Tibetan pinyin
TheSASM/GNC/SRC romanizationofStandard Tibetan,commonly known asTibetan pinyinorZWPY(Chinese:Tàng vănBính âm;pinyin:Zàngwén Pīnyīn), is the officialtranscriptionsystem for the Tibetan language in China.[1]It is based on the pronunciation used byChina National Radio's Tibetan Radio,[1]which is based on theLhasa dialect.It has been used within China as an alternative to theWylie transliterationfor writing Tibetan in theLatin scriptsince 1982.[2][3]
Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked).[4]Wylie on the other hand is atransliterationsystem, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with avreplacing theapostrophe) is more commonly used.
Overview
[edit]Onsets overview
[edit]Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:
ཀ་ | ཁ་ ག་ |
ང་ | ཅ་ | ཇ་ ཆ་ |
ཉ་ | ཏ་ | ད་ ཐ་ |
ན་ | པ་ | ཕ་ བ་ |
མ་ | ཙ་ | ཛ་ ཚ་ |
ཝ་ | ཞ་ ཤ་ |
ཟ་ ས་ |
ཡ་ | ར་ | ལ་ | ཧ་ | ཀྱ་ | ཁྱ་ གྱ་ |
ཧྱ་ | ཀྲ་ | ཁྲ་ གྲ་ |
ཧྲ་ | ལྷ་ | རྷ་ |
g | k | ng | j | q | ny | d | t | n | b | p | m | z | c | w | x | s | y | r | l | h | gy | ky | hy | zh | ch | sh | lh | rh |
For more general case, see#Onsets.
Vowels and final consonant
[edit]The 17vowelsof the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:
IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
---|---|---|---|
i | i | ĩ | in |
e | ê | ẽ | en |
ɛ | ai/ä | ɛ̃ | ain/än |
a | a | ã | an |
u | u | ũ | un |
o | ô | õ | on |
ɔ | o | ɔ̃ | ǒn |
y | ü | ỹ | ün |
ø | oi/ö | ø̃ | oin/ön |
Ending a syllable,-ris usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place,-nusually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:
IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
---|---|
ʔ̞ | b/• |
ʔ | g/— |
r | r |
m | m |
ŋ | ng |
Single syllable orthography
[edit]The tone of asyllabledepends mostly on its initialconsonant.In this table, each initial is given in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) with the vowelaand a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).
Onsets
[edit]Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see#Onset variation.
IPA | Wylie transliteration | Tibetan pinyin | THL |
---|---|---|---|
pá | p, sp, dp, lp | b | p |
pà | rb, sb, sbr | b | b |
mpà | lb, ’b | b | b |
pʰá | ph, ’ph | p | p |
pʰà | b | p | b |
bà | bh | bh | bh |
má | rm, sm, dm, smr | m | m |
mà | m, mr | m | m |
wà | w[note 1],db, b | w | w |
tá | t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld | d | t |
tà | rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd | d | d |
ntá | lth | d | |
ntà | zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d | d | d |
tʰá | th, mth, ’th | t | t |
tʰà | d, dw | t | d |
ná | rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn | n | n |
nà | n | n | n |
lá | kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl | l | l |
là | l, lw | l | l |
l̥á | lh | lh | lh |
tsá | ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts | z | ts |
tsà | rdz, gdz, brdz | z | dz |
ntsà | mdz, ’dz | z | dz |
tsʰá | tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh | c | ts |
tsʰà | dz | c | dz |
sá | s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr | s | s |
sà | z, zw, gz, bz | s | z |
ʈʂá | kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr | zh | tr |
ʈʂà | rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr | zh | dr |
ɳʈʂà | mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br | zh | dr |
ʈʂʰá | khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr | ch | tr |
ʈʂʰà | gr, dr, br, grw | ch | dr |
ʂá | hr | sh | hr |
rà | r, rw | r | r |
r̥á | rh | rh | |
cá | ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky | gy | ky |
cà | rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy | gy | gy |
ɲcà | mgy, ’gy | gy | gy |
cʰá | khy, mkhy, ’khy | ky | khy |
cʰà | gy | ky | gy |
çá | hy | hy | hy |
tɕá | c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy | j | ch |
tɕà | rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj | j | j |
ɲtɕà | lj, mj, ’j, ’by | j | j |
tɕʰá | ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy | q | ch |
tɕʰà | j, by | q | j |
ɕá | sh, shw, gsh, bsh | x | sh |
ɕà | zh, zhw, gzh, bzh | x | zh |
ɲá | rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy | ny | ny |
ɲà | ny, my | ny | ny |
já | g.y | y | y |
jà | y, dby | y | y |
ká | k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk | g | k |
kà | rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg | g | g |
ŋkà | lg, mg, ’g | g | g |
kʰá | kh, khw, mkh, ’kh | k | kh |
kʰà | g, gw | k | g |
ŋá | rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng | ng | ng |
ŋà | ng | ng | ng |
ʔá | —, db | — | — |
ʔ̞à | ’ | — | — |
há | h, hw | h | h |
Rimes
[edit]Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[5]If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, seeCoda variation.
Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌" ).
Tibetan | ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། |
ཨད། ཨས། |
ཨག། ཨགས། |
ཨབ། ཨབས། |
ཨང༌། ཨངས། |
ཨམ། ཨམས། |
ཨན། |
Wylie | a | a'u | ar | al a'i | ad as | ag ags | ab abs | ang angs | am ams | an |
Pinyin | a | au | ar | ai/ä | ag | ab | ang | am | ain/än | |
IPA | [a] | [au̯] | [aː] | [ɛː] | [ɛ] | [ʌʡ]~[ɤʡ] | [ʌʡ̆]~[ɤʡ̆] | [aŋ] | [am] | [ɛ̃ː] |
Tibetan | ཨི། | ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། |
ཨིར། | ཨིལ། ཨའི། |
ཨིད། ཨིས། |
ཨིག། ཨིགས། |
ཨིབ། ཨིབས། |
ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། |
ཨིམ། ཨིམས། |
ཨིན། |
Wylie | i | i'u | ir | il a'i | id is | ig igs | ib ibs | ing ings | im ims | in |
Pinyin | i | iu | ir | i | ig | ib | ing | im | in | |
IPA | [i] | [iu̯] | [iː] | [iː] | [i] | [iʡ] | [iʡ̆] | [ɪŋ] | [ɪm] | [ĩː] |
Tibetan | ཨུ། | ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི། |
ཨུད། ཨུས། |
ཨུག། ཨུགས། |
ཨུབ། ཨུབས། |
ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། |
ཨུམ། ཨུམས། |
ཨུན། | |
Wylie | u | ur | ul u'i | ud us | ug ugs | ub ubs | ung ungs | um ums | un | |
Pinyin | u | ur | ü | ug | ub | ung | um | ün | ||
IPA | [u] | [uː] | [yː] | [y] | [uʡ] | [uʡ̆] | [ʊŋ] | [ʊm] | [ỹː] | |
Tibetan | ཨེ། | ཨེར། | ཨེལ། ཨེའི། |
ཨེད། ཨེས། |
ཨེག། ཨེགས། |
ཨེབ། ཨེབས། |
ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། |
ཨེམ། ཨེམས། |
ཨེན། | |
Wylie | e | er | el e'i | ed es | eg egs | eb ebs | eng engs | em ems | en | |
Pinyin | ê | êr | ê | êg | êb | êng | êm | ên | ||
IPA | [e] | [eː] | [eː] | [e] | [ɛ̈ʡ] | [ɛ̈ʡ̆] | [ɛŋ] | [ɛm] | [ẽː] | |
Tibetan | ཨོ། | ཨོའུ། | ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། |
ཨོད། ཨོས། |
ཨོག། ཨོགས། |
ཨོབ། ཨོབས། |
ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། |
ཨོམ། ཨོམས། |
ཨོན། |
Wylie | o | o'u | or | ol o'i | od os | og ogs | ob obs | ong ongs | om oms | on |
Pinyin | ô | ou | ôr | oi/ö | ôg | ôb | ông | ôm | oin/ön | |
IPA | [o] | [ou̯] | [oː] | [øː] | [ø] | [ɔʡ] | [ɔʡ̆] | [ɔŋ] | [ɔm] | [ø̃ː] |
Intersyllable influence
[edit]Onset variation
[edit]- Bare low aspirated variation
- k*,q*,t*,p*,x*,s*,ky*,ch*becomeg*,j*,d*,b*,?*,?*,gy*,zh*respectively
- pa*(་བ) andpo*(་བོ) becomewaandworespectively
Coda variation
[edit]Sometimes there is intersyllabic influence:
Tibetan script | Tibetan pinyin | Wylie(EWTS) | LhasaIPA | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|---|
མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ། | Mapam Yumco | ma-pham g.yu-mtsho | [mapʰamjumtsʰo] | forward shift of prefix མ |
ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ། | Changzhug Gönba | khra-’brug dgon-pa | [ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭ukk˭ø̃p˭a] | shift of the prefix འ (ཨ་ཆུངa chung), creating a final nasal consonant |
Encoding
[edit]TheIETFlanguage tagfor Tibetan pinyin isbo-Latn-pinyin
.[6]
Examples
[edit]Tibetan Script | Wylie | Tibetan pinyin | THL | other transcriptions |
---|---|---|---|---|
གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ | Gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Zhikatse | Shigatse,Shikatse |
བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་ | Bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Trashilhünpo | Tashilhunpo,Tashilhümpo, etc. |
འབྲས་སྤུང་ | ’Bras-spung | Zhaibung | Dräpung | Drebung |
ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་ | Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan | Qoigyi Gyaicain | Chökyi Gyältshän | Choekyi Gyaltsen |
ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ | Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho | Tubdain Gyaco | Thuptän Gyatsho | Thubten Gyatso,Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso |
See also
[edit]- Hanyu pinyin
- Standard Tibetan
- THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
- Tibetan script
- Wylie transliteration
- Roman Dzongkha
Notes
[edit]- ^as in Namjagbarwa
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^abShǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ,"Thiếu sổ dân tộc ngữ địa danh hán ngữ bính âm tự mẫu âm dịch chuyển tả pháp... ( tam ) tàng ngữ... Thuyết minh: ( 1 ) tàng ngữ địa danh đích âm dịch chuyển tả, dĩ trung ương nhân dân quảng bá điện đài tàng ngữ quảng bá đích ngữ âm vi y kháo."
- ^Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names–UNGEGN
- ^"Nhất chủng cơ vu bính âm đích tàng văn trí năng thâu nhập pháp".Google Patents.2014-04-10.Retrieved2024-05-13.
- ^"Geographical names of Tibet AR (China)".Institute of the Estonian Language. 2018-06-03.Retrieved7 July2020.
Tibetan names have been romanized according to the official scheme, the so-called Tibetan pinyin. The romanization is based on actual pronunciation and is not always predictable if only written form is known.
- ^Brush, Beaumont."The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes"(PDF).SIL.Retrieved9 May2015.
- ^"Language subtag registry".IANA.Retrieved15 April2021.
Sources
[edit]- Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎThiếu sổ dân tộc ngữ địa danh hán ngữ bính âm tự mẫu âm dịch chuyển tả pháp(PDF)(in Chinese) – via Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Jiaoyubu.
- Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ quốc gia trắc hội cục địa danh nghiên cứu sở (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau;ed.).Zhōngguó dìmínglùTrung quốc địa danh lục /Gazetteer of China.(Beijing,SinoMaps PressTrung quốc địa đồ xuất bản xã 1997);ISBN7-5031-1718-4.Contains official spellings for place names.
- Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – LāsàyīnTàng văn bính âm giáo tài • lạp tát âm / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (Course in thePöyig Kigajorof Lhasa dialect;Běijīng bắc kinh, Mínzú chūbǎnshè dân tộc xuất bản xã 1983),ISBN7-105-02577-8.Pöyig Kigajor(ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.
- Wylie, Turrell:A Standard System of Tibetan TranscriptionIn:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies1959, p. 261-267.
- David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre:THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan(Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).
- The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan(Tibetan & Himalayan Library)
- Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names–UNGEGN