Traction control system

Atraction control system(TCS), is typically (but not necessarily) a secondary function of theelectronic stability control(ESC) on productionmotor vehicles,designed to prevent loss oftraction(i.e.,wheelspin) of the driven road wheels. TCS is activated whenthrottleinput andengine powerandtorquetransfer are mismatched to the road surface conditions.

The intervention consists of one or more of the following:

• Brake force applied to one or more wheels
• Reduction or suppression of spark sequence to one or morecylinders
• Reduction of fuel supply to one or more cylinders
• Closing the throttle, if the vehicle is fitted withdrive by wirethrottle
• Inturbochargedvehicles, a boost control solenoid is actuated to reduce boost and therefore engine power.

Typically, traction control systems share theelectrohydraulicbrakeactuator(which does not use the conventional master cylinder and servo) and wheel-speedsensorswithABS.

The basic idea behind the need for a traction control system is the loss of road grip can compromise steering control and stability of vehicles. This is the result of the difference in traction of the drive wheels. The difference in slip may occur due to the turning of a vehicle or varying road conditions for different wheels. When a car turns, its outer and inner wheels rotate at different speeds; this is conventionally controlled by using adifferential.A further enhancement of the differential is to employ anactive differentialthat can vary the amount of power being delivered to outer and inner wheels as needed. For example, if outward slip is sensed while turning, the active differential may deliver more power to the outer wheel in order to minimize theyaw(essentially the degree to which the front and rear wheels of a car are out of line.) Active differential, in turn, is controlled by an assembly of electromechanical sensors collaborating with a traction control unit.

History

The predecessor of modernelectronictraction control systems can be found in high-torque, high-power rear-wheel-drive cars as alimited slip differential.A limited-slip differential is a purely mechanical system that transfers a relatively small amount of power to the non-slipping wheel, while still allowing some wheel spin to occur.

In 1971,BuickintroducedMaxTrac,which used an early computer system to detect rear wheel spin and modulate engine power to those wheels to provide the most traction.A Buick exclusive item at the time, it was an option on all full-size models, including theRiviera,Estate Wagon,Electra 225,Centurion,andLeSabre.

Cadillac introduced theTraction Monitoring System(TMS) in 1979 on the redesigned Eldorado.

Operation

When the traction control computer (often incorporated into another control unit, such as the ABS module) detects one or more driven wheels spinning significantly faster than another, it invokes the ABSelectronic control unitto apply brake friction to wheels spinning with lessened traction. Braking action on slipping wheel(s) will cause power transfer to wheel axle(s) with traction due to the mechanical action within the differential.All-wheel-drive(AWD) vehicles often have an electronically controlled coupling system in thetransfer caseortransaxleengaged (active part-time AWD), or locked-up tighter (in a true full-time set up driving all wheels with some power all the time) to supply non-slipping wheels with torque.

This often occurs in conjunction with the powertrain computer reducing available engine torque by electronically limiting throttle application and/or fuel delivery, retarding ignition spark, completely shutting down engine cylinders, and a number of other methods, depending on the vehicle and how much technology is used to control the engine and transmission. There are instances when traction control is undesirable, such as trying to get a vehicle unstuck in snow or mud. Allowing one wheel to spin can propel a vehicle forward enough to get it unstuck, whereas both wheels applying a limited amount of power will not produce the same effect. Many vehicles have a traction control shut-off switch for such circumstances.

Components of traction control

Generally, the main hardware for traction control and ABS are mostly the same. In many vehicles, traction control is provided as an additional option for ABS.

• Each wheel is equipped with a sensor that senses changes in its speed due to loss of traction.
• The sensed speed from the individual wheels is passed on to anelectronic control unit(ECU).
• The ECU processes the information from the wheels and initiates braking to the affected wheels via a cable connected to an automatic traction control (ATC) valve.

In all vehicles, traction control is automatically started when the sensors detect loss of traction at any of the wheels.

Use of traction control

• In road cars: Traction control has traditionally been a safety feature in premium high-performance cars, which otherwise need sensitive throttle input to prevent spinning driven wheels when accelerating, especially in wet, icy, or snowy conditions. In recent years, traction control systems have become widely available in non-performance cars, minivans, and light trucks and in some small hatchbacks.
• Inrace cars:Traction control is used as a performance enhancement, allowing maximum traction under acceleration without wheel spin. When accelerating out of a turn, it keeps the tires at optimalslip ratio.
• Inheavy trucks:Traction control is available as well. Here the pneumatic brake system needs some additional valves and control logic to realize a TCS (or sometimes called ASR) system.
• Inmotorcycles:Traction control for production motorcycles was first available with theBMW K1in 1988. Honda offered Traction Control as an option, along with ABS, on their ST1100 beginning about 1992. By 2009, traction control was an option for several models offered byBMWandDucati,the model year 2010Kawasaki Concours 14(1400GTR) andHondaCBR 650R in the year 2019, and Triumph "Modern Classic" line of motorcycles.
• Inoff-roadvehicles: Traction control is used instead of or in addition to, the mechanical limited-slip orlocking differential.It is often implemented with anelectronic limited-slip differential,as well as other computerized controls of the engine and transmission. The spinning wheel is slowed with short applications of brakes, diverting more torque to the non-spinning wheel; this is the system adopted byRange Roverin 1993, for example. ABS brake-traction control has several advantages over limited-slip and locking differentials, such as steering control of a vehicle is easier, so the system can be continuously enabled. It also creates less stress on powertrain and driveline components, and increases durability as there are fewer moving parts to fail.

When programmed or calibrated for off-road use, traction control systems likeFord’s four-wheel electronic traction control (ETC) which is included withAdvanceTrac,andPorsche’s four-wheel automatic brake differential (ABD), can send 100 percent of torque to any one wheel or wheels, via an aggressive brake strategy or "brake locking", allowing vehicles like theExpeditionandCayenneto keep moving, even with two wheels (one front, one rear) completely off the ground.

Use in motorsports

Very effective yet small units are available that allow the driver to remove the traction control system after an event if desired. InFormula One,an effort to ban traction control led to a change of rules for 2008: every car must have a standard (but custom mappable) ECU, issued by theFIA,which is relatively basic and does not have traction control capabilities. In 2003,Paul Tracyadmitted thatCARTteams used traction control in the nineties, a device that was not formally legal until 2002 (although the switch to single engine supplier for 2003 reverted the legalization).In 2008, NASCAR suspended aWhelen Modified Tourdriver, crew chief, and car owner for one race and disqualified the team after finding questionable wiring in the ignition system, which could have been used to implement traction control.

Traction control in cornering

Traction control is not just used for improving acceleration under slippery conditions. It can also help a driver to corner more safely. If too much throttle is applied during cornering, the driven wheels will lose traction and slide sideways. This occurs asundersteerin front-wheel-drive vehicles andoversteerin rear-wheel-drive vehicles. Traction control can mitigate and possibly even correct understeer or oversteer from happening by limiting power to the overdriven wheel or wheels. However, it cannot increase the limits of frictional grip available and is used only to decrease the effect of driver error or compensate for a driver's inability to react quickly enough to wheel slip.

Automobile manufacturers state in vehicle manuals that traction control systems should not encourage dangerous driving or encourage driving in conditions beyond the driver's control.

See also

• Car safety

External links

• Traction control in Formula One