Universal library
Auniversal libraryis alibrarywith universal collections. This may be expressed in terms of it containing all existing information, useful information, all books, all works (regardless of format) or even all possible works. This ideal, although unrealizable, has influenced and continues to influence librarians and others and be a goal which is aspired to. Universal libraries are often assumed to have a complete set of useful features (such asfinding aids,translationtools, alternative formats, etc.).
History
[edit]TheLibrary of Alexandriais generally regarded as the first library approaching universality, although this idea may be more mythical than real.[1]It is estimated that at one time, this library contained between 30 and 70 percent of all works in existence.[2]The re-founded modern library has a non-universal collections policy.[3]
As a phrase, the "universal library" can be traced back to the naturalistConrad Gessner'sBibliotheca universalisof 1545.
In the 17th century, the ideal of universality continued to be attractive. The French librarianGabriel Naudéwrote:
And therefore I shall ever think it extremely necessary, to collect for this purpose all sorts of books, (under such precautions, yet, as I shall establish) seeing a Library which is erected for the public benefit, ought to be universal; but which it can never be, unlesse it comprehend all the principal authors, that have written upon the great diversity of particular subjects, and chiefly upon all the arts and sciences; [...] For certainly there is nothing which renders a Library more recommendable, then when every man findes in it that which he is in search of...[4][5]
Fiction
[edit]Science fictionhas used the device of a library which is universal in the sense that it not only contains all existing written works, but all possible written works. This idea appeared inKurd Lasswitz's 1901 story "The Universal Library" andBorges's essay "The Total Library" before its more famous expression in Borges's story "The Library of Babel".Such a library, however, would be as useless as it would be complete.[citation needed]A similar idea was a planet called Memory Alpha, (from theStar Trekepisode "The Lights of Zetar") which was theFederation's "storehouse of computer databases containing all cultural history and scientific data it has acquired.".[6]It has been commented that the Internet already approaches this state.[7]
InDiscworld,Terry Pratchett's fantasy world, all libraries in themultiverseare connected in "L-space", effectively creating a single semi-universal library.
Modern times
[edit]With the advent of cheap widely available digital storage, the ideal of universality, although still nearly impossible to attain, has become closer to being feasible. Many projects are now attempting to collect a section of human knowledge into one database. These projects vary in breadth and scope, and none are complete. Examples include digitization projects such asProject GutenbergandCarnegie-Mellon'sUniversal library,digital librarieswhich are usingbook scanningto collectpublic domainworks;The European Library,an integrated catalog for Europe's national libraries; theWikimedia Foundation,which, using theWikisystem, is attempting to collect the breadth of important human knowledge under variousopen contentprojects such asWikipediaandWiktionary;and someshadow libraries.However, many technical and legal problems remain for the dissemination of all possible knowledge on the Internet.[2]
Current barriers
[edit]Current barriers to the construction of a universal digital library include:
- Books have beenlost.While the best-known lost library may be theLibrary of Alexandria,wars, civil strife and natural disastersdestroy libraries and archiveson a regular basis. Further losses are due to neglect.
- Copyright: Many books are undercopyrightand current widespread business models require scarcity of books to remunerate authors.
- Censorship: Most jurisdictions have prohibited at least somebanned books.
- Unpublished manuscripts:If unpublished manuscripts are included in the definition ofbook,catching newly written manuscripts is likely to be a challenge.
- Current digitization efforts are largely library-based, and so materials deemed outside the scope of libraries are very poorly represented.
See also
[edit]- Bibliotheca Alexandrina
- Encyclopedia Galactica
- Google Book Search
- Internet Archive
- Library of Babel
- Library Genesis
- Million Book Project
- Open Content Alliance
- Open Library
- Project Gutenberg
- World Digital Library
References
[edit]- ^Abstract,The Alexandrian library and its aftermath, Uwe Jochum, presented at the Second Anglo-German seminar on library history,The universal library: from Alexandria to the internet,London, September 1996.
- ^abScan This Book!,New York Times Magazine,May 14, 2006.
- ^"Bibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Libraries, Collection Development Policy".Bibalex.org.Retrieved2013-10-25.
- ^Advis pour dresser une bibliotheque,Paris, 1627, translated by John Evelyn asInstructions concerning erecting of a library,London, 1661, pp. 19–20.
- ^Abstract,C. G. Heyneand the university library at Göttingen: from 'Universalbibliothek' of the eighteenth century to the 'Sammlung Deutscher Drucke', 1701-1800, Graham Jefcoate and Gerd J. Boette, presented at the Second Anglo-German seminar on library history,The universal library: from Alexandria to the internet,London, September 1996.
- ^The Lights of Zetar, Wikipedia entry;The Lights of Zetar.
- ^The Internet and the revival of the myth of the universal library, Miroslav Kruk,Australian Library Journal48,#2 (May 1999);abridged versionavailable online.