 33.4 | 1,898.6 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 1.4 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 5.2 |
| Mean dailydaylight hours | 7.0 | 9.3 | 11.9 | 14.5 | 17.0 | 18.5 | 17.7 | 15.5 | 12.8 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 12.4 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 20 | 29 | 41 | 50 | 53 | 50 | 51 | 49 | 44 | 30 | 19 | 17 | 38 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Source 1: SMHI Open Data[60]SMHI 1991–2020 normals[61] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (sunshine, uv data)[62] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Stockholm (Bromma Airport). 1991–2020 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.5 (52.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
34.2 (93.6) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
1.2 (34.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.1 (32.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.1 (24.6) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.1 (39.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −14.8 (5.4) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.7 (−12.5) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−23.5 (−10.3) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−24.7 (−12.5) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 36.7 (1.44) |
29.5 (1.16) |
28.0 (1.10) |
29.5 (1.16) |
33.6 (1.32) |
59.2 (2.33) |
57.6 (2.27) |
65.9 (2.59) |
50.2 (1.98) |
50.0 (1.97) |
47.9 (1.89) |
49.1 (1.93) |
537.4 (21.16) |
| Source 1: SMHI Open Data[63] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: SMHI 1991–2020 normals[64] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Stockholm (2002–2022 averages & extremes) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
34.8 (94.6) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.1 (39.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
5.2 (41.3) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −11.1 (12.0) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.9 (51.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.3 (−2.7) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
3.7 (38.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−18.5 (−1.3) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 40.7 (1.60) |
30.6 (1.20) |
24.1 (0.95) |
22.7 (0.89) |
39.5 (1.56) |
62.3 (2.45) |
57.2 (2.25) |
70.1 (2.76) |
45.1 (1.78) |
50.6 (1.99) |
48.1 (1.89) |
45.3 (1.78) |
536.3 (21.1) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 40 | 74 | 167 | 236 | 275 | 292 | 284 | 239 | 174 | 102 | 46 | 34 | 1,963 |
| Source 1: SMHI Open Data[65] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2022[66] | |||||||||||||
Daylight
[edit]Stockholm's location just south of the 60th parallel north means that the number of daylight hours is relatively small during winter – about six hours – while in June and the first half of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours of daylight. Due to its eastern position within Sweden's respective time zone, sunsets occur as early as 2:46 PM in mid-December. Around thesummer solsticethe sun never reaches further below thehorizonthan 7.3 degrees.[67]This gives the sky a bright blue colour in summer once the sun has set because it does not get any darker thannautical twilight.Also, when looking straight up towards thezenith,few stars are visible after the sun has gone down. This is not to be confused with themidnight sun,which occurs north of theArctic Circle,around 7 degrees farther north.
Government
[edit]
The StockholmMunicipal Council(Swedish:Stockholms kommunfullmäktige) is the name of the local assembly. Its 101 councillors are elected concurrently withgeneral elections,held at the same time as the elections to theRiksdagandcounty councils.The Council convenes twice every month atStockholm City Hall,and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and committees. Once decisions are referred for practical implementation, the employees of the City administrations and companies take over.[68]
The elected majority has a Mayor and eight Vice Mayors. The Mayor and each majority Vice Mayor is the head of a department, with responsibility for a particular area of operation, such as City Planning. The opposition also has four Vice Mayors, but they hold no executive power. Together the Mayor and the 12 Vice Mayors form the Council of Mayors, and they prepare matters for the City Executive Board. The Mayor holds a special position among the Vice Mayors, chairing both the Council of Mayors and the City Executive Board.[68]
The City Executive Board (Swedish:Kommunstyrelsen) is elected by the City Council and is equivalent to acabinet.The City Executive Board renders an opinion in all matters decided by the council and bears the overall responsibility for follow-up, evaluation and execution of its decisions. The Board is also responsible for financial administration and long-term development. The City Executive Board consists of 13 members, who represent both the majority and the opposition. Its meetings are not open to the public.[68]
Stockholm City Hallis one of the city's key landmarks, built in theNational Romantic Styleat the beginning of the twentieth century. Hosting the Nobel Prizes and the government of the city of Stockholm, it is one of Sweden's most important buildings.[69]
Economy
[edit]As the primary financial centre in Sweden, Stockholm is an influential hub for trade, finance and technology inEurope,and one of Scandinavia's largest financial centres. The Stockholm region is the leading region in Sweden by both GDP and GDP per capita, and is amongst the ten wealthiest regions in theEuropean Unionwhen measured by the latter.[70]
Many of Sweden's largest companies are headquartered in the city; they are drawn by its central location, skilled workforce and preeminent financial sector. These companies include some of theNordic region's most valuable corporations, likeEricsson,which is one of the world's largest telecommunications companies, orAtlas Copco,which is one of the world's largest industrial companies; other large companies based in Stockholm includeElectrolux,H&MandSecuritas AB.Some of the largest investment firms in Europe are headquartered in the city, includingInvestor ABandNordstjernan;also headquartered in Stockholm isEQT AB.[71]
Stockholm is one of continental Europe's leading hubs for the technology industry; this influential industry is based inKista,a suburb in northern Stockholm which is Europe's largest Informations and Technology cluster. Stockholm has the second most unicorns per capita in the world, after Silicon Valley; the city also has one of the highest startup rates in Europe.[72]Prominent startup technology companies in Stockholm includeMojang,SpotifyandKlarna;the latter two either have been or are among the largest startup companies in the world.[73]
Most of Sweden's largest banks are headquartered in the city, including theSEB Group,HandelsbankenandSwedbank;Nordeahad its headquarters in Stockholm until moving toHelsinkiin 2018 for legal reasons involving the European Union.[74]TheStockholm Stock Exchange,founded in 1863, is the largest stock exchange in the Nordic Countries measured by market capitalisation, listing numerous multinational Swedish companies.[75]
Trade is a vital part of Stockholm's economy; the city's corporations are largely reliant on foreign consumers to supplement the small Swedish market. Stockholm is one of the Baltic Sea's larger ports, hosting especially cruise ships and yachts. Most of Stockholm's economy is based on export-oriented services, often towards larger, nearby European markets like Poland or Germany.[76]Tourism is a major industry in Stockholm.[77]
Education
[edit]
Research and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with education in medicine and various research institutions such as theStockholm Observatory.The medical education was eventually formalised in 1811 asKarolinska Institutet.KTH Royal Institute of Technology(Swedish: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan) was founded in 1827 and is Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students; it is Sweden's foremost polytechnic, and spearheaded several governmental research projects in the twentieth century.Stockholm University,founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 52,000 students as of 2008[update].It also incorporates historical institutions, such as the Observatory, theSwedish Museum of Natural History,as well as the botanical gardenBergianska trädgården.TheStockholm School of Economics,founded in 1909, is one of the few private institutions of higher education in Sweden, and is generally reckoned one of the most prestigious business schools in the world.
In thefine arts,educational institutions include theRoyal College of Music,which has a history going back to the conservatory founded as part of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Musicin 1771, theRoyal University College of Fine Arts,which has a similar historical association with theRoyal Swedish Academy of Artsand a foundation date of 1735, and theSwedish National Academy of Mime and Acting,which is the continuation of the school of theRoyal Dramatic Theatre,once attended by renowned actors likeGreta Garbo.Other schools include the design schoolKonstfack,founded in 1844, theUniversity College of Opera(founded in 1968 but with older roots), theUniversity College of Dance,and theStockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut(the University College of Music Education).
TheSödertörn Universitywas founded in 1995 as a multi-disciplinary institution for southernMetropolitan Stockholm,to balance the many institutions located in the northern part of the region. Other institutes of higher education include theMilitary Academy Karlberg,the world's oldest military academy to remain in its original location, inaugurated in 1792 and housed inKarlberg Palace;there is also theSwedish Defence University,Ersta Sköndal University College,Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciencesand theUniversity College Stockholm.[78]
The biggest complaints from students of higher education in Stockholm are the lack of student accommodations, the difficulty in finding other accommodations and the high rent.[79]
Demographics
[edit]
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| Source: Stockholms Stads Utrednings- och Statistikkontor ABBefolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005,p. 55 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source: Stockholms Stads Utrednings- och Statistikkontor ABBefolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005,p. 55 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Stockholm region is home to around 22% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 29% of itsgross domestic product.[80]The geographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed over time. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm largely consisted of the area today known as City Centre, roughly 35 km2(14 sq mi) or one-fifth of the current municipal area. In the ensuing decades several other areas were incorporated (such asBrännkyrkaMunicipality in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, andSpångain 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971; with the exception of Hansta, in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature reserve.[81]
| Population by country of birth (2021)[82] | |
| Country | Population |
|---|---|
| Total residents | 978,770 |
 Sweden |
726,020 |
| Foreign-born | 252,750 (25.8%) |
 Iraq |
16,004 |
 Finland |
15,289 |
 Iran |
12,557 |
 Poland |
11,613 |
 Yugoslavia |
10,066 |
 India |
8,659 |
 Somalia |
8,447 |
 Turkey |
7,743 |
 Syria |
7,193 |
 China |
6,892 |
 Eritrea |
6,577 |
 United Kingdom |
6,035 |
 Germany |
5,388 |
 Ethiopia |
5,253 |
 United States |
5,232 |
 Chile |
5,204 |
 Afghanistan |
4,898 |
 Greece |
4,867 |
 Russia |
4,151 |
 Thailand |
4,052 |
The population was 984,748 in 2022 and is projected to reach 1,079,213 by 2030. Of the inhabitants, 482,982 were men and 492,569 women. The average age is 39 years; 40.1% of the population is between 20 and 44 years. The marimonial statistics are that 411,273 people, or 42.2% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried; 268,291 people, or 27.5% of the population, were married; and 104,099 or 10.7% of the population, had been married but divorced.[83]
As of December 2021, there were 252,750 foreign-born people in Stockholm, making up 25.8% of the population. Around 57.5% of them (143,167) immigrated to Sweden when they were at least 10 years old, and 109,213 (43.9%) of them were foreign citizens. The largest nationality groups among the foreign-born people were theIraqis(16,137), followed byFinns(15,693), Iranians (12,329) andPoles(11,569). Of the population, 336,275 residents (34.4%) of Stockholm had a foreign-background.[84]
Residents of Stockholm are known as Stockholmers ( "stockholmare"). Languages spoken in Greater Stockholm outside of Swedish include Finnish, one of theofficial minority languages of Sweden;and English, as well as Albanian, Bosnian, Syriac, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, Persian, Somali, Dutch, Spanish, Serbian and Croatian.
Stockholm has been home to a significantFinnish-minoritysince the 13th century. At the end of the 15th century up to 20% of the population in Stockholm consisted of Finns.[85]TheFinska församlingenhas offered church services since the 16th century, and in 1725 theFinnish Churchwas opened. 74,000 people in Stockholm have a Finnish-background, which makes Stockholm home to the largest Finnish population in Sweden.[86]Finnish,along withMeänkieliand theSami languageshave a protected minority status in Stockholm. This gives the right to use their language when contacting authorities, as well as the right to child and elderly care in their languages.Romani chibandYiddishare also recognized minority languages, and have a strengthened right to their language in education.[87]
The entireStockholm metropolitan area,consisting of 26 municipalities, has a population of over 2.2 million,[88]making it the most populous region in theNordic countries.[89]TheStockholm urban area,defined only for statistical purposes, had a total population of 1,630,738 in 2015. In the followingmunicipalitiessome of the districts are contained within the Stockholm urban area, though not all:[6][7]
|
 |
Religion
[edit]The Swedish church consists of27 parishes in Stockholmwith almost 50 churches, but also a large number of churches belonging to the free church.
Stockholm has six mosques.[91]
There are three active synagogues and a community of 4,300 members in Stockholm, which corresponds to 0.4% of Stockholm's population.[92]It is the largest Jewish community inScandinavia.
Culture
[edit]As the capital and largest city of Sweden, Stockholm is the primary centre for the country's cultural life. TheSwedish Royal Academies,founded by various monarchs after the sixteenth century, award several prestigious awards and serve as intellectual institutions for the country's leading figures. The city also hosts several of Sweden's architectural masterpieces; the Stockholm region is home to threeWorld Heritage Sites– spots judged as invaluable places that belong to all of humanity: TheDrottningholm Palace,Skogskyrkogården(The Woodland Cemetery) andBirka.[93][94][95]In 1998, Stockholm was namedEuropean Capital of Culture.
Literature
[edit]Since its founding, Stockholm has been home to many authors of worldwide recognition; these include figures likeAugust StrindbergandAstrid Lindgren,as well as other writers important to the development of Swedish literature, likeVilhelm MobergorOlof von Dalin.Stockholm has an active literary life, as it hosts two of Europe's most important literary institutions: theSwedish AcademyandNational Library of Sweden.[96]
Literature in Stockholm began during the Viking Age, when numerous runestones were carved in the area due to its importance as a trading hub. However, Sweden's literature at the time was primarily based inGötalandandUppsala,as evidenced by the abundance of runestones in these areas and the settings of poems likeBeowulf.The presence of theChurchandUniversityonly served to further strengthen Uppsala's role as Sweden's literary centre throughout Christianisation and the Middle Ages.[97]
The centralisation of royal power and relative secularism brought in the sixteenth century led to the rise of Stockholm in Sweden's literature; this is due to several factors, including royal patronage in Stockholm and the relative decline of Uppsala University. The Bible was translated into Swedish during the reign ofGustav Vasa,and he drew several writers to his court due to his fondness for both music and literature.[98]
Stockholm's literature first began to flourish in the seventeenth century, with notable writers from the rest of Sweden moving to the city due to the wealth and patronage born from the spoils of theSwedish Empire.This process of cultural advancement continued into the eighteenth century, where the Gustavian era brought Stockholm's literature to its peak.Carl Linnaeus's scientific works were influential literary pieces, with August Strindberg describing Linnaeus as a "poet who happened to become a naturalist". Another notable literary figure from this time isCarl Michael Bellman,with his unique gift for setting his poems to song; he is often considered the father of the Swedish ballad tradition.[99]
The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were also a good time for the literature of Stockholm, with the rise of theRomanticandRealistmovements, respectively. August Strindberg rose to prominence in the late nineteenth century with several important works; he is still considered one of Sweden's finest writers. Astrid Lindgren, in the twentieth century, was famous for her children's stories, while Vilhelm Moberg's works are often considered national treasures in Sweden.[100][101]
Architecture
[edit]
Stockholm's oldest section is Gamla Stan (Old Town), located on the original small islands of the city's earliest settlements and still featuring themedievalstreet layout. Some notable buildings of Gamla Stan are the largeGerman Church(Tyska kyrkan) and several mansions and palaces: theRiddarhuset(the House of Nobility), theBonde Palace,theTessin Palaceand theOxenstierna Palace.
The oldest building in Stockholm isRiddarholmen Churchfrom the late 13th century. After a fire in 1697 when the original medieval castle was destroyed,Stockholm Palacewas erected in abaroquestyle.StorkyrkanCathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 1730-40s.
As early as the 15th century, the city had expanded outside of its original borders. Some pre-industrial, small-scale buildings from this era can still be found inSödermalm.Norrmalm, now the central part of the shopping district of Stockholm, was originally a separate city but was incorporated in Stockholm (now Old Town) during the early 17th century.
Stockholm has had a tradition of applying for building permits in order to erect a building from the early 18th century, with the oldest building permit from 1713. The building permit application tradition is still ongoing; as a consequence, it is possible to trace the continuous history of a newly built house three centuries into the past. Today the Stockholm City Building committee is in charge of the building permit process and their 1713–1978 archive is maintained byStockholm City Archives.All drawings of old buildings from 1713 to 1874 are digitised and available through the Stockholms City Archives' website.
At the age of industrialisation and at the end of the 19th century and Stockholm grew rapidly, with plans and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such asBerlinandVienna.Notable works of this time period include public buildings such as theRoyal Swedish Operaand private developments such as the luxury housing developments onStrandvägen.
In the 20th century, a nationalistic push spurred a new architectural style inspired by medieval and renaissance ancestry as well as influences of theJugend/Art Nouveau style. A key landmark of Stockholm, the Stockholm City Hall, was erected 1911–1923 by architectRagnar Östberg.Other notable works of these times are theStockholm Public LibrarybyGunnar Asplundand theWorld Heritage SiteSkogskyrkogårdenbyAsplundand celebrated architectSigurd Lewerentz.[95]
In the 1930s modernism characterised the development of the city as it grew. New residential areas sprang up such as the development onGärdetwhile industrial development added to the growth, such as the KF manufacturing industries on Kvarnholmen located in the Nacka Municipality. In the 1950s, suburban development entered a new phase, that had already started in the early 1930s, with the introduction of theStockholm metro.The modernist developments ofVällingbyandFarstawere internationally praised. In the 1960s this suburban development continued but with the aesthetic of the times, the industrialised and mass-produced blocks of flats received considerable criticism.
At the same time that this suburban development was taking place, the most central areas of the inner city were being redesigned, known asNorrmalmsregleringen.Sergels Torg,with its five high-rise office towers was created in the 1960s, followed by the total clearance of large areas to make room for new development projects. The most notable buildings from this period include the ensemble of theHouse of Culture,City Theatreand theRiksbankat Sergels Torg, designed by architectPeter Celsing.Other celebrated works from the 1960s wasS:t Görans Gymnasium(originally built as a school for women, the School of House work and Sewing) byLeonie Geisendorf.
The municipality appointed an official "board of beauty" called "Skönhetsrådet"in 1919 to protect and preserve the beauty of the city, still an active part of the city planning, and architecture debate in the city.[102]
Music
[edit]As the cultural centre of Sweden, Stockholm hosts much of Sweden'sinfluential music industry;the city hosts a variety of musical institutions and many of Sweden's most popular musicians come from Stockholm. Among these are world famous bands likeABBA,as well as more modern musicians like Tim Bergling, more commonly calledAvicii.The most prestigious musical institutions in Stockholm include theRoyal Swedish OperaandRoyal Swedish Academy of Music,both founded in the late eighteenth century.[103]Among Stockholm's most influential musical figures areCarl Michael Bellman,Joseph Martin KrausandJenny Lind;the former two were both classical composers, while the latter was one of Europe's most renowned opera singers.[104]
Stockholm first became globally prominent in modern music in the twentieth century. The band ABBA, one of the most popular in history, first became famous in the 1970s, after which they dominated popular music for about a decade, before becoming inactive.[105]Other popular bands and musicians formed in the twentieth century includeRoxetteandKent,of which the former was most well known internationally while the latter remained popular in Sweden into the twenty-first century, when they ended the band in 2016.[106]
In the twenty-first century, Stockholm has played host to several influential musicians.Max Martin,who began his career in the late twentieth century, is one of the world's most influential songwriters; he remains based in Stockholm.[107]Another popular musician was Tim Bergling, better known as Avicii, who became famous in 2013 for his electronic music; he committed suicide in 2018. Other popular modern musicians includeRobyn,as well as Eurovision winnersMåns ZelmerlöwandLoreen.Allsång på Skansen,Sweden's most prominent music festival, is hosted in Stockholm.[108]
Museums
[edit]
Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities in the world with around 100 museums, visited by millions of people every year.[109]
TheVasa Museum(Swedish:Vasamuseet) is amaritime museumonDjurgårdenwhich displays the only almost fully intact 17th centuryshipthat has ever been salvaged, the 64-gun warshipVasathat sank on her maiden voyage in 1628.
TheNationalmuseumhouses the largest collection of art in the country: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection dates back to the days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such asRembrandt,andAntoine Watteau,as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works ofAlexander Roslin,Anders Zorn,Johan Tobias Sergel,Carl Larsson,Carl Fredrik HillandErnst Josephson.From the year 2013 to 2018 the museum was closed due to a restoration of the building.[110]Moderna Museet(Museum of Modern Art) is Sweden's national museum ofmodern art.It has works by noted modern artists such asPicassoandSalvador Dalí.
Skansen(in English: theSconce) is a combinedopen-air museumandzoo,located on the island ofDjurgården.It was founded in 1891 byArtur Hazelius(1833–1901) to show the way of life in thedifferent parts of Swedenbefore the industrial era.
Other notable museums (in alphabetical order):
- ABBA: The Museum,an interactive exhibit about the pop-groupABBA
- Swedish Army Museum,Swedish history, from 1500 to the present day with historical objects and realistic scenes
- Fotografiska,a contemporary museum of photography, art and culture
- Birka,The Viking City of Birka Swedish sites on the World Heritage List
- Livrustkammaren,the royal armoury, located atStockholm Palace
- Maritime Museum (Stockholm),museum for naval history, merchant shipping and shipbuilding.
- Medelhavsmuseet,focused on the ancient cultures around the Mediterranean
- Millesgården,home of the sculptor Carl Milles and now a museum of his works
- Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,exciting mix of art and culture from China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia
- Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology,Sweden's largest museum oftechnology
- Nobel Museum,devoted to theNobel Prize,Nobel laureates,and the founder of the prize,Alfred Nobel(1833–1896)
- Nordic Museum,dedicated to the cultural history and ethnography of Sweden
- Royal Coin Cabinet,dedicated to the history of money andeconomic historyin general
- Skansen,The world's first open-air museum with 150 historic buildings, zoo with Nordic wild and domestic animals
- Stockholm City Museum,a museum of 500 years of Sweden's history
- Swedish History Museummagnificent medieval art and The History of Sweden exhibition which offers encounters
- Swedish Museum of Natural History,Sweden's largest museum about new species and fossils of their predecessors in evolution.
- Toy Museum Stockholma museum of toys and collectables
Art
[edit]Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of internationally recognised art centres and commercial galleries. Amongst others, privately sponsored initiatives such asBonniersKonsthall, Magasin 3, and state-supported institutions such asTensta Konsthalland Index all show leading international and national artists. In the last few years, a gallery district has emerged around Hudiksvallsgatan where leading galleries such as Andréhn-Schiptjenko, Brändström & Stene have located. Other important commercial galleries include Nordenhake,Milliken Galleryand Galleri Magnus Karlsson. Stockholm also hosts theThiel Gallery,founded by financierErnest Thielin the early twentieth century. The City of Stockholm also has its own art gallery and museum,Liljevalchs konsthall,with a well visited spring salon every year with works of art from professionals and amateurs; the art showed every spring is sent in anonymously and picked by a committee.
Suburbs
[edit]The Stockholm suburbs are places with diverse cultural background. Some areas in the suburbs, including those ofSkärholmen,Tensta,Jordbro,Fittja,Husby,Brandbergen,Rinkeby,Rissne,Kista,Hagsätra,Hässelby,Farsta,Rågsved,Flemingsberg,have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants. These mainly come from theMiddle East(Assyrians, Syriacs, Turks and Kurds) also Bosnians and Serbs, but there are also immigrants from Africa,Southeast AsiaandLatin America.[111][112]Other parts of the inner suburbs, such as Täby, Danderyd, Lidingö, Solna, Nacka and, as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of ethnicSwedes.
Theatre and music
[edit]
Distinguished among Stockholm's many theatres are theRoyal Dramatic Theatre(Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern), one of Europe's most renowned theatres, and theRoyal Swedish Opera,inaugurated in 1773.
Other notable theatres are theStockholm City Theatre(Stockholms stadsteater), the Peoples Opera (Folkoperan), the Modern Theatre of Dance (Moderna dansteatern), theChina Theatre,theGöta LejonTheatre, theMosebackeTheatre, and theOscar Theatre.
Premises for orchestral music and concerts includeStockholm Concert Hallwhere for example the yearly awarding ceremony for the Nobel prize is held, andThe Berwald hall,home to the National Radio Orchestra.
Influential rappersYung LeanandBladeewere born in and are currently based in Stockholm along with British-Swedish experimental artist & designerEcco2K.
Stockholm has hosted theEurovision Song Contestthree times, in 1975 atStockholmsmässan,and in 2000 and 2016 atGlobe Arena.[113][114][115]
Amusement park
[edit]Gröna Lundis an amusement park located on the island ofDjurgården.This amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day. It is open from the end of April to the middle of September. Gröna Lund also serves as a concert venue.
Media
[edit]
Stockholm is the media centre of Sweden. It has four nationwide daily newspapers and is also the central location of the publicly funded radio (SR) and television (SVT). In addition, all other major television channels have their base in Stockholm, such as:TV3,TV4andTV6.All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the largest literature publisher, theBonnier group.The world's best-selling video gameMinecraftwas created in Stockholm byMarkus 'Notch' Perssonin 2009, and its companyMojangis headquartered there.
Sports
[edit]
The most popular spectator sports arefootballandice hockey.The three most popular football clubs in Stockholm areAIK,Djurgårdens IFandHammarby IF,who all play in the first tier,Allsvenskan.AIKplay at Sweden'snational stadium for football,Strawberry ArenainSolna,with a capacity of 54,329. The2017 UEFA Europa League Finalwas played on 24 May between AFC Ajax and Manchester United at this arena. Manchester United won the trophy after a 2–0 victory.
Djurgårdens IF andHammarbyplay atTele2 ArenainJohanneshov,with a capacity of 30,000 spectators.
All three clubs are multi-sport clubs, which have ice hockey teams;AIKandDjurgårdens IFplay inthe second tierand Hammarby inthe third tier,as well as teams inbandy,basketball,floorballand other sports, including individual sports.
Historically, the city was the host of the1912 Summer Olympics.From those days stem theStockholms Olympiastadionwhich has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics. Other major sports arenas areStrawberry Arena,the new national football stadium,Avicii Arena(colloquially called Globen), a multi-sport arena and one of the largest spherical buildings in the world and the nearby indoor arenaHovet.
Besides the 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm hosted the1956 Summer Olympics Equestrian Gamesand theUEFA Euro 1992.The city was also second runner up in the2004 Summer Olympics bids.Stockholm hosted the1958 FIFA World Cup.Stockholm recently bid jointly withÅrefor the2026 Winter Olympicsbut lost out to the joint bid ofMilan/Cortina d'Ampezzo,Italy,if awarded it would have been the second city to host both Summer and Winter Olympics afterBeijingand for the2026 Winter Paralympicsand withÅreit would have also be to host all three winter event includingWinter Olympic Games,Winter Paralympic Gamesand theSpecial Olympics World Winter Gamesin whichÅrewould have host in 2021 along withÖstersund,however Sweden pulled out host the Special Olympic World Winter Games 2021 due to lack of funding instead it moved toKazan,Russiaand was delayed to 2022. Stockholm first bid for the Winter Olympics for2022 Winter Olympics,but withdrew its bid in 2014 due to financial matters.
Stockholm also hosted all but one of theNordic Games,a wintermulti-sport eventthat predated theWinter Olympics.
In 2015, the Stockholms KungarRugby leagueclub was formed. They are Stockholm's first Rugby league team and will play in Sweden's National Rugby league championship.
Every year Stockholm is host to theÖTILLÖSwimrun World Championship.[116]
Stockholm has hosted theStockholm Open,anATP World Tour 250 seriesprofessionaltennistournament annually since 1969. Each year since 1995, the tournament has been hosted at theKungliga tennishallen.[117]
Cuisine
[edit]Dating back to at least the 1350s,StorkällarenorRådhuskällarenis Stockholm's oldest known place ofbusiness.[118]Swedish 1700scomposerandentertainerCarl Michael Bellmanwas a frequent visitor to the city'staverns,innsandwine cellars.In hispoems,Bellman mentioned 113 taverns and inns in and around Stockholm, 30 of which were located in the Gamla Stan.[119][unreliable source?]
In 2016, there were 3,315pubs,cafesandrestaurantsin the municipality of Stockholm.[120]Among the most famous and acclaimed is the restaurantOperakällaren.
In Stockholm and its surroundings, only two historiceateriesremain operating in unbroken succession and in the same location:StallmästaregårdeninSolna,dating back to the mid-17th century, andDen Gyldene Fredenin Gamla Stan, located at the sameaddresssince 1722. "Freden" may thus be the world's oldest continuously existing city pub in the same location.
Yearly events and festivals
[edit]
- Stockholm Jazz Festivalis one of Sweden's oldest festivals. The festival takes place atSkeppsholmenin July.[121]
- Stockholm Early Music Festival,the largest international event for historical music in the Nordic countries. First week in June since 2002.[122]
- TheStockholm Culture Festival(Swedish:Stockholms kulturfestival) is a free recurring cultural festival in August, which is held by the City of Stockholm. Runs in parallel with We Are Stockholm.[123]
- We Are Stockholmis a free youth festival people between 13 and 19 years. Runs in parallel with the Stockholm Culture Festival in August and is held by the City of Stockholm. Between 2001 and 2013, the festival went by the name Ung08.
- Stockholm Prideis the largestLGBT Prideevent in the Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of July every year. The Stockholm Pride festival always ends with a parade and in 2007, 50,000 people marched with the parade and about 500,000 watched.
- TheStockholm Marathontakes place on a Saturday in early June each year.
- TheNobel Banquettakes place atStockholm City Hallevery year on 10 December.
- TheStockholm Water Festival(Swedish:Vattenfestivalen) was a popular summerfestivalheld annually in Stockholm between 1991 and 1999.
- Manifestation, a yearly ecumenical Christian festival with up to 25,000 participants.
- Summerburst Music festival
- The Stockholm International Film Festivalis an annual film festival held in Stockholm each year since 1990.
Environment
[edit]
Green city with a national urban park
[edit]Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world.[124]The city was granted the 2010European Green Capital Awardby theEU Commission;this was Europe's first "green capital".[125]Applicant cities were evaluated in several ways: climate change, local transport, public green areas, air quality, noise, waste, water consumption, waste water treatment, sustainable utilisation of land, biodiversity and environmental management.[126]Out of 35 participant cities, eight finalists were chosen: Stockholm,Amsterdam,Bristol,Copenhagen,Freiburg,Hamburg,Münster,andOslo.[127]Some of the reasons why Stockholm won the 2010 European Green Capital Award were: its integrated administrative system, which ensures that environmental aspects are considered in budgets, operational planning, reporting, and monitoring; its cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 25% per capita in ten years; and its decision towards being fossil fuel free by 2050.[126]Stockholm has long demonstrated concern for the environment. The city's environmental program is the fifth since the first one was established in the mid-1970s.[128]In 2011, Stockholm passed the title of European Green Capital to Hamburg, Germany.[127]
Role model
[edit]At the beginning of 2010, Stockholm launched the program Professional Study Visits[129]in order to share the city's green best practices. The program provides visitors with the opportunity to learn how to address issues such as waste management, urban planning, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable and efficient transportation system, among others.[125]
According to the European Cities Monitor 2010,[130]Stockholm is the best city in terms of freedom from pollution. Surrounded by 219 nature reserves, Stockholm has around 1,000 green spaces, which corresponds to 30% of the city's area.[131]Founded in 1995, theRoyal National City Parkis the world's first legally protected "national urban park".[132][133]For a description of the formation process, value assets and implementation of the legal protection of The Royal National Urban Park, seeSchantz 2006The water in Stockholm is so clean that people can dive and fish in the centre of the city.[131]The waters of downtown Stockholm serve as spawning grounds for multiple fish species including trout and salmon, though human intervention is needed to keep populations up.[134]Regarding CO2emissions, the government's target is that Stockholm will be CO2free before 2050.[131]
Air quality
[edit]Stockholm used to have problematic levels of particulates (PM10) due to studded winter tires, but by the 2010s they were below limits, after street-specific bans.[135]Nitrogen oxides emitted by diesel vehicles were a problem in the 2010s, but by 2021 they were again below limits, after electric cars had started to replace diesel-driven ones, and pollution regulations for lorries had tightened. As of 2021, the pollutant that exceeds limits is ozone, due to global pollution. In 2021 the average levels for urban background (roof of Torkel Knutssonsgatan on Södermalm) were:NO29.7 μg/m3,PM109.5 μg/m3,PM2.5 5.1 μg/m3,soot0.36 μg/m3,ultrafine particles6100/cm3,SO20.4 μg/m3,ozone53 μg/m3.For urban street level (the densely trafficked Hornsgatan on Södermalm) the average levels were: NO223 μg/m3,PM10 17 μg/m3,PM2.5 6.0 μg/m3,soot 0.55 μg/m3.[136]
Transport
[edit]Public transportation
[edit]
Stockholm has an extensivepublic transportsystem. It consists of theStockholm Metro(Swedish:Tunnelbanan), which consist of three colour-coded main systems (green, red and blue) with seven lines (10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19); theStockholm commuter rail(Swedish:Pendeltåget) which runs on the state-owned railroads on six lines (40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48); fourlight rail/tramway lines(7,12,21,and22); the891 mmnarrow-gauge railwayRoslagsbanan,on three lines (27, 28, 29) in the northeastern part; the local railwaySaltsjöbanan,on two lines (25, 26) in the southeastern part; a large number of bus lines, and the inner-cityDjurgården ferry.The overwhelming majority of the land-based public transport in Stockholm County (save for the airport buses/airport express trainsand other few commercially viable bus lines) is organized under the common umbrella ofStorstockholms Lokaltrafik(SL), anaktiebolagwholly owned byStockholm County Council.Since the 1990s, the operation and maintenance of the SL public transport services are contracted out to independent companies bidding for contracts, such asMTR,which operate the Metro. The archipelago boat traffic is handled byWaxholmsbolaget,which is also wholly owned by the County Council.
SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for easy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket andtravel cards,both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. On 1 April 2007, a zone system (A, B, C) and price system was introduced. Single tickets were available in forms of cash ticket, individual unit pre-paid tickets, pre-paid ticket slips of 8, SMS-ticket and machine ticket. Cash tickets bought at the point of travel were the most expensive and pre-paid tickets slips of 8 are the cheapest. A single ticket costs SEK 32 with the card and SEK 45 without and is valid for 75 minutes. The duration of the travel card validity depended on the exact type; they were available from 24 hours up to a year. As of 2018, a 30-day card costs SEK 860. Tickets of all these types were available with reduced prices for students and persons under 20 and over 65 years of age. On 9 January 2017, the zone system was removed, and the cost of the tickets was increased.[137]
The City Line Project
[edit]With an estimated cost of SEK 16.8 billion (January 2007 price level), which equals 2.44 billion US dollars, theCity Line,an environmentally certified project, comprises a 6 km (3.7 mi)-long commuter train tunnel (in rock and water) beneath Stockholm, with two new stations (Stockholm City and Stockholm Odenplan), and a 1.4 km (0.87 mi)-long railway bridge atÅrsta.The City Line was built by the Swedish Transport Administration in co-operation with the City of Stockholm, Stockholm County Council, and Stockholm Transport, SL. AsStockholm Central Stationis overloaded, the purpose of this project was to double the city's track capacity and improve service efficiency. Operations began in July 2017.[138][139]
BetweenRiddarholmenand Söder Mälarstrand, the City Line runs through a submerged concrete tunnel.[138]As a green project, the City Line includes the purification of waste water; noise reduction through sound-attenuating tracks; the use of synthetic diesel, which provides users with clean air; and the recycling of excavated rocks.[138]
Roads
[edit]
Stockholm is at the junction of theEuropean routesE4,E18andE20.Ahalf-completed motorway ring roadexists on the south, west and north sides of the City Centre. The northern section of the ring road, Norra Länken, opened for traffic in 2015 while the final subsea eastern section is being discussed as a future project. A bypass motorway for traffic between Northern and Southern Sweden,Förbifart Stockholm,is being built. The many islands and waterways make extensions of the road system both complicated and expensive, and new motorways are often built as systems of tunnels and bridges.
Congestion charges
[edit]
Stockholm has acongestion pricingsystem, the Stockholm congestion tax,[140]in use on a permanent basis since 1 August 2007,[141][142]after having had a seven-month trial period in the first half of 2006.[143]The City Centre is within the congestion tax zone. All the entrances and exits of this area have unmanned control points operating withautomatic number plate recognition.All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected area, with a few exceptions, have to pay 10–20SEK(1.09–2.18EUR,1.49–2.98USD) depending on the time of day between 06:30 and 18:29. The maximum tax amount per vehicle per day is SEK 60 (EUR 6.53).[144]Payment is done by various means within 14 days after one has passed one of the control points; one cannot pay at the control points.[145]
After the trial period was over, consultative referendums were held in Stockholm Municipality and several other municipalities in Stockholm County. The then-reigning government (Persson Cabinet) stated that they would only take into consideration the results of the referendum inStockholm Municipality.The opposition parties (Alliance for Sweden) stated that if they were to form a cabinet after thegeneral election—which was held the same day as the congestion tax referendums—they would take into consideration the referendums held in several of the other municipalities inStockholm Countyas well. The results of the referendums were that the Stockholm Municipality voted for the congestion tax, while the other municipalities voted against it. The opposition parties won the general election and a few days before they formed government (Reinfeldt Cabinet) they announced that the congestion tax would be reintroduced in Stockholm, but that the revenue would go entirely to road construction in and around Stockholm. During the trial period and according to the agenda of the previous government the revenue went entirely to public transport.
Ferries
[edit]
Stockholm has regular ferry lines toHelsinkiandTurkuin Finland (commonly called "Finlandsfärjan");Mariehamn,Åland;Tallinn,Estonia; Riga, Latvia, and toSaint Petersburgin Russia. The largeStockholm archipelagois served by the archipelago boats ofWaxholmsbolaget(owned and subsidized by Stockholm County Council). Additionally, there are many for-profit private companies offering tours and regular service in the archipelago.
City bikes
[edit]Between April and October, during the warmer months, it is possible to rentStockholm City Bikesby purchasing a bike card online or through retailers.[146]Cards allow users to rent bikes from any Stockholm City Bikes stand spread across the city and return them in any stand.[147]There are two types of cards: the Season Card (valid from 1 April to 31 October) and the 3-day card. When their validity runs out they can be reactivated and are therefore reusable.[148]Bikes can be used for up to three hours per loan and can be rented from Monday to Sunday from 6 am to 10 pm.[147]These bikes have unfortunately not been a huge success because of people throwing them into the water or destroying them. Although the city bikes are not the only victims of this,e-scootersget similar treatment.
Airports
[edit]
- International and domestic:
- Stockholm Arlanda Airport(IATA:ARN,ICAO:ESSA) is the largest and busiest airport in Sweden with 27 million passengers in 2017. It is located about 40 km (25 mi) north of Stockholm and serves as a hub forScandinavian Airlines.
- Stockholm Bromma Airport(IATA:BMA,ICAO:ESSB) is located about 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Stockholm, also serves as a hub forBRA(Braathens Regional Airlines).
- Only international:
- Stockholm Skavsta Airport(IATA:NYO,ICAO:ESKN) is located 108 km (67 mi) south of Stockholm. It is located 5 km (3 mi) away fromSödermanland CountycapitalNyköping.
- Stockholm Västerås Airport(IATA:VST,ICAO:ESOW) is located 103 km (64 mi) west of Stockholm, in the city ofVästerås.
TheArlanda Expressairport rail linkruns betweenArlanda AirportandStockholm Central Station.With a journey of 20 minutes, the train ride is the fastest way of travelling to the city centre.Arlanda Central Stationis also served by commuter, regional and intercity trains.
Additionally, there are also bus lines,Flygbussarna,that run between central Stockholm and all the airports.
As of 2010[update]there are no airports specifically forgeneral aviationin the Stockholm area.
Inter-city trains
[edit]
Stockholm Central Stationhas train connections to many Swedish cities as well as toOslo, Norway,Copenhagen, DenmarkandHamburg, Germany.The popularX 2000service toGothenburgtakes three hours. Most of the trains are run bySJ AB.
International rankings
[edit]Stockholm often performs well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:
- In the bookThe Ultimate Guide to International Marathons(1997), written by Dennis Craythorn and Rich Hanna,Stockholm Marathonis ranked as the bestmarathonin the world.[149]
- In the 2006European Innovation Scoreboard,prepared by theMaastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology(MERIT) and theJoint Research Centre'sInstitute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizenof theEuropean Commission,Stockholm was ranked as the mostinnovativecity in Europe.[150]
- In the 2008 World Knowledge Competitiveness Index, published by the Centre for International Competitiveness, Stockholm was ranked as the sixth mostcompetitiveregion in the world and the most competitive region outside the United States.[151]
- In the 2006 European Regional Growth Index (E-REGI), published byJones Lang LaSalle,Stockholm was ranked fifth on the list of European cities with the strongestGDPgrowth forecast. Stockholm was ranked first in Scandinavia and second outside Central and Eastern Europe.[152]
- In the 2007 European Cities Monitor, published byCushman & Wakefield,Stockholm was ranked as the best Nordic city to locate a business. In the same report, Stockholm was ranked first in Europe in terms of freedom frompollution.[153]
- In a 2007 survey performed by the environmental economistMatthew Kahnfor theReader's Digestmagazine, Stockholm was ranked first on its list of the "greenest" and most "livable" cities in the world.[154]
- In a 2008 survey published byReader's Digestmagazine, Stockholm was ranked fourth in the world in its list of the "world's top ten honest cities".[155]
- In a 2008 survey published by theNational Geographic Travelermagazine, Gamla Stan (the Old Town) in Stockholm was ranked sixth on its list of rated historic places.[156]
- In a 2008 survey published by theForeign Policymagazine, Stockholm was ranked twenty-fourth on its list of the world's most global cities.[157]
- In 2009 Stockholm was awarded the title as European Green Capital 2010, as the first Green capital ever in theEuropean Green Capital Awardscheme.[158]
- In 2013, Stockholm was named the 8th most competitive city in the world by theEconomist Intelligence Unit.[159]
- In 2016 Stockholm was one of the cities with the mostunicorn companiesin the world.[160]
- In 2019 Stockholm was awarded the World Smart City Award in the city category for its leadership of the European Smart Cities and Communities project GrowSmarter.[161]
Twin cities and towns
[edit]Stockholm does not have any twin cities.[162]
See also
[edit]
- Holmium—a chemical element named after Stockholm
- List of people from Stockholm
- Outline of Stockholm
- Ports of the Baltic Sea
- Stockholm syndrome
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External links
[edit]
Mediafrom Commons
Newsfrom Wikinews
Travel informationfrom Wikivoyage
Datafrom Wikidata
- Stockholm—official website
- Stockholm Visitors Board—the official visitors' guide
- Selma Lagerlöf'saccount of the history of Stockholm,in Ch. VII ofThe Wonderful Adventures of Nils
- Tunnelbana Karta 2023 – Tunnelbanan Stockholm
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