Tougaloo College
![]() Tougaloo College seal | |
Former names | Tougaloo University (1871–1916) |
---|---|
Motto | "Where History Meets the Future" |
Type | Privatehistorically black college |
Established | 1869 |
Affiliation | UNCF |
Religious affiliation | United Church of ChristandChristian Church (Disciples of Christ) |
Endowment | $10 million |
President | Donzell Lee (interim) |
Academic staff | 100 |
Undergraduates | 650 |
Location | , U.S. 32°24′11″N90°09′39″W/ 32.40306°N 90.16083°W |
Colors | Royal Blue & Scarlet |
Nickname | Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs |
Sporting affiliations | NAIA–HBCUAC |
Website | www |
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Tougaloo College | |
![]() Strieby Hall in 1899 | |
Location | Tougaloo, Mississippi |
Area | 15 acres (6.1 ha) |
Built | 1848 |
NRHP referenceNo. | 98001109[1] |
Added to NRHP | August 31, 1998 |
Tougaloo Collegeis aprivatehistorically black collegein theTougalooarea ofJackson, Mississippi,United States. It is affiliated with theUnited Church of ChristandChristian Church (Disciples of Christ).It was established in 1869 byNew York–based Christian missionaries for the education of freedslavesand their offspring. From 1871 until 1892 the college served as a teachers' training school funded by the state of Mississippi. In 1998, the buildings of the old campus were added to theNational Register of Historic Places.Tougaloo College has an extensive history of civic and social activism, including theTougaloo Nine.
History
[edit]Establishment
[edit]In 1869, theAmerican Missionary Association of New Yorkpurchased 500 acres (202 ha) of one of the largest formerplantationsin central Mississippi to build a college forfreedmenand their children, recently freed slaves. The purchase included a standingmansionand outbuildings, which were immediately converted for use as a school.[2]The next year expansion of facilities began in earnest with the construction of two new buildings — Washington Hall, a 70-foot-long edifice containing classrooms and a lecture hall, and Boarding Hall, a two-story building which included a kitchen and dining hall, a laundry, and dormitories for 30 female students.[2]
Costs of construction were paid by the United States government through the education department of itsBureau of Refugees and Freedmen.[2]Additional funds, totaling $25,500 in all, were provided for development of the school farm, including monies for farm implements and livestock.[2]
In 1871, theMississippi State Legislaturegranted the new institution a formal charter under the name ofTougaloo University.No contingency fund was provided for the day-to-day operation of the school, with some students paying a tuition of $1 per month while others attended tuition free, contributing labor on the school farm in lieu of fees.[2]The cost of two teachers at the school for five months were paid by the county boards of education ofHindsand Madison Counties; all additional operating funds were provided by the American Missionary Association.[2]
In its initial institutional form, Tougaloo University was not auniversitybut provided basic education for black students born under slavery. Another goal was to train African-American students for service as teachers. At the end of 1871, the school included 94 "elementary students," 47 that were part of the "normal school," and one categorized as "academic" (college preparaatory) — a total student body of 142.[3]At this time the school found itself in dire need of expanded facilities and operational funds; an appeal was made by three leaders of Tougaloo University to the Mississippi Superintendent of Public Education for a state role in the institution.[3]Legislation followed authorizing the establishment of a State Normal School on the grounds of Tougaloo and providing a total of $4,000 for two years to help provide teachers' salaries, student aid, and for the purchase of desks.[3]
As part of the establishment of the Normal School at Tougaloo, each county in the state was provided with two free scholarships, and every student declaring an intention to teach in Mississippi's common schools was to be allotted a stipend of 50 cents per week out of the state funds for student aid, an amount capped at $1,000 per year.[4]
In 1873, Tougaloo University added a theological department for students intending on entering theChristianministry and expanded its industrial department, adding acotton gin,apparatus for grinding corn, and developing capacity for the manufacture of simple furniture on site.[4]
On January 23, 1881, Washington Hall — the main classroom building — caught fire during religious services and was entirely destroyed.[5]For the rest of the academic year, classes were conducted in a new barn recently constructed on campus, nicknamed "Ayrshire Hall".[5]On May 31, 1881, the foundation was laid for a new classroom building, a three-storey facility named Strieby Hall after M.E. Strieby of New York, a venerated leader of the American Missionary Association.[5]
Courses for college credit were first offered in 1897, and the first Bachelor of Arts degree was awarded in 1901.[citation needed]
In 1916, the name of the institution was changed toTougaloo College.
Return to private status
[edit]Tougaloo remained predominantly a teacher training school until 1920 when the college ceased receiving aid from the state.
Mergers
[edit]Six years after Tougaloo's founding, the Home Missionary Society of theChristian Church (Disciples of Christ)obtained a charter from the Mississippi State Legislature to establish a school atEdwards, Mississippi,to be known asSouthern Christian Institute.That same year,Sarah Ann Dickey,who had worked with the American Missionary Association since the 1860s, established theMount Hermon Female Seminary,which would later merge with Tougaloo in 1924,[6]as the two schools had similar ideals and goals. Similarly, the Southern Christian Institute would merge with Tougaloo in 1954.
Recent history
[edit]Carmen J. Walters,the fourteenth president (and second female president), began her tenure July 1, 2019. She stepped down in June of 2023 and Donzell Lee was appointed interim president.[7]
In 2020, Tougaloo received $6 million (~$6.96 million in 2023) from philanthropistMacKenzie Scott.It is the largest gift from a single donor in Tougaloo's history.[8]
Presidents
[edit]- Ebenezer Tucker (from 1869–1870, as principal)[9][10]
- Andrew J. Steele(from 1870–1873, as principal)[9]
- John K. Nutting(from 1873–1875, as principal/president)[9]
- Leander A. Darling(from 1875–1877, as principal/president)
- George S. Pope (from 1877–1887)
- Frank G. Woodworth (from 1887–1912)
- William T. Holmes(from 1913–1933)
- Charles B. Austin (from 1933–1935, as acting)
- Judson L. Cross (from 1935–1945)
- Lionel B. Fraser (from 1945–1947, as acting)
- Harold C. Warren (from 1947–1955)
- Addison A. Branch(from 1955–1956, as acting)
- Samuel C. Kincheloe(from 1956–1960)[11]
- Adam Daniel Beittel(from 1960–1964)[12]
- George Albert Owens(from 1964–1965, as acting)[12]
- George Albert Owens(from 1965–1984)[12]
- J. Herman Blake(from 1984–1987)[13]
- Charles A. Baldwin (from 1987–1988, as acting)[14]
- Adib A. Shakir(from 1988–1994)[15]
- Edgar E. Smith (from 1994–1995, as acting)
- Joseph A. Lee (from 1995–2001)[16]
- James H. Wyche (from 2001–2002, as acting)[17]
- Beverly W. Hogan(from 2002–2019)[18]
- Carmen J. Walters(from 2019–2023)[19]
- Donzell Lee (from 2023–present, as acting)[20]
Campus
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woodworth_Chapel_at_Tougaloo_College.jpg/250px-Woodworth_Chapel_at_Tougaloo_College.jpg)
The campus is inJackson,[21]and inMadison County.[22]The campus includes a Historic District, which comprises ten buildings that are each listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.TheRobert O. Wilder Building,built in 1860 and also known as "The Mansion", overlooks the ensemble of buildings forming the college's historic core.
Woodworth Chapel, originally known as Woodworth Church, was built in 1901 by students. It was restored and rededicated in 2002. In September 2004, theNational Trust for Historic Preservationawarded Tougaloo College the National Preservation Honor Award for the restoration of Woodworth Chapel. The restoration was also recognized by the Mississippi Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects,who bestowed its Honor Award. Woodworth Chapel houses the Union Church, founded alongside the college as aCongregational Church.Today, it is one of two congregations of theUnited Church of Christin Mississippi. Located in the heart of the campus beside Woodworth Chapel is Brownlee Gymnasium. Built in 1947, the building was named in honor of Fred L. Brownlee, former general secretary of the American Missionary Association.
The college holds the prestigious Tougaloo Art Collection. It was begun in 1963, by a group of prominent New York artists, curators and critics, initiated by the late Ronald Schnell, Professor Emeritus of Art, as a mechanism to motivate his art students. The collection consists of pieces by African American, American and European artists. Included in the African-American portion of the collection are pieces by notable artistsJacob Lawrence,Romare Bearden,David Driskell,Richard Hunt,Elizabeth CatlettandHale Woodruff.The 1,150 works in the Tougaloo Art Collection include paintings, sculptures, drawings, collages, various forms of graphic art and ornamental pieces.
The Tougaloo Art Colony is another distinctive resource of the college. Begun in 1997 under the leadership of former College trustee, Jane Hearn, the Tougaloo Art Colony affords its participants exposure to and intensive instruction by artists. The Civil Rights Library and Archives are a part of Tougaloo College. Among their holdings are the original papers, photographs and memorabilia of movement leaders includingFannie Lou Hamer,Medgar EversandMartin Luther King Jr.It contains the works of blues musicianB.B. King.
The college established the Medgar Evers Museum in 1996. The Evers family (trusteeMyrlie Evers-Williamsand her children with Medgar) donated their home to Tougaloo College for its historical significance. In 1996, the home was restored to its condition at the time of Mr. Evers' assassination in the driveway. It is operated as a house museum and is open to the public. In 2020, the home was acquired by theNational Park Serviceand designated anational monument.[23]
Academics
[edit]According to the Tougaloo College website, "over 40% of the African American physicians and dentists practicing in the state of Mississippi, more than one-third of the state's African American attorneys and educators including teachers, principals, school superintendents, college/university faculty and administrators" were trained at the school.[24]
In the 2022U.S. News & World Reportcollege and university rankings, Tougaloo College ranked #15 amonghistorically black colleges and universities.[25]
Tougaloo College isaccreditedby theSouthern Association of Colleges and Schools(SACS); the college was initially accredited by SACS in 1953.[26]As of 2012, it is in good standing with SACS.[27]
Athletics
[edit]The Tougaloo athletic teams are called the Bulldogs. The college is a member of theNational Association of Intercollegiate Athletics(NAIA), primarily competing in theHBCU Athletic Conference(HBCUAC), formerly the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC), since the 1981–82 academic year.
Tougaloo competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer and tennis; women's sports include basketball, competitive cheer, cross country, soccer, tennis and volleyball.
Notable people
[edit]Faculty
[edit]- Ernst Borinski(1901–1983), sociologist[28]
- L. Zenobia Coleman(1898–1999), librarian[29]
- James W. Loewen(1942–2021), author[30]
- John U. Monro(1912–2002), director of the writing center[31][32]
Alumni
[edit]Name | Class year | Notability | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Reuben V. Anderson | 1965 | first black judge to sit on the Mississippi Supreme Court | [33] |
Edward Blackmon, Jr. | 1971 | Mississippi House of Representatives | [34] |
Colia Clark | civil rights activist and candidate for U.S. Senate inNew York | ||
Aunjanue Ellis | attended | actor | |
Slayton A. Evans, Jr. | 1965 | research chemist and professor at theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | [35] |
Constance Slaughter-Harvey | 1967 | first black judge in the state of Mississippi | [36][37] |
Lawrence Guyot | 1963 | civil rights activist who was director of theMississippi Freedom Democratic Party | [38] |
Beverly Wade Hogan | 1973 | mental health advocate, first female president of Tougaloo College | [39] |
Joyce Ladner | 1964 | sociologist, civil rights activist, and first female president ofHoward University | [40] |
Anne Moody | 1964 | author and civil rights activist | [41] |
Joan Trumpauer Mulholland | 1964 | civil rights activist and first white student | [42] |
Hakeem Oluseyi | 1991 | astrophysicistandpopularizer of science | [43][44] |
Aaron Shirley | 1955 | founder of Jackson Medical Mall and recipient of MacArthur award | [45] |
Arthur Tate | first African American to serve in theMississippi State Senatesince theReconstruction era | ||
Bennie Thompson | 1968 | U.S. Congressman | [46] |
Walter Turnbull,PhD | 1966 | founder of theBoys Choir of Harlem | [47] |
Walter Washington | former General President ofAlpha Phi AlphaFraternity and President ofAlcorn State University | ||
Karen Williams Weaver | 1982 | Mayor, city of Flint, Michigan | [48] |
Charles Young Jr. | Mississippi House of Representatives | [49] | |
Tommie Mabry | 2011 | Author and Advocate for Impoverished youth | [50] |
References
[edit]- ^"National Register Information System – (#98001109)".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.July 9, 2010.
- ^abcdefEdward Mayes,History of Education in Mississippi.United States Bureau of Education Circular of Information No. 2, 1889. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899; p. 259.
- ^abcMayes,History of Education in Mississippi,p. 260.
- ^abMays,History of Education in Mississippi,p. 261.
- ^abcMayes,History of Education in Mississippi,p. 263.
- ^Butchart, Ronald E. (2002). "Mission Matters: Mount Holyoke, Oberlin, and the Schooling of Southern Blacks, 1861-1917".History of Education Quarterly.42(1): 1–17.doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2002.tb00098.x.ISSN0018-2680.JSTOR3218165.S2CID144813001.
- ^Minta, Molly (June 6, 2023)."Yet another college president steps down, this time at Tougaloo".Mississippi Today.RetrievedSeptember 17,2023.
- ^"Tougaloo College Receives $6 Million Gift from Philanthropist Mackenzie Scott".December 16, 2020.
- ^abcEncore.Encore Communications, Incorporated. 1973. p. 46.
- ^Holtzclaw, R. Fulton (1984).Black Magnolias: A Brief History of the Afro-Mississippian, 1865-1980.Keeble Press. p. 102.ISBN978-0-933144-06-4.
- ^"Tougaloo College Plans To Install President".Clarion-Ledger.October 9, 1956 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^abcShugana, Williams (July 11, 2017)."Tougaloo College".Mississippi Encyclopedia.Center for Study of Southern Culture.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^"J. Herman Blake Wins the Distinguished Career Award from the American Sociology Association".The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education.August 13, 2021.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^"Tougaloo College hopes to raise $1 million".WAPT.April 21, 2014.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^"B-CC Vice President May Move On".Orlando Sentinel.January 5, 1988.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^"Joseph A. Lee honored as first African American".Knoxville News Sentinel.November 17, 2019.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^"Tougaloo Is a 'Natural Fit' for New Interim President".Diverse: Issues In Higher Education.October 10, 2001.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^Wright, Aallyah (March 19, 2019)."Tougaloo names Dr. Carmen J. Walters 14th president; alumni express concerns".Mississippi Today.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^Watkins, Billy (March 18, 2019)."New Orleans native named head of Tougaloo College in Mississippi".NOLA.com.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
- ^"Office of the President | Tougaloo College".
- ^"Home".Tougaloo College.RetrievedJune 30,2021.
500 West County Line Road • Tougaloo, MS 39174
- Compare with the city and county maps.
Campus map:"Proposed Parking Plan"(PDF).Tougaloo College.RetrievedJune 30,2021.
Compare with a2020 U.S. Censusmap of Jackson:"2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Jackson city, MS (page 3)"(PDF).U.S. Census Bureau.RetrievedJune 30,2021.-2020 mapindicates the same on page 3 (PDF p. 4/13). - ^"Tougaloo College".USGS.RetrievedJuly 1,2021.- The entry states it is in Madison County.
Compare with a map of Madison County:"General Highway Map of Madison County, Mississippi"(PDF).Mississippi State Highway Department.1987.RetrievedJune 30,2021.- Also seen inthe 2020 US Census entry for Madison County, page 15 (PDF p. 16/21) - ^"Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home Officially Established As National Monument | Delta Democrat-Times".www.ddtonline.com.RetrievedMarch 28,2021.
- ^Tougaloo College QuickFacts,Tougaloo College (last accessed November 4, 2018).
- ^"Tougaloo College - Profile, Rankings and Data".US News Best Colleges.March 10, 2016.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Accredited and Candidate List Includes Commission Actions taken 06/2018ArchivedJuly 22, 2011, at theWayback Machine,June 2018, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
- ^Scott Jaschik,Saint Paul's Loses Accreditation,Inside Higher Ed(June 22, 2012).
- ^Buck, Henrietta (May 28, 1983)."Civil rights activist Borinski dies".Clarion-Ledger.Jackson, Mississippi.RetrievedOctober 30,2017.
Recognized as an influential force in the quest for civil rights during the 1950s and early 1960s, he was instrumental in initiating academic forums in the state to increase awareness of civil injustices.
- ^Thomas, Melanie R.Coleman, L. Zenobia (21 Jan. 1898–3 May 1999).Oxford African American Studies Center.doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.38284.ISBN978-0-19-530173-1.RetrievedApril 29,2021.
- ^Italie, Hillel (August 21, 2021)."James W. Loewen, wrote 'Lies My Teacher Told Me,' dead at 79".Associated Press.RetrievedAugust 21,2021.
- ^Capossela, Toni-Lee (April 15, 2013)."Vita: John Usher Monro".Harvard Magazine.RetrievedMay 14,2021.
- ^Severo, Richard (April 3, 2002)."John U. Monro, 89, Dies; Left Harvard to Follow Ideals".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedMay 14,2021.
- ^Hillinger, Charles (March 27, 1988)."A Jurist With a Long Career of Firsts: Anderson 1st Black to Sit on Mississippi High Court".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 2,2016.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. pp. A-9, B-9.
- ^Carey Jr., Charles W. (2008)."Evans, Slaton A., Jr.".African Americans in Science: An Encyclopedia of People and Progress.ABC-CLIO. pp. 75–76.ISBN978-1-85109-999-3.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. pp. A-86, B-7.
- ^"First black judge of Miss. to speak at Alcorn diversity event".April 19, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 18,2017.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. pp. A-37, B-6.
- ^"Beverly Wade Hogan".RetrievedJanuary 20,2023.
- ^"From Swastika to Jim Crow".PBS.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. p. B-6.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. pp. A-70, B-6.
- ^"Faculty and Staff Profiles".Florida Institute of Technology.
- ^Hakeem, Oluseyi."personal profile".LinkedIn.RetrievedJanuary 19,2017.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. p. B-3.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. pp. A-94, B-8.
- ^2020 Tougaloo College Alumni Directory.Dallas, Texas: PCI. 2021. p. B-7.
- ^"Mayor Dr. Karen Weaver".City of Flint, Michigan.City of Flint (MI). Archived fromthe originalon October 8, 2019.RetrievedOctober 18,2016.
graduated with her bachelor's degree in psychology from Tougaloo College, in Tougaloo, Mississippi.
- ^"Charles Young, Jr".Mississippi House of Representatives.RetrievedMay 6,2020.
- ^"Tommie Mabry".PBS.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Tougaloo College
- Historically black universities and colleges in the United States
- Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Church of Christ
- Liberal arts colleges in Mississippi
- Universities and colleges in the Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi
- Universities and colleges established in 1869
- Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
- Schools in Madison County, Mississippi
- Schools in Jackson, Mississippi
- American Missionary Association
- 1869 establishments in Mississippi
- Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
- National Register of Historic Places in Hinds County, Mississippi
- Schools supported by the Freedmen's Bureau
- Private universities and colleges in Mississippi