Turku Castle

Turku Castle
Turun linna Åbo slott
Seen from thePort of Turku.The western end is iconic and is a symbol of the city.
General information
Type	Medieval castle
Location	Turku,Finland
Address	Linnankatu 80 FI-20100 Turku Finland
Coordinates	60°26′07″N022°13′43″E

Turku Castle(Finnish:Turun linna,Swedish:Åbo slott) is a medieval structure in the city ofTurku,Finland.Together withTurku Cathedral,the castle is one of the oldest buildings still in use in Finland. It is also the largest surviving medieval building in Finland. It was founded in the late 13th century and stands on the banks of theAura River.The castle served as abastionand administrative center in the region ofFinlanduntil the early 19th century. It played a role in power struggles withinSwedenand theKalmar Unionand stood sieges, with additional battles fought outside its walls. The castle was at its peak in the mid-16th century during the reign ofDuke John of FinlandandCatherine Jagellon.It lost its status as an administrative center in the 17th century, afterPer Brahe'speriod as governor-general of Finland came to an end. Turku Castle is Finland's most visited museum. Visitations reach well over 100,000 people annually. Some of the rooms in the castle are used for municipal functions.

The castle was the center of thehistorical provinceofFinland Proper,and the administrative center of all of Finland.

History

The construction of the fort began at around the year 1280.Swedesstationed in the region constructed it as a militaryfortressand outpost. The fort's defenses were bolstered and living quarters constructed during the following two centuries. The castle served as adefensive structureand administrative center inÖsterland,which was the name of the region known today as Finland, until the end of the 15th century.The main part of the castle was extended considerably during the 16th century, afterGustav Vasahad ascended to the Swedish throne. His son,John III of Sweden,was the head of the administration and duke of Finland at that time. The castle was generally improved during this time, with an addition of a round tower at the southeast corner of the castle. These were the last additions to the main structure of the castle, and all work on the castle since then has focused on repairs and reconstruction.

In the short period between 1395 to 1398, Turku Castle may have been used as a base of operations by theVictual Brothers,a band of privateers turned pirates, invited there by the chief of the castle,Knut Bosson Gripdue to some larger international political intrigue and allegiances concerning trade in the Baltic Sea. InPaulus Juusten'sepiscopal chronicle, it is said that at the turn of the 15th century, pirates were causing havoc in and around the Turku archipelago. They looted theTurku Cathedral,a historical building in the center of Turku, also on the Aura river. It is on the opposite side of the town away from the sea. The cathedral is open for guided tours and unguided visitations.

The castle was at its peak in the mid-16th century, during the reign ofDuke John of FinlandandCatherine Jagellon.They constructed theRenaissanceFloor and the King's and Queen's hall, along with some other new features.

In 1573 to 1577, the deposed Swedish QueenKarin Månsdotterwas kept prisoner there.

In 1614, a great fire destroyed the wooden structures of the old parts of the castle almost completely. KingGustav II Adolfwas at the castle for a visit. After the fire, the main castle structure was largely abandoned and used as storage.

Castle seen in 1724

In the 18th century, the Renaissance bailey functioned as an administrative center, with the old main structure abandoned and in disrepair. The castle housed the provincial government after a period of turmoil called theGreater Wrath.The castle was used as a prison from the 18th to the end of the 19th century.

During theFinnish Warbetween Sweden and Russia (1808-1809), the castle was used by the Russian Navy. It was later handed back to the Finnish regional authorities, as the Grand Duchy of Finland was granted larger autonomy by the Tzar of Russia.

In 1881, the Turku Historical Museum gained control of the castle. Finland gained full independence at the end of 1917, and thus the republic of Finland gained ownership of the castle.

Therenovationof the castle began before the start of theSecond World War.As Finland was drawn into conflict in theWinter War(1939), and then theContinuation War(1941 to 1944), the renovation project was halted. The renovation was continued after the wars ended. The castle was damaged during the Continuation War by Soviet incendiary bombardment.

The castle was fully restored in 1987. Responsibility over the now restored castle was handed over to the City of Turku on October 12, 1993. The city is currently entrusted with all Turku Castle related events and administration, on behalf of the government of Finland.

Since then, the castle has been a historical museum and it functions as part of the Turku Provincial Museum.

The old part of the castle holds thebanquetrooms and achurchfor the local congregation. The castle courtyard hosts a restaurant and a souvenir shop. Turku castle is one of Finland's most visited historical attractions and museums. Entrance to the inner castle is not free, but they sell tickets at a lower price to pensioners, children, and the unemployed. The tickets cost under 20€, as of summer 2024.

There is a public park with benches surrounding the castle.

Structure

Turku Castle plan

Turku castlebailey

The castle's courtyard

The layout of the castle consists of the Medievalkeep(päälinna) and the Renaissancebailey(esilinna). The keep consists of a square fort, with two square gateway towers. The walls are 5 metres (16 ft) at the base.

In the Middle Ages the castle was surrounded by amoat,conjoining it with the RiverAura.The castle was basically an island. The keep was finalized in the early 15th century. Construction of the bailey began in the late 15th century. It was finished in the 16th century. The bailey is not as fortified as the keep, but it boasts severalturrets.The Renaissance construction work included heavy modifications of nearly all the rooms in the old part of the castle. Since the Renaissance, no additions have been made to the main structur, or functionality and appearance of the castle.

Castellans

King's Hall inside the castle

Various castellans, bailiffs, military commanders, governors who held Turku Castle in the Middle Ages:

• 1280s: Carolus Gustavi
• early 14th century: Nils Andersson and Harald Torsteinsson
• 1315–22: Lyder van Kyren, from Holstein
• 1324–26: Matts Kettilmundsson (concentrated commerce in Turku, brought a courtly and knightly culture)
• 1326: Karl Näskonungsson
• 1340: Dan Nilsson
• c. 1348: Gerhard Skytte
• 1358: Nils Turesson Bielke
• 1359: King Magnus IV, represented byBishop Hemming
• c. 1360: Narve Ingevaldsen from Norway
• 1375:Bo Jonsson Grip,died 1386
• 1387: Jeppe Abrahamsson Djäkn
• 1395: Knut Bosson (Grip)
• 1399: the Union monarchs (Margaret I of Denmark&Eric of Pomerania)
• 1411: Klaus Lydekesson Djäkn
• 1435: Hans Kröpelin
• 1441: Karl Knutsson (the futureCharles VIII of Sweden)
• 1457–63: Kristofer Bengtsson Oxenstierna
• 1465:Erik Axelsson Tott
• 1469:Sten Sture the Elder
• 1499: Magnus Frille (appointed by King Hans)
• 1501: Sten Sture the Elder
• 1503:Svante Nilsson
• 1512: Kristofer Klasson Horn

In popular culture

The Turku Castle is the setting for the fairy taleThe Tomten in Åbo Castle,written byZachris Topeliusin 1849. Turku Castle was badly damaged during the time the story was written. Following the release of the fairy tale, there were calls for the restoration of the castle.

The walls of the castle and the castle itself are featured in many Finnish films like the adventure filmSadan miekan miesfrom 1951, directed byIlmari Unho,and a drama filmThe Girl Kingfrom 2015, directed byMika Kaurismäki.

Gallery

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  The castle drawn byJohan Knutsonand published inFinland framställdt i teckningarin 1845
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See also

• History of Turku

References

• Turku Castle, Guide to the Main Castle. Turku Provincial Museum. Translated by Christopher Grapes. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, 1996.ISBN951-595-022-8.

External links

• Website of Turku Castle
• Medieval castles in Finland
• Photos of Turku castle
• Historyof the castle (in Finnish)
• Turku Castle – photos
• The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea