Jump to content

University of Edinburgh

Coordinates:55°57′N3°11′W/ 55.950°N 3.183°W/55.950; -3.183
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

University of Edinburgh
Latin:Universitas Academica Edinburgensis[1]
Former names
Tounis College
King James' College
TypePublicresearch university
Ancient university
Established1583;441 years ago(1583)[2]
Academic affiliation
Endowment£559.8 million (2023)[3]
Budget£1.341 billion (2022/23)[3]
ChancellorAnne, Princess Royal
RectorSimon Fanshawe
PrincipalSir Peter Mathieson
Academic staff
4,952FTE(2022)[4]
Administrative staff
6,215 FTE (2022)[4]
Students39,110 (2022/23)[5][a]
Undergraduates25,610 (2022/23)[5]
Postgraduates13,500 (2022/23)[5]
Location
Edinburgh
,
Scotland, UK

55°57′N3°11′W/ 55.950°N 3.183°W/55.950; -3.183
CampusUrban,suburban
ColoursRedBlue[7]
Websitewww.ed.ac.ukEdit this at Wikidata
Interior dome of theMcEwan Hallafter restoration in 2017

TheUniversity of Edinburgh(Scots:University o Edinburgh,Scottish Gaelic:Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann;abbreviated asEdin.inpost-nominals) is apublicresearch universitybased inEdinburgh,Scotland. Founded by thetown councilunder the authority of aroyal charterfrom KingJames VIin 1582 and officially opened in 1583, it is one of Scotland'sfour ancient universitiesand thesixth-oldest universityin continuous operation in theEnglish-speaking world.[2]The university played a crucial role in Edinburgh becoming a leading intellectual centre during theScottish Enlightenmentand contributed to the city being nicknamed the "Athens of the North".[8][9]

The three main global university rankings (ARWU,THE,andQS) place the University of Edinburgh within their respective top 40.[10][11][12]It is a member of several associations of research-intensive universities, including theCoimbra Group,League of European Research Universities,Russell Group,Una Europa,andUniversitas 21.[13]In thefiscal yearending 31 July 2023, the university had a total income of £1.341 billion, with £339.5 million from research grants and contracts. It has thethird-largest endowmentin the UK, behind onlyCambridgeandOxford.[3]The university occupies five main campuses in the city of Edinburgh, which include many buildings of historical and architectural significance, such as those in theOld Town.[14]

Edinburgh is theeighth-largest universityin the UK by enrolment and receives over 69,000 undergraduate applications per year, making it the third-most popular university in the UK by application volume.[15]In 2021, Edinburgh had the seventh-highest averageUCAS pointsamong British universities for new entrants. The university maintains strong links to theroyal family,withPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,serving as its chancellor from 1953 to 2010, andAnne, Princess Royal,holding the position since March 2011.[16]

Notable alumni of the University of Edinburghinclude inventorAlexander Graham Bell,naturalistCharles Darwin,philosopherDavid Hume,physicistJames Clerk Maxwell,and writers such as SirJ. M. Barrie,SirArthur Conan Doyle,SirWalter Scott,andRobert Louis Stevenson.[17][18]The university has produced several heads of state and government, includingthree British prime ministers.Additionally, threeUK Supreme Court justiceswere educated at Edinburgh. As of October 2024, the university has been affiliated with 20Nobel Prizelaureates, fourPulitzer Prizewinners, threeTuring Awardwinners, anAbel Prizelaureate, and aFields Medalist.Edinburgh alumni have also won a total of tenOlympic gold medals.

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
Robert Rollock,Regent (1583–1586) and first principal (1586–1599) of the University of Edinburgh

In 1557, BishopRobert ReidofSt Magnus CathedralonOrkneymade awillcontaining an endowment of 8,000merksto build a college in Edinburgh.[19]Unusually for his time, Reid's vision included the teaching ofrhetoricandpoetry,alongside more traditional subjects such asphilosophy.[19]However, the bequest was delayed by more than 25 years due to the religious revolution that led to theReformation Parliamentof 1560.[19]The plans were revived in the late 1570s through efforts by theEdinburgh Town Council,first minister of EdinburghJames Lawson,andLord ProvostWilliam Little.[2]When Reid's descendants were unwilling to pay out the sum, the town council petitioned KingJames VIand hisPrivy Council.The King brokered a monetary compromise and granted aroyal charteron 14 April 1582, empowering the town council to create a college of higher education.[19][20][21]A college established by secular authorities was unprecedented innewly PresbyterianScotland, as all previous Scottish universities had been founded throughpapal bulls.[22]

Main buildings of King James' College in 1647, lying in a double courtyard on the lower left
Frontispiece to earliest laureation (graduation) register (1587)

NamedTounis College(Town's College), the university opened its doors to students on 14 October 1583, with an attendance of 80–90.[2]At the time, the college mainly coveredliberal artsanddivinity.[23][24]Instruction began under the charge of a graduate from theUniversity of St Andrews,theologianRobert Rollock,who first served as Regent, and from 1586 as principal of the college.[25]Initially Rollock was the sole instructor for first-year students, and he was expected to tutor the 1583 intake for all four years of their degree in every subject. The first cohort finished their studies in 1587, and 47 students graduated (or 'laureated') with anM.A.degree.[25]When King James VI visited Scotland in 1617, he held adisputationwith the college's professors, after which he decreed that it should henceforth be called the "Colledge[sic]of King James ".[26][27]The university was known as bothTounis CollegeandKing James' Collegeuntil it gradually assumed the name of the University of Edinburgh during the 17th century.[23][28]

After the deposition of KingJames II and VIIduring theGlorious Revolutionin 1688, theParliament of Scotlandpassed legislation designed to root outJacobitesympathisers amongst university staff.[29]In Edinburgh, this led to the dismissal of PrincipalAlexander Monroand several professors and regents after a government visitation in 1690. The university was subsequently led by PrincipalGilbert Rule,one of the inquisitors on the visitation committee.[29]

18th and 19th century

[edit]

"You are now in a place where the best courses upon earth are within your reach... Such an opportunity you will never again have. I would therefore strongly press on you to fix no other limit to your stay in Edinborough than your having got thro this whole course. The omission of any one part of it will be an affliction & loss to you as long as you live."

Thomas Jefferson,writing to his son-in-lawThomas Mann Randolph, Jr.in 1786.[30]

The late 17th and early 18th centuries were marked by a power struggle between the university and town council, which had ultimate authority over staff appointments, curricula, and examinations.[31]After a series of challenges by the university, the conflict culminated in the council seizing the college records in 1704.[31]Relations were only gradually repaired over the next 150 years and suffered repeated setbacks.

The university expanded by founding a Faculty of Law in 1707, a Faculty of Arts in 1708, and a Faculty of Medicine in 1726.[32]In 1762, ReverendHugh Blairwas appointed by KingGeorge IIIas the firstRegius Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres.[33]This formalised literature as a subject and marks the foundation of the English Literature department, making Edinburgh the oldest centre of literary education in Britain.[34]

During the 18th century, the university was at the centre of theScottish Enlightenment.[35]The ideas of theAge of Enlightenmentfell on especially fertile ground in Edinburgh because of the university's democratic and secular origin; its organization as a single entity instead of loosely connected colleges, which encouraged academic exchange; its adoption of the more flexible Dutch model of professorship, rather than having student cohorts taught by a single regent; and the lack of land endowments as its source of income, which meant its faculty operated in a more competitive environment.[36]Between 1750 and 1800, this system produced and attracted key Enlightenment figures such as chemistJoseph Black,economistAdam Smith,historianWilliam Robertson,philosophersDavid HumeandDugald Stewart,physicianWilliam Cullen,and early sociologistAdam Ferguson,many of which taught concurrently.[36]By the time theRoyal Society of Edinburghwas founded in 1783, the university was regarded as one of the world's preeminent scientific institutions,[37]andVoltairecalled Edinburgh a "hotbed of genius" as a result.[38]Benjamin Franklinbelieved that the university possessed "a set of as truly great men, Professors of the Several Branches of Knowledge, as have ever appeared in any Age or Country".[39]Thomas Jeffersonfelt that as far as science was concerned, "no place in the world can pretend to a competition with Edinburgh".[40]

The east facade ofOld Collegefacing ontoSouth Bridge,as built in 1827. Adomesimilar to Adam's original design was added in 1887 by SirRobert Rowand Anderson.
piece of parchment of charter of novodamus from King James VI of Scotland in 1582
ACharter of Novodamusfrom KingJames VI of Scotlandin 1582, to establish a college

In 1785,Henry Dundasintroduced theSouth Bridge Actin theHouse of Commons;one of the bill's goals was to useSouth Bridgeas a location for the university, which had existed in a hotchpotch of buildings since its establishment. The site was used to constructOld College,the university's first custom-built building, by architectWilliam Henry Playfairto plans byRobert Adam.[41]During the 18th century, the university developed a particular forte in teachinganatomyand the developing science ofsurgery,and it was considered one of the best medical schools in the English-speaking world.[42]Bodies to be used fordissectionwere brought to the university's Anatomy Theatre through a secret tunnel from a nearby house (today's College Wynd student accommodation), which was also used by murderersBurke and Hareto deliver the corpses of their victims during the 1820s.[43][44]

TheEdinburgh snowball riots of 1838also known as the 'Wars of the Quadrangle'occurred when University of Edinburgh students engaged in what started as a snowball fight in "a spirit of harmless amusement" before becoming a two-day 'battle' atOld Collegewith localEdinburghresidents onSouth Bridgewhich led to the Lord Provost calling from the 79th regiment to be called fromEdinburgh Castleto quell the disturbance. This was later immortalised in a 92-page humorous account written by the students entitledThe University Snowdropand then later, in 1853, in a landscape by English artist,Samuel Bough.[45][46][47]

Snowballing Outside Edinburgh University (1853) - Samuel Bough
Snowballing Outside Edinburgh University(1853) -Samuel Bough

After 275 years of governance by the town council, theUniversities (Scotland) Act 1858gave the university full authority over its own affairs.[31]The act established governing bodies including a university court and a general council, and redefined the roles of key officials like the chancellor, rector, and principal.[48]

Plaque commemorating theEdinburgh Sevenat theRoyal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

TheEdinburgh Sevenwere the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university.[49]Led bySophia Jex-Blake,they began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869. Although the university blocked them from graduating and qualifying as doctors, their campaign gained national attention and won them many supporters, includingCharles Darwin.[50]Their efforts put the rights of women to higher education on the national political agenda, which eventually resulted in legislation allowing women to study at all Scottish universities in 1889. The university admitted women to graduate in medicine in 1893.[51][52]In 2015, the Edinburgh Seven were commemorated with a plaque at the university,[53]and in 2019 they were posthumously awarded with medical degrees.[54]

Buildings of theOld Medical Schoolat Teviot Place, photographed in the late 19th century
Exterior of theMcEwan Hall

Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded. After a bequest from SirDavid Baxter,the university started planning new buildings in earnest. SirRobert Rowand Andersonwon the public architectural competition and was commissioned to design new premises for theMedical Schoolin 1877.[55]Initially, the design incorporated acampanileand a hall for examination and graduation, but this was seen as too ambitious. The new Medical School opened in 1884, but the building was not completed until 1888.[56]After funds were donated by politician and brewerWilliam McEwanin 1894, a separate graduation building was constructed after all, also designed by Anderson.[57]The resultingMcEwan HallonBristo Squarewas presented to the university in 1897.[58]

Teviot Row House,drawn by architectSydney Mitchellin 1888

TheStudents' Representative Council(SRC) was founded in 1884 by studentRobert Fitzroy Bell.[59][60]In 1889, the SRC voted to establish Edinburgh University Union (EUU), to be housed inTeviot Row Houseon Bristo Square.[61]Edinburgh University Sports Union(EUSU) was founded in 1866, andEdinburgh University Women's Union(renamed the Chambers Street Union in 1964) in October 1905.[62]The SRC, EUU and Chambers Street Union merged to formEdinburgh University Students' Association(EUSA) on 1 July 1973.[63][64]

20th century

[edit]

DuringWorld War I,the Science and Medicine buildings had suffered from a lack of repairs or upgrades, which was exacerbated by an influx of students after the end of the war.[65]In 1919, the university bought the land of West Mains Farm in the south of the city for the development of a new satellite campus specialising in the sciences.[66]On 6 July 1920, KingGeorge Vlaid the foundation of the first new building (now called theJoseph BlackBuilding), housing theDepartment of Chemistry.[65]The campus was namedKing's Buildingsin honour of George V.

Facade ofNew Collegefacing ontoThe Moundin 1910

New CollegeonThe Moundwas originally opened in 1846 as aFree Church of Scotlandcollege, later of theUnited Free Church of Scotland.[67]Since the 1930s it has been the home of the School of Divinity. Prior to the 1929 reunion of theChurch of Scotland,candidates for the ministry in the United Free Church studied at New College, whilst candidates for the Church of Scotland studied in the university's Faculty of Divinity.[68]In 1935 the two institutions merged, with all operations moved to the New College site in Old Town.[69]This freed up Old College forEdinburgh Law School.[70]

Plaque honouring thePolish School of Medicineat the old Medical School

ThePolish School of Medicinewas established in 1941 as a wartime academic initiative. While it was originally intended for students and doctors in thePolish Armed Forces in the West,civilians were also allowed to take the courses, which were taught in Polish and awarded Polish medical degrees.[71]When the school was closed in 1949, 336 students had matriculated, of which 227 students graduated with the equivalent of anMBChBand a total of 19 doctors obtained a doctorate orMD.[72]A bronze plaque commemorating the Polish School of Medicine is located in the Quadrangle of the old Medical School in Teviot Place.[73]

On 10 May 1951, theRoyal (Dick) Veterinary College,founded in 1823 byWilliam Dick,[74]was reconstituted as theRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studiesand officially became part of the university.[75]It achieved full faculty status as Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in 1964.

In 1955 the university opened the first department ofnursingin Europe for academic study. This department was inspired by the work ofGladys Beaumont Carterand a grant from theRockefeller Foundation.[76]

By the end of the 1950s, there were around 7,000 students matriculating annually, more than doubling the numbers from the turn of the century.[77]The university addressed this partially through the redevelopment ofGeorge Square,demolishing much of the area's historic houses and erecting modern buildings such as40 George Square,Appleton Towerand theMain Library.[78]

On 1 August 1998, theMoray House Institute of Education,founded in 1848, merged with the University of Edinburgh, becoming its Faculty of Education. Following the internal restructuring of the university in 2002, Moray House became known as theMoray House School of Education.[79]It was renamed the Moray House School of Education and Sport in August 2019.[80]

21st century

[edit]

In the 1990s it became apparent that the oldRoyal Infirmary of Edinburghbuildings inLauriston Placewere no longer adequate for a modern teaching hospital.Donald Dewar,theScottish Secretaryat the time, authorized a joint project between private finance, local authorities, and the university to create a modern hospital and medical campus in theLittle Francearea of Edinburgh.[81]The new campus was named theBioQuarter.The Chancellor's Building was opened on 12 August 2002 byPrince Philip,housing the newEdinburgh Medical Schoolalongside the new Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.[82]In 2007, the campus saw the addition of theEuan MacDonald Centreas a research centre formotor neuron diseases,which was part-funded by Scottish entrepreneurEuan MacDonaldand his father Donald.[83][84]In August 2010, authorJ. K. Rowlingprovided £10 million in funding to create the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic,[85]which was officially opened in October 2013.[86]TheCentre for Regenerative Medicine(CRM) is astem cellresearch centre dedicated to the development ofregenerativetreatments, which was opened in 2012.[87]CRM is also home to applied scientists working with theScottish National Blood Transfusion Service(SNBTS) and Roslin Cells.[88]

Atriumof theInformatics Forum

In December 2002, theEdinburgh Cowgate firedestroyed a number of university buildings, including some 3,000 m2(32,000 sq ft) of theSchool of Informaticsat 80South Bridge.[89][90]This was replaced with theInformatics ForumonBristo Square,completed in July 2008. Also in 2002, theEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre(ECRC) was opened on theWestern General Hospitalsite.[91]In 2007, theMRC Human Genetics Unitformed a partnership with the Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine and the ECRC to create the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (renamed the Institute of Genetics and Cancer in 2021) on the same site.[92]

In April 2008, theRoslin Institute– ananimal sciencesresearch centre known forcloningDolly the sheep– became part of the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies.[93]In 2011, the school moved into a new £60 million building on the Easter Bush campus, which now houses research and teaching facilities, and a hospital for small and farm animals.[94][95]

Edinburgh College of Art

Edinburgh College of Art,founded in 1760, formally merged with the university's School of Arts, Culture and Environment on 1 August 2011.[96][97]In 2014, theZhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute(ZJE) was founded as an international joint institute offering degrees in biomedical sciences, taught in English.[98]The campus, located inHaining,Zhejiang Province, China, was established on 15 March 2016.[99]

The university began hosting aWikimedian in Residencein 2016.[100]The residency was made into a full-time position in 2019, with the Wikimedian involved in teaching and learning activities within the scope of theUniversity of Edinburgh WikiProject.[101]

In 2018, the University of Edinburgh was a signatory to the £1.3 billionEdinburgh and South East Scotland City Region Deal,in partnership with the UK and Scottish governments, six local authorities and all universities and colleges in the region.[102]The university committed to delivering a range of economic benefits to the region through theData-Driven Innovationinitiative.[103]In conjunction withHeriot-Watt University,the deal created five innovation hubs: the Bayes Centre, Edinburgh Futures Institute, Usher Institute, Easter Bush, and one further hub based at Heriot-Watt, the National Robotarium. The deal also included creation of the Edinburgh International Data Facility, which performs high-speed data processing in a secure environment.[104][105]

In September 2020, the university completed work on theRichard Verney Health Centreat its central area campus on Bristo Square. The facility houses a health centre and pharmacy, and the university's disability and counselling services.[106]The university's largest expansion in the 2020s was the conversion of some of the historic Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh buildings in Lauriston Place, which had been vacated in 2003 and partially developed into theQuartermile.The £120 million project created a home for theEdinburgh Futures Institute(EFI), an interdisciplinary hub linking arts, humanities, and social sciences with other disciplines in the research and teaching of complex, multi-stakeholder societal challenges.[107][108]The EFI officially opened its doors to the public on 4 June 2024.[109]

[edit]

Edinburgh has several historical links to other universities, chiefly through its influential Medical School and its graduates, who established and developed institutions elsewhere in the world.

Campuses and buildings

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Main locations of the University of Edinburgh. Easter Bush is located 7 miles south of the city.

The university has five main sites in Edinburgh:[121]

  • Central Area
  • King's Buildings
  • BioQuarter
  • Easter Bush
  • Western General

The university is responsible for several significant historic and modern buildings across the city, includingSt Cecilia's Hall,Scotland's oldest purpose-builtconcert halland the second oldest in use in theBritish Isles;[122]Teviot Row House, the oldest purpose-builtstudents' unionbuilding in the world;[61]and the restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence at the head of theRoyal Mile.[14]

Central Area

[edit]
TheMain Libraryviewed fromThe Meadows
Old CollegeQuadrangle
New College

The Central Area is spread around numerous squares and streets in Edinburgh'sSouthside,with some buildings in Old Town. It is the university's oldest area, occupied primarily by the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences and theSchool of Informatics.The highest concentration of university buildings is aroundGeorge Square,which includes40 George Square(formerly David Hume Tower),Appleton Tower,Main Library,andGordon Aikman Lecture Theatre,the area's largest lecture hall. Around nearbyBristo Squarelie theDugald Stewart Building,Informatics Forum,McEwan Hall,Potterrow Student Centre,Teviot Row House,andold Medical School,which still houses pre-clinical medical courses and biomedical sciences.[44]The Pleasance,one ofEdinburgh University Students' Association's main buildings, is located nearby, as isEdinburgh College of ArtinLauriston.North of George Square lies the university'sOld CollegehousingEdinburgh Law School,New CollegeonThe Moundhousing the School of Divinity, andSt Cecilia's Hall.Some of these buildings are used to host events during theEdinburgh International Festivaland theEdinburgh Festival Fringeevery summer.[123]

Pollock Halls

[edit]
Main article:Pollock Halls of Residence
St Leonard's Hall

Pollock Halls, adjoiningHolyrood Parkto the east, is the university's largest residence hall for undergraduate students in their first year. The complex houses over 2,000 students during term time and consists of ten named buildings with communal green spaces between them.[124]The two original buildings,St Leonard's HallandSalisbury Green,were built in the 19th century, while the majority of Pollock Halls dates from the 1960s and early 2000s. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002, and a new building, Chancellor's Court, was built in their place and opened in 2003. Self-catered flats elsewhere account for the majority of university-provided accommodation. The area also includes the John McIntyre Conference Centre opened in 2009, which is the university's premier conference space.[125]

Holyrood

[edit]
See also:Moray House School of Education

The Holyrood campus, just off theRoyal Mile,used to be the site forMoray House Institute for Educationuntil it merged with the university on 1 August 1998.[79]The university has since extended this campus.[126]The buildings include redeveloped and extended Sports Science, Physical Education and Leisure Management facilities at St Leonard's Land linked to the Sports Institute in thePleasance.[127]The £80 million O'Shea Hall at Holyrood was named after the former principal of the university SirTimothy O'Sheaand was opened byPrincess Annein 2017, providing a living and social environment for postgraduate students.[128]The Outreach Centre, Institute for Academic Development (University Services Group), and Edinburgh Centre for Professional Legal Studies are also located at Holyrood.[129][130][131]

King's Buildings

[edit]
Main article:King's Buildings
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh

The King's Buildings campus is located in the south of the city. Most of the Science and Engineering College's research and teaching activities take place at the campus, which occupies a 35-hectare site. It includes theAlexander Graham BellBuilding (for mobile phones and digital communications systems),James Clerk MaxwellBuilding (the administrative and teaching centre of theSchool of Physics and Astronomyand School of Mathematics),Joseph BlackBuilding (home to theSchool of Chemistry),Royal Observatory,SwannBuilding (the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology),WaddingtonBuilding (the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh),William RankineBuilding (School of Engineering's Institute for Infrastructure and Environment), and others.[132]Until 2012, the KB campus was served by three libraries: Darwin Library, James Clerk Maxwell Library, and Robertson Engineering and Science Library. These were replaced by the Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library opened for the academic year 2012/13.[133][134]The campus also hosts the National e-Science Centre (NeSC),Scotland's Rural College(SRUC), Scottish Institute for Enterprise (SIE), Scottish Microelectronics Centre (SMC), and Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC).

BioQuarter

[edit]
Main article:Edinburgh BioQuarter
Edinburgh BioQuarter

The BioQuarter campus, based in the Little France area, is home to the majority of medical facilities of the university, alongside the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The campus houses the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic,Centre for Regenerative Medicine,Chancellor's Building,Euan MacDonald Centre,and Queen's Medical Research Institute, which opened in 2005.[82]The Chancellor's Building has two large lecture theatres and a medical library connected to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by a series of corridors.

Easter Bush

[edit]

The Easter Bush campus, located seven miles south of the city, houses the Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education,Roslin Institute,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and Veterinary Oncology and Imaging Centre.[94]

TheRoslin Instituteis an animal sciences research institute which is sponsored byBBSRC.[135]The Institute won international fame in 1996, when its researchers SirIan Wilmut,Keith Campbelland their colleagues createdDolly the sheep,the firstmammalto be cloned from an adult cell.[136][137]A year laterPolly and Mollywere cloned, both sheep contained a human gene.[138]

Western General

[edit]

The Western General campus, in proximity to theWestern General Hospital,contains the Biomedical Research Facility, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, and Institute of Genetics and Cancer (formerly the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine).

Organisation and administration

[edit]

Governance

[edit]
Further information:Ancient university governance in Scotland

In common with the otherancient universities of Scotland,and in contrast to nearly all other pre-1992 universities which are established byroyal charters,the University of Edinburgh is constituted by theUniversities (Scotland) Acts 1858 to 1966.These acts provide for three major bodies in the governance of the university: theUniversity Court,theGeneral Council,and theSenatus Academicus.[48]

University Court

[edit]

The University Court is the university's governing body and thelegal personof the university, chaired by therectorand consisting of the principal,Lord Provost of Edinburgh,and ofAssessorsappointed by the rector, chancellor,Edinburgh Town Council,General Council, andSenatus Academicus.By the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889, it is a body corporate, with perpetual succession and a common seal. All property belonging to the university at the passing of the Act was vested in the Court.[139]The present powers of the Court are further defined in the Universities (Scotland) Act 1966, including the administration and management of the university's revenue and property, the regulation of staff salaries, and the establishment and composition of committees of its own members or others.

General Council

[edit]

The General Council consists ofgraduates,academic staff,current and former University Court members. It was established to ensure that graduates have a continuing voice in the management of the university. The Council is required to meet twice per year to consider matters affecting the wellbeing and prosperity of the university. The Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 gave the Council the power to consider draft ordinances and resolutions, to be presented with anannual reportof the work and activities of the university, and to receive an auditedfinancial statement.[140]The Council elects the chancellor of the university and three Assessors on the University Court.

Senatus Academicus

[edit]

TheSenatus Academicusis the university's supreme academic body, chaired by the principal and consisting of the professors, heads of departments, and a number ofreaders,lecturersand other teaching and research staff.[141]The core function of theSenatusis to regulate and supervise the teaching and discipline of the university and to promote research. TheSenatuselects four Assessors on the University Court. TheSenatusmeets three times per year, hosting a presentation and discussion session which is open to all members of staff at each meeting.

University officials

[edit]
Main articles:Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh,List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh,andRector of the University of Edinburgh
Princess Anne,currentChancellor
Sir Peter Mathieson,currentPrincipal and Vice-Chancellor
Simon Fanshawe,currentLord Rector

The university's three most significant officials are its chancellor, rector, and principal, whose rights and responsibilities are largely derived from the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858.

The office ofchancellorserves as the titular head and highest office of the university. Their duties include conferring degrees and enhancing the profile and reputation of the university on national and global levels.[142]The chancellor is elected by the university'sGeneral Council,and a person generally remains in the office for life. Previous chancellors include formerprime ministerArthur Balfourand novelist SirJ. M. Barrie.[142]Princess Annehas held the position since March 2011 succeedingPrince Philip.[16]She is also Patron of the university's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies.

Theprincipalis responsible for the overall operation of the university in achief executiverole.[143]The principal is formally nominated by the Curators of Patronage and appointed by the University Court. They are the President of theSenatus Academicusand a member of the University Courtex officio.[143]The principal is also automatically appointed vice-chancellor, in which role they confer degrees on behalf of the chancellor. Previous principals include physicist SirEdward Appletonandreligious philosopherStewart Sutherland.The current principal isnephrologistSir Peter Mathieson,who has held the position since February 2018.[144]

The office ofrectoris elected every three years by the staff and matriculated students. The primary role of the rector is to preside at the University Court.[145]The rector also chairs meetings of the General Council in absence of the chancellor. They work closely with students andEdinburgh University Students' Association.Previous rectors includemicrobiologistSirAlexander Fleming,and former Prime Ministers SirWinston ChurchillandDavid Lloyd George.The current rector is activist and writerSimon Fanshawe,who has held the position since March 2024.[145][146]

Colleges and schools

[edit]

In 2002, the university was reorganised from its ninefacultiesinto three 'Colleges'.[147]While technically not acollegiate university,it comprises the Colleges ofArts, Humanities and Social Sciences(CAHSS),Science & Engineering(CSE) andMedicine & Vet Medicine(CMVM). Within these colleges are 'Schools', which either represent one academic discipline such as Informatics or assemble adjacent academic disciplines such as the School of History, Classics and Archaeology. While bound by College-level policies, individual Schools can differ in their organisation and governance. As of 2021, the university has 21 schools in total.[148]

Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences

[edit]
Department of Psychology building at 7George Square
Elsie InglisQuad at the Old Medical School, currently hosting theSchool of History, Classics and Archaeology

The College took on its current name of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences in 2016 after absorbing the Edinburgh College of Art in 2011.[149]CAHSS offers more than 280 undergraduate degree programmes, 230 taught postgraduate programmes, and 200 research postgraduate programmes.[150][151]Twenty subjects offered by the college were ranked within the top 10 nationally in the 2022Complete University Guide.[152]It includes the oldest English Literature department in Britain,[34]which was ranked 7th globally in the 2021QSRankings by Subjectin English Language & Literature.[153]The college hosts Scotland'sESRCDoctoral Training Centre(DTC), the Scottish Graduate School of Social Science. The college is the largest of the three colleges by enrolment, with 26,130 students and 3,089 academic staff.[154][6]

Medicine and Veterinary Medicine

[edit]
Main article:University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
Members of the medical faculty at Edinburgh in the first half of the 19th century.Seated(L–R):J. Y. Simpson,J. Miller,J. H. BalfourandJ. H. Bennett.Standing(L–R):R. Jameson,W. AlisonandT. S. Traill.

Edinburgh Medical Schoolwas widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century and contributed significantly to the university's international reputation.[155][156]Its graduates founded medical schools all over the world, including at five of the sevenIvy Leagueuniversities (Columbia,Dartmouth,Harvard,Pennsylvania,andYale); those inMcGill,Montréal,Sydney,andVermont;theRoyal Postgraduate Medical School(now part ofImperial College London),Middlesex Hospital,and theLondon School of Medicine for Women(both now part ofUCL).

In the 21st century, the medical school has continued to excel, and it is associated with 13 Nobel Prize recipients: seven recipients of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicineand six of theNobel Prize in Chemistry.[157]In 2021, it was ranked third in the UK byThe TimesUniversity Guide,[158]and the Complete University Guide. In 2022, it was ranked the UK's best medical school by theGuardianUniversity Guide,[159]It also ranked 21st in the world by both theTimes Higher Education World University Rankingsand theQS World University Rankingsin 2021.[160]

TheRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studiesis a world leader in veterinary education, research and practice. The eight original faculties formed four Faculty Groups in August 1992. Medicine and Veterinary Medicine became one of these, and in 2002 became the smallest of the three colleges, with 7,740 students and 1,896 academic staff.[154][6]The university's teaching hospitals include theRoyal Infirmary of Edinburgh,Western General Hospital,St John's Hospital, Livingston,Roodlands Hospital,andRoyal Hospital for Children and Young People.[161][162][163]

Science and Engineering

[edit]
Main article:University of Edinburgh College of Science and Engineering
Old Surgical Hospital inDrummond Street,once part of theRoyal Infirmary,today houses the university's Institute of Geography.

In the 16th century, science was taught as "natural philosophy"in the university. The 17th century saw the institution of the University Chairs of Mathematics and Botany, followed the next century by Chairs of Natural History, Astronomy, Chemistry and Agriculture. It was Edinburgh's professors who took a leading part in the formation of theRoyal Society of Edinburghin 1783.Joseph Black,Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the time, founded the world's first Chemical Society in 1785.[164]The first named degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science was instituted in 1864, and a separate Faculty of Science was created in 1893 after three centuries of scientific advances at Edinburgh.[164]TheRegius Chair in Engineeringwas established in 1868, and the Regius Chair in Geology in 1871. In 1991 the Faculty of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science and Engineering, and in 2002 it became the College of Science and Engineering. The college has 11,745 students and 2,937 academic staff.[154][6]

Sub-units, centres and institutes

[edit]
Minto House, housing theSchool of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
Edinburgh Futures Institutein the restoredRoyal Infirmary of Edinburgh

Some subunits, centres and institutes within the university are listed as follows:[165]

Staff, community and networking

[edit]

In June 2024, the University employed over 12,390full time equivalentstaff, an increase of 508 over the previous year:[166]

College of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences
2,949
College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine
2,983
College of Science & Engineering
2,735
Corporate Services Group
2,281
Information Services Group
733
University Secretaries Group
713
University of Edinburgh Total:
12,394

As part of the university's support for researchers,[167]each College has Research Staff Societies that includepostdocsocieties, and organisations specific to each school.[168]Cross-curricula Research Networks bring together researchers working on similar topics.[169]

Staff Pride Network banner
Pride Edinburgh parade, 2024.[170]

Independently of the College hierarchy, aligned with the university'sEDIpolicy,[171]eight Staff Networks bring together and represent diverse staff groups:[172]

  1. DisabledStaff Network[173]
  2. StaffBAMENetwork[174]
  3. EdinburghRace EqualityNetwork[175]
  4. JewishStaff Network[176]
  5. StaffPrideNetwork[170]
  6. University & College Unionsincorporating the national academic union[177]and the in-house Edinburgh University Union[178]
  7. Long-term Research Staff Network[179]
  8. Support for Technicians[180]and Steering Committee[181]

Industrial action

[edit]

Staff at the university engaged in the sector-wide2018–2023 UK higher education strikescalled by the University and College Union over disputes regardingUSS pensions,pay, and working conditions. A Marking and Assessment Boycott[182]that commenced on 20 April 2023[183]was called off on 6 September 2023.[184]However, the UCU voted to continue strike action throughout the rest of September.[185][186]

Academic profile

[edit]

The university is a member of theRussell Groupof research-led British universities, and theSutton 13group of top-ranked universities in the UK.[187]It is the only British university to be a member of both theCoimbra Groupand theLeague of European Research Universities,and it is a founding member ofUna EuropaandUniversitas 21,both international associations of research-intensive universities.[188]The university maintains historically strong ties with the neighbouringHeriot-Watt Universityfor teaching and research. Edinburgh also offers a wide range of free onlineMOOCcourses on three global platformsCoursera,EdxandFutureLearn.[189][190]

Admissions

[edit]
Undergraduate admission statistics[15]
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019
Applications 69,377 75,438 68,954 62,220 60,983
Offers 27,608 25,210 32,432 31,510 27,878
Offer Rate (%) 39.8 33.0 47.0 50.6 45.7
Enrolls 6,409 6,111 8,083 7,344 6,346
Yield (%) 23.2 24.2 24.9 23.3 22.8
Applicant/Enrolled Ratio 10.82 12.34 8.53 8.47 9.61
Average Entry Tariff[191] — — 197 190 186
HESA Student Body Composition
Domicile[192]and Ethnicity[193] Total
British White 47% 47
British Ethnic Minorities[b] 9% 9
International EU 9% 9
International Non-EU 35% 35
UndergraduateWidening ParticipationIndicators[194][195]
Female 61% 61
Private School 36% 36
Low Participation Areas[c] 9% 9

In 2021, the University of Edinburgh had the seventh-highest average entry standards amongst universities in the UK, with new undergraduates averaging 197UCAS points,equivalent to just above AAAA inA-levelgrades.[191]It gave offers of admission to 33% of its 18 year old applicants in 2022, the fourth-lowest amongst theRussell Group.[196]

In 2022, excluding courses withinEdinburgh College of Art,the most competitive courses for Scottish applicants were Oral Health Science (9%), Business (11%), Philosophy & Psychology (14%), Social Work (15%), and International Business (15%).[197]For students from the rest of the UK, the most competitive courses were Nursing (5%), Medicine (6%), Veterinary Medicine (6%), Psychology (8%), andPolitics, Philosophy and Economics(10%).[198]For international students, the most competitive courses were Medicine (5%), Nursing (7%), Business (11%), Politics, Philosophy and Economics (12%), and Sociology (13%).[199]

For the academic year 2019/20, 36.8% of Edinburgh's new undergraduates wereprivately educated,the second-highest proportion among mainstream British universities, behind onlyOxford.[200]As of August 2021, it has a higher proportion of female than male students with a male to female ratio of 38:62 in the undergraduate population, and the undergraduate student body is composed of 30% Scottish students, 32% from the rest of the UK, 10% from the EU, and 28% from outside the EU.[6]

Graduation

[edit]
See also:Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh graduation ceremony in theMcEwan Hall

At graduation ceremonies, graduates are being 'capped' with theGeneva bonnet,which involves the university's principal tapping them on the head with the cap while they receive their graduation certificate.[201]The velvet-and-silk hat has been used for over 150 years, and legend says that it was originally made from cloth taken from the breeches of 16th-century scholarsJohn KnoxorGeorge Buchanan.[202]However, when the hat was last restored in the early 2000s, a label dated 1849 was discovered bearing the name of Edinburgh tailor Henry Banks, although some doubt remains whether he manufactured or restored the hat.[201][203]In 2006, a university emblem that had been taken into space by astronaut and Edinburgh graduatePiers Sellerswas incorporated into theGeneva bonnet.[204]

Library system

[edit]
Main article:Edinburgh University Library
Playfair Library Hall inOld College

Pre-dating the university by three years, Edinburgh University Library was founded in 1580 through the donation of a large collection by Clement Litill, and today is the largest academic library collection in Scotland.[205][206]TheBrutaliststyle eight-storey Main Library building inGeorge Squarewas designed by SirBasil Spence.At the time of its completion in 1967, it was the largest building of its type in the UK, and today is acategory A listed building.[207]The library system also includes many specialised libraries at the college and school level.[208]

Exchange programmes

[edit]
The former principal SirTimothy O'Sheasigned an agreement withPeking Universityin 2012.

The university offers students the opportunity to study in Europe and beyond via theEuropean Union'sErasmus+programme[d]and a variety of international exchange agreements with around 300 partners institutions in nearly 40 countries worldwide.[210]

University-wide exchanges are open to almost any student whose degree permits a year abroad and who can find a suitable course combination. The list of partner institutions is shown as follows (part of):[211]

Subject-specific exchanges are open to students studying in particular schools or subject areas, including exchange programmes withCarnegie Mellon University,Emory University,Ecole du Louvre,EPFL,ETH Zurich,ESSEC Business School,ENS Paris,HEC Paris,Humboldt University of Berlin,Karolinska Institute,Kyoto University,LMU Munich,University of Michigan,Peking University,Rhode Island School of Design,Sorbonne University,TU München,Waseda University,Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania,and others.[211]

Rankings and reputation

[edit]
Rankings
National rankings
Complete(2025)[213]15
Guardian(2025)[214]15
Times / Sunday Times(2025)[215]17=
Global rankings
ARWU(2024)[216]40
QS(2025)[217]27
THE(2025)[218]29
University of Edinburgh'snational league tableperformance over the past ten years

In the 2021Research Excellence Framework(REF), which evaluated work produced between 2014 and 2021, Edinburgh ranked 4th by research power and 15th by GPA amongst British universities.[219]The university fell four places in GPA when compared to the 2014 REF, but retained its place in research power.[220]90 per cent of the university's research activity was judged to be 'world leading' (4*) or 'internationally excellent' (3*), and five departments – Computer Science, Informatics, Sociology, Anthropology, and Development Studies – were ranked as the best in the UK.[221]

In the 2015THE Global Employability University Ranking,Edinburgh ranked 23rd in the world and 4th in the UK for graduate employability as voted by international recruiters.[222]A 2015 government report found that Edinburgh was one of only two Scottish universities (along withSt Andrews) that some London-based elite recruitment firms considered applicants from, especially in the field of financial services and investment banking.[223]WhenThe New York Timesranked universities based on the employability of graduates as evaluated by recruiters from top companies in 20 countries in 2012, Edinburgh was placed at 42nd in the world and 7th in Britain.[224]

Edinburgh was ranked 24th in the world and 5th in the UK by the 2021Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities,a league table based on the three major world university rankings,ARWU,QSandTHE.[225]In the 2022U.S. News & World Report,Edinburgh ranked 32nd globally and 5th nationally.[226]The 2022World Reputation Rankingsplaced Edinburgh at 32nd worldwide and 5th nationwide.[227]In 2023, it ranked 73rd amongst the universities around the world by theSCImago Institutions Rankings.[228]

The disparity between Edinburgh's research capacity,endowmentand international status on the one hand, and its ranking in national league tables on the other, is largely due to the impact of measures of 'student satisfaction'.[229]Edinburgh was ranked last in the UK for teaching quality in the 2012National Student Survey,[230]with the 2015Good University Guidestating that this stemmed from "questions to do with the promptness, usefulness and extent of academic feedback", and that the university "still has a long way to go to turn around a poor position".[231]Edinburgh improved only marginally over the next years, with the 2021Good University Guidestill ranking it in the bottom 10 domestically in both teaching quality and student experience.[232]Edinburgh was ranked 122nd out of 128 universities for student satisfaction in the 2022Complete University Guide,although it was ranked 12th overall.[233]The 2024Guardian University Guideranked Edinburgh 14th overall, but 50th out of 120 universities in teaching satisfaction, and lowest among all universities in satisfaction with feedback.[234]

In the 2022Complete University Guide,32 out of the 49 subjects offered by Edinburgh were ranked within the top 10 in the UK, with Asian Studies (4th), Chemical Engineering (4th), Education (2nd), Geology (5th), Linguistics (5th), Mechanical Engineering (5th), Medicine (5th), Music (5th), Nursing (1st), Physics & Astronomy (5th), Social Policy (5th), Theology & Religious Studies (4th), and Veterinary Medicine (2nd) within the top 5.[233]The 2021THE World University Rankings by Subjectranked Edinburgh 10th worldwide in Arts and Humanities, 15th in Law, 16th in Psychology, 21st in Clinical, Pre-clinical & Health, 22nd in Computer Science, 28th in Education, 28th in Life Science, 43rd in Business & Economics, 44th in Social Sciences, 45th in Physical Sciences, and 86th in Engineering & Technology.[235]The 2023QS World University Rankings by Subjectplaced Edinburgh at 10th globally in Arts & Humanities, 23rd in Life Sciences & Medicine, 36th in Natural Sciences, 50th in Social Sciences & Management, and 59th in Engineering & Technology.[236]According toCSRankings,computer science at Edinburgh was ranked 1st in the UK and 36th globally, and Edinburgh was the best innatural language processing(NLP) in the world.[237]

Student life

[edit]

Students' Association

[edit]
Main article:Edinburgh University Students' Association
The Pleasance,one of EUSA's main buildings, is a theatre, bar, sports and recreation complex.

Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA) consists of thestudents' unionand thestudents' representative council.EUSA's buildings includeTeviot Row House,The Pleasance,Potterrow Student Centre,Kings Buildings House,as well as shops, cafés and refectories across the various campuses. Teviot Row House is considered the oldest purpose-built student union building in the world.[61][238]Most of these buildings are operated asEdinburgh Festival Fringevenues during August. EUSA represents students to the university and the wider world, and is responsible for over 250 student societies at the university. The association has fivesabbaticaloffice bearers – a president and four vice presidents. EUSA is affiliated with theNational Union of Students(NUS).

Performing arts

[edit]

Amateur dramatic societies benefit from Edinburgh being an important cultural hub forcomedy,amateurandfringe theatrethroughout the UK, most prominently through theEdinburgh Festival Fringe.[239]

EMUS Symphony Orchestra,performingMahler'sSymphony No. 1atGreyfriars Kirk

TheEdinburgh University Music Society(EUMS) is a student-run musical organisation, which is Scotland's oldest student's musical society; it can be traced back to a concert in February 1867.[240]It performs three concert series throughout the year whilst also undertaking a programme of charity events and education projects.[241]

The student-runBedlam Theatre,home to the Edinburgh University Theatre Company

The Edinburgh University Theatre Company (EUTC), founded in 1890 as the Edinburgh University Drama Society, is known for runningBedlam Theatre,the oldest student-run theatre in Britain and venue for the Fringe.[242][243]EUTC also funds acclaimedimprovisational comedytroupeThe Improvertsduring term time and the Fringe.[244][245]Alumni include SirMichael Boyd,Ian Charleson,Kevin McKidd,andGreg Wise.

The Edinburgh Studio Opera (formerly Edinburgh University Opera Club) is a studentoperacompany in Edinburgh. It performs at least one fully staged opera each year.[246]The Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group (EUSOG) is an opera andmusical theatrecompany founded by students in 1961 to promote and perform the comic operettas of SirWilliam Gilbertand SirArthur Sullivan,collectively known asSavoy Operasafter the theatre in which they were originally staged.[247]

The Edinburgh University Footlights are a musical theatre company founded in 1989 and produce two large scale shows a year.[248][249]One of the founders is the Theatre Producer Colin Ingram.[250]Theatre Parodok, founded in 2004, is a student theatre company that aims to produce shows that are "experimental without being exclusive". They stage one large show each semester and one for the festival.[251]

Media

[edit]

The Studentis a fortnightlystudent newspaper.Founded in 1887 by writerRobert Louis Stevenson,it is the oldest student newspaper in the United Kingdom.[252]Former writers of the newspaper include politiciansGordon Brown,Robin Cook,andLord Steel of Aikwood.[253][254]It has been independent of the university since 1992, but was forced to temporarily fold in 2002 due to increasing debts. The newspaper won a number of student newspaper awards in the years following its relaunch.[252]

The Journalwas an independent publication, established in 2007 by three students and former writers forThe Student.It was also distributed to other higher education institutions in the city, such asHeriot-Watt University,Edinburgh Napier University,andTelford College.It was the largest such publication in Scotland, with a print run of 10,000 copies. Despite winning a number of awards for its journalism, the magazine folded in 2015 due to financial difficulties.[255]

FreshAir,launched on 3 October 1992, is an alternative musicstudent radiostation. The station is one of the oldest surviving student radio stations in the UK, and won the "Student Radio Station of the Year" award at the annualStudent Radio Awardsin 2004.[256]

In September 2015, the Edinburgh University Student Television (EUTV) became the newest addition to the student media scene at the university, producing a regular magazine-style programme, documentaries and other special events.[257]

Sport

[edit]
Main article:Edinburgh University Sports Union
Edinburgh University Mountaineering Club at thecairnonCiste Dhubh,1964

Student sport at Edinburgh consists of clubs covering the more traditionalrugby,football,rowingandjudo,to the more unconventionalkorfball,glidingandmountaineering.In 2021, the university had over 65 sports clubs run by Edinburgh University Sports Union (EUSU).[258]

The Scottish Varsity,known as the "world's oldest varsity match", is a rugby match played annually against theUniversity of St Andrewsdating back over 150 years.[259]Discontinued in the 1950s, the match was resurrected in 2011 and was staged in London at the home ofLondon Scottish RFC.It is played at the beginning of the academic year, and since 2015 has been staged atMurrayfield Stadiumin Edinburgh.[260]

The Scottish Boat Raceis an annualrowingrace between theGlasgow University Boat Cluband theEdinburgh University Boat Club,rowed between competingeightson theRiver ClydeinGlasgow,Scotland. Started in 1877, it is believed to be the third-oldest university boat race in the world, predated by theOxford and Cambridge Boat Raceand theHarvard–Yale Regatta.[261]

Edinburgh athletes have repeatedly been successful at theOlympic Games:SprinterEric Liddellwon gold and bronze at the1924 Summer Olympics.At the1948 Summer Olympics,alumnusJackie Robinsonwon a gold medal with the American Basketball team.Trap shooterBob Braithwaitesecured a gold medal at the1968 Summer Olympics.Cyclist SirChris Hoywon six gold and one silver medal between 2000 and 2012. Rower DameKatherine Graingerwon a gold medal at the2012 Summer Olympics,and four further silver medals between 2000 and 2016. Edinburgh was the most successful UK university at the 2012 Games with two gold medals from Hoy and one from Grainger.[262]

Student activism

[edit]

There are a number of campaigning societies at the university. The largest of these include the environment and poverty campaigning groupPeople & PlanetandAmnesty InternationalSociety. International development organisations includeEdinburgh Global Partnerships,which was established as a student-led charity in 1990.[263]There is also a significantleft-wingpresence on campus,[264]including ananti-austeritygroup, Edinburgh UniversityAnarchistSociety,Edinburgh University Socialist Society,EdinburghYoung Greens,FeministSociety,LGBT+ Pride,[265]MarxistSociety, andStudents for Justice in Palestine.[266]

Protests, demonstrations and occupations are regular occurrences at the university.[267][268][269]The activist group People & Planet took over Charles Stewart House in 2015 and again in 2016 in protest over the university's investment in companies active in arms manufacturing or fossil fuel extraction.[270][271]In May 2015, a security guard was charged in relation to the occupations.[272]

Gaza protest

[edit]
Edinburgh University student Gaza protest, Old College Quad encampment, May 2024.

In May 2024,student activistsset up a protest camp in the Old College Quad, with some also beginning ahunger strike,[273]and demanded divestment from companies they alleged supported theIsraeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.The campaign, backed by more than 600 staff and thestudents' union,[274]specifically targeted the university's investments inAlphabet Inc.andAmazon,and its relationship with investment firmBlackRock.[275]In response, Principal Mathieson emphasized that the university would respect peaceful protest rights, while also defending its investment practices.[276]The university subsequently established a working group to review its investment policies related to "armaments and controversial weapons"[277][278]and launched a consultation on ethical investing principles. The protest camp was dismantled in June.[279]

Student co-operatives

[edit]

There are three student-runco-operativesassociated with the University:Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative(ESHC), providing affordable housing for 106 students;[280]the Hearty Squirrel Food Cooperative, providing local, organic and affordable food to students and staff;[281]and the SHRUB Coop, a swap and re-use hub aimed at reducing waste and promotingsustainability.[282]Of these, only the Hearty Squirrel Co-operative operates on campus.ESHCis based on the Bruntsfield Links south of the University's central campus, and hosts students from all three city universities and Edinburgh College. The SHRUB co-operative was formed partly by University of Edinburgh students but is now run by interested members from across Edinburgh. The co-operatives form part of theStudents for Cooperationnetwork.[283]

Notable people

[edit]
Main articles:List of University of Edinburgh peopleandList of University of Edinburgh medical people

The university is associated with some of the most significant intellectual and scientific contributions in human history, which include: the foundation ofAntiseptic surgery(Joseph Lister),[284]Bayesian statistics(Thomas Bayes),[285]Economics(Adam Smith),[286]Electromagnetism(James Clerk Maxwell),[287]Evolution(Charles Darwin),[288][289]Knot theory(Peter Guthrie Tait),[290]modernGeology(James Hutton),[291]Nephrology(Richard Bright),[292]Endocrinology(Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer),[293]Hematology(William Hewson),[294]Dermatology(Robert Willan),[295]Epigenetics(C. H. Waddington),[296]Gestalt psychology(Kurt Koffka),Thermodynamics(William Rankine), Colloid chemistry(Thomas Graham),[297]andWave theory(Thomas Young); the discovery ofBrownian motion(Robert Brown),[298]Magnesium,carbon dioxide,latent heatandspecific heat(Joseph Black),[299][300]chloroform anaesthesia(SirJames Young Simpson),[301]Hepatitis B vaccine(SirKenneth Murray),[302]Cygnus X-1 black hole(Paul Murdin),[303]Higgs mechanism(SirTom Kibble),[304][305]structure ofDNA(SirJohn Randall),[306]HPV vaccine(Ian Frazer),IridiumandOsmium(Smithson Tennant),[307]Nitrogen(Daniel Rutherford),[308]Strontium(Thomas Charles Hope),[309]andSARS coronavirus(Zhong Nanshan);[310]and the invention of theStirling engine(Robert Stirling),[311]Cavity magnetron(SirJohn Randall),[312]ATM(John Shepherd-Barron),[313]refrigerator(William Cullen),[314]diving chamber(John Scott Haldane),[315]reflecting telescope(James Gregory),[316]hypodermic syringe(Alexander Wood),[317][318]kaleidoscope(SirDavid Brewster),[319]pneumatic tyre(John Boyd Dunlop),[320]telephone(Alexander Graham Bell),[321]telpherage(Fleeming Jenkin), andvacuum flask(SirJames Dewar).[322]

Other notable alumni and academic staff of the university have included signatories to theUS Declaration of IndependenceBenjamin Rush,[323]James Wilson[324]andJohn Witherspoon,[325]actorsIan Charleson,[326]Robbie ColtraneandKevin McKidd,architectsRobert Adam,[327]William Thornton,William Henry Playfair,[328]SirBasil Spenceand SirNicholas Grimshaw,astronautPiers Sellers,[329]biologists SirAdrian Bird,[330]SirRichard Owen[331]and SirIan Wilmut,[332]business executivesTony Hayward,Alan Jope,Lars RasmussenandSusie Wolff,composerMax Richter,economistsKenneth E. Boulding[333]andThomas Chalmers,historiansThomas Carlyle[334]andNeil MacGregor,journalistsLaura KuenssbergandPeter Pomerantsev,judgesLord Reed[335]andLord Hodge,[336]mathematicians SirW. V. D. Hodge,[337]Colin Maclaurin[338]and SirE. T. Whittaker,[339]philosophersBenjamin Constant,Adam Ferguson,[340]Ernest GellnerandDavid Hume,[341]physiciansThomas Addison,[342]William Cullen,[343]Valentín Fuster,Thomas Hodgkin[344]andJames Lind,[345]pilotEric Brown,[346]surgeonsJames Barry,[347]Joseph Bell,[348]Robert Liston[349]andB. K. Misra,[350]sociologists SirPatrick Geddes[351]andDavid Bloor,[352]writers SirJ. M. Barrie,[353]SirArthur Conan Doyle,[354][355]John Fowles,Oliver Goldsmith,SirWalter Scott[356]andRobert Louis Stevenson,[357]Chancellors of the ExchequerJohn Anderson[358]andLord Henry Petty,[359]formerDeputy Prime Minister of New ZealandSirMichael Cullen,currentVice President of SyriaNajah al-Attar,formerDirector General of MI5Stella Rimington,First Lords of the AdmiraltyLord Melville,Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville,Lord MintoandLord Selkirk,Foreign SecretariesRobin Cook[360]and SirMalcolm Rifkind,[361]former actingFirst Minister of ScotlandJim Wallace,andOlympicgold medallistsBob Braithwaite,Katherine Grainger,SirChris HoyandEric Liddell.[362]

Nobel and Nobel equivalent prizes

[edit]
See also:List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
Max Born,TaitProfessor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh from 1936 to 1953, was awarded theNobel Prize in Physicsin 1954.[363]
Peter Higgs,faculty at Edinburgh since 1960 and Emeritus Professor after 1996, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013.[364]

As of October 2024,20Nobel Prizelaureates, with 20 awards, have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty members or researchers (three additional laureates acted as administrative staff),[365]including one of the fathers ofquantum mechanicsMax Born,[366]theoretical physicistPeter Higgs,[367]Cognitive scientistGeoffrey E. Hinton(also aTuring Awardwinner),[368][369]chemist SirFraser Stoddart,[370]immunologistPeter C. Doherty,[371]economist SirJames Mirrlees,[372]discoverer ofCharacteristic X-ray(Charles Glover Barkla)[373]and the mechanism ofATPsynthesis (Peter D. Mitchell),[374]and pioneer incryo-electron microscopy(Richard Henderson)[375]andin-vitro fertilisation(SirRobert Edwards).[376]Turing Award winnersRobin Milner[377]Leslie Valiant,[378]and mathematician SirMichael Atiyah,[379]Fields MedalistandAbel Prizelaureate, are associated with the university.

In the following table, the number following a person's name is the year they received the Nobel prize. In particular, a number with an asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at the university (includingemeritusstaff).A name underlinedimplies that this person has been listed previously (i.e., multiple affiliations).

Category Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Physics (5)
  1. Igor Tamm– 1958
  2. Geoffrey Hinton– 2024
  1. Peter Higgs– 2013*
  2. Max Born– 1954*
  3. Charles Glover Barkla– 1917*
Chemistry (6)
  1. Richard Henderson– 2017
  2. Fraser Stoddart– 2016
  1. Peter D. Mitchell– 1978
  1. Kurt Wüthrich– 2002
  2. Alexander R. Todd– 1957
  3. Vincent du Vigneaud– 1955
Physiology or Medicine (7)
  1. Robert G. Edwards– 2010
  2. Peter C. Doherty– 1996
  1. Hermann J. Muller– 1946
  1. Michael Rosbash– 2017
  2. Edvard Moser– 2014
  3. May-Britt Moser– 2014
  4. Robert G. Edwards– 2010
  5. Paul Nurse– 2001
Economics (1)
  1. James Mirrlees– 1996
Peace (1)
  1. Joseph Rotblat– 1995

Heads of state and government

[edit]
Gordon Brown,formerPrime Ministerand consecutive 10-year-longChancellor of the Exchequer,is an alumnus (MA'72, PhD '82) and formerrector.[380]
John Swinney,currentFirst Minister of Scotland,is an alumnus (MA'86).
Leader State/government Office
Harini Amarasuriya[381][382] Sri Lanka Prime Minister(2024–)
Hastings Banda[383][384] Malawi Prime Minister(1964–1966),President(1966–1994)
SirRobert Black[385] SingaporeColony of Singapore Governor(1955–1957)
British Hong Kong Governor(1958–1964)
SirThomas Brisbane[386] New South Wales Governor(1821–1825)
Gordon Brown[387] United Kingdom Prime Minister(2007–2010)
Chang Taek-sang( trương trạch tương )[388] South Korea Prime Minister(1952)
John Crawfurd[389] East India CompanyColonial Singapore Resident(1823–1826)
SirGilbert Elliott[390] CorsicaAnglo-Corsican Kingdom Viceroy(1793–1796)
East India CompanyBritish India Governor-General(1807–1813)
SirDawda Jawara[391] The GambiaGambia Colony and Protectorate Prime Minister(1962–1965)
The GambiaThe Gambia Prime Minister (1965–1970),President(1970–1994)
Yusuf Lule[392] Uganda President(1979)
Fawzi Mulki[393] Jordan Prime Minister(1953–1954)
Lord Dunrossil[394] Australia Governor-General(1960–1961)
Daniel Chanis Pinzón[395] Panama President(1949)
Julius Nyerere[396][397] Tanganyika Chief Minister(1960–1961),Prime Minister(1961–1962),President(1962–1964)
Tanzania President(1964–1985)
Paul Reeves[398] New Zealand Governor-General(1985–1990)
Lord John Russell[399] United Kingdom Prime Minister (1846–1852; 1865–1866)
SirNinian Stephen[400] Australia Governor-General (1982-1989)
John Swinney[401] Scotland First Minister(2024–)
Lord Palmerston[402] United Kingdom Prime Minister (1855–1858; 1859–1865)
SirCharles Tupper[403] Canada Prime Minister(1896)
William Walker[404] Nicaragua President(1856–1857)
Yun Posun( doãn phô thiện )[405] South Korea President(1960–1962)
[edit]

The University of Edinburgh has featured prominently in a number of works ofpopular culture.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^HESAnumbers given here are significantly lower than those reported by the university, since HESA does not include non-graduating and visiting students, postgraduates writing up, and online learning students living abroad.[6]
  2. ^Includes those who indicate in their UCAS application that they identify asAsian,Black,Mixed Heritage,Arabor any other ethnicity except White.
  3. ^Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from theScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation(SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.
  4. ^FollowingBrexit,the UK will no longer participate in the next Erasmus+ programme (2021–2027), but funding remains available for students to go abroad under the current programme until 31 May 2023.[209]
  5. ^The Mask of Fu Manchu,1932

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Search".Internet Archive.
  2. ^abcd"Opening of Edinburgh University, 1583".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  3. ^abc"Annual Report and Accounts for the Year to 31 July 2023"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 13 February 2024.Retrieved30 January2024.
  4. ^ab"Staff Headcount & Full Time Equivalent Statistics (FTE) as at Oct-22".Human Resources, The University of Edinburgh. October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 25 December 2018.Retrieved24 January2023.
  5. ^abc"Where do HE students study?".Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) www.hesa.ac.uk.2024.Retrieved17 September2024.
  6. ^abcde"Factsheet of Student Figures"(PDF).Strategic Planning, The University of Edinburgh. 11 August 2021.Archived(PDF)from the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  7. ^"Edinburgh's core colours".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved17 June2021.
  8. ^Moss, Michael S. (June 2004)."Reviewed Work: The University of Edinburgh: An Illustrated History by Robert D. Anderson, Michael Lynch, Nicholas Phillipson".The English Historical Review.119(482): 810–811.doi:10.1093/ehr/119.482.810.JSTOR3489575.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2021.Retrieved16 August2021.
  9. ^Lowrey, John (June 2001)."From Caesarea to Athens: Greek Revival Edinburgh and the Question of Scottish Identity within the Unionist State".Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.60(2): 136–157.doi:10.2307/991701.JSTOR991701.Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2021.Retrieved25 August2021.
  10. ^"Shanghai Ranking - The University of Edinburgh".www.shanghairanking.com.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2023.Retrieved17 June2024.
  11. ^"World University Rankings – University of Edinburgh".Times Higher Education. 27 September 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023.Retrieved28 September2023.
  12. ^"The University of Edinburgh".Top Universities.Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024.Retrieved17 June2024.
  13. ^"Affiliations".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 10 January 2022.Retrieved11 August2021.
  14. ^ab"University Heritage".Edinburgh World Heritage. 24 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2020.Retrieved16 August2021.
  15. ^ab"Undergraduate admissions statistics".The University of Edinburgh. 9 November 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2021.Retrieved30 April2024.
  16. ^ab"New Chancellor elected".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 23 September 2015.Retrieved20 September2011.
  17. ^"Alumni in history".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 17 April 2021.Retrieved18 August2021.
  18. ^"Commemorative plaques".The University of Edinburgh. 14 May 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 29 May 2023.Retrieved19 November2021.
  19. ^abcd"Will of Bishop Robert Reid, 1557".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  20. ^"Charter by King James VI".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  21. ^Grant, Alexander (1884).The Story of the University of Edinburgh During Its First Three Hundred Years.London: Longmans, Green & Co.Retrieved14 August2021.
  22. ^Horner, Winifred Bryan (1993).Nineteenth-century Scottish Rhetoric: The American Connection.Southern Illinois University Press. p. 19.ISBN9780809314706.Retrieved13 September2021.
  23. ^ab"University of Edinburgh".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2021.Retrieved19 August2021.
  24. ^Hermans, Jos. M. M.; Nelissen, Marc (1 January 2005).Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group.Leuven University Press. p. 42.ISBN90-5867-474-6.Retrieved19 August2021.
  25. ^ab"Our History – Robert Rollock (1555-1599)".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  26. ^Wormald, Jenny (1983).Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland 1470-1625(2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 288.ISBN978-0-7486-2901-5.JSTOR10.3366/j.ctt1tqxtnk.Retrieved13 September2021.
  27. ^"Our History – James VI and I".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2021.Retrieved19 August2021.
  28. ^"Our History – University of Edinburgh".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  29. ^ab"Our History – Purge of Episcopalian and Jacobite Staff, 1690".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 September 2021.Retrieved14 September2021.
  30. ^"To Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. Paris, Aug. 27, 1786".University of Groningen.Retrieved15 August2013.
  31. ^abc"Our History – Town Council".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2017.Retrieved27 August2021.
  32. ^"Our history".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 11 August 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  33. ^"Foundation of Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 1760".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2021.Retrieved2 October2021.
  34. ^ab"250th Anniversary of English Literature".The University of Edinburgh. 18 October 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 1 May 2013.Retrieved15 November2012.
  35. ^Mullett, Charles F. (1 February 1968)."A Short History of the University of Edinburgh, 1556–1889. By D. B. Horn".The American Historical Review.73(3): 808.doi:10.1086/ahr/73.3.808.Retrieved14 August2021.
  36. ^abThornton, Robert (Fall 1968)."The University of Edinburgh and the Scottish Enlightenment".Texas Studies in Literature and Language.10(3): 415–422.JSTOR40755174.Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  37. ^Morrell, J. B. (1971)."The University of Edinburgh in the Late Eighteenth Century: Its Scientific Eminence and Academic Structure".Isis.62(2): 158–171.doi:10.1086/350728.S2CID144076477.Retrieved19 August2021.
  38. ^"Scottish Enlightenment".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2021.Retrieved2 September2021.
  39. ^Nolan, J. Bennett (1938).Benjamin Franklin in Scotland and Ireland 1759 and 1771.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 50.doi:10.9783/9781512805048.ISBN9781512805031.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved19 August2021.
  40. ^"From Thomas Jefferson to Dugald Stewart, 21 June 1789".Founders Online.Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2021.Retrieved19 August2021.
  41. ^"Laying of Foundation Stone of Old College".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  42. ^"Medicine at the University of Edinburgh".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2019.Retrieved19 August2021.
  43. ^"Campus curiosities 17: Tunnels".Times Higher Education. 11 November 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 13 September 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  44. ^ab"Self-guided tour to Central Area"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 October 2021.Retrieved16 August2021.
  45. ^McLean, David (14 December 2020)."This Edinburgh students' snowball fight ended with the army being sent in".The Edinburgh Evening News - The Scotsman.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2023.Retrieved3 December2023.
  46. ^"Edinburgh Snowball Riot of 1838 – Old Weird Scotland".Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2023.Retrieved4 December2023.
  47. ^"Snowball Fights in Art (1400–1946)".The Public Domain Review.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2023.Retrieved4 December2023.
  48. ^ab"Our History – Universities (Scotland) Act 1858".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 27 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  49. ^"Edinburgh Seven".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2020.Retrieved19 August2021.
  50. ^Moore, Wendy (5 July 2019)."Trailblazing women in medicine: laurels at last for Edinburgh Seven".Lancet.394(10195): 294–295.doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31565-x.PMID31285040.S2CID205990929.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved19 August2021.
  51. ^"First Graduation of Female Students, 1893".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  52. ^McCullins, Darren (16 November 2018)."Sophia Jex-Blake: The battle to be Scotland's first female doctor".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 25 August 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  53. ^"'Edinburgh Seven' honoured with plaque in Edinburgh ".BBC News.10 September 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2021.Retrieved6 September2020.
  54. ^"Pioneering Edinburgh Seven students awarded honorary degrees".The Herald.Glasgow. 6 July 2019.Retrieved19 August2021.
  55. ^"Our History – Medical School".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  56. ^"Opening of New Medical School, 1884".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  57. ^"William McEwan".The University of Edinburgh. 17 August 2017.Retrieved19 November2021.
  58. ^"Opening of McEwan Hall, 1897".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  59. ^"Foundation of Students' Representative Council, 1884".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  60. ^Wintersgill, Donald (8 October 2009)."Bell, Robert Fitzroy (1859–1908)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/100753.Retrieved14 August2021.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  61. ^abc"Opening of University Union, 1889".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  62. ^"Our History – Edinburgh University Women's Union".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved23 September2021.
  63. ^"Foundation of Edinburgh University Students' Association, 1973".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved14 August2021.
  64. ^Catto, Iain (1 January 1989).'No spirits and precious few women': Edinburgh University Union 1889-1989.Edinburgh University Union. Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2021.Retrieved22 August2021.
  65. ^ab"Laying of Foundation Stone of King's Buildings, 1920".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  66. ^"Our History – King's Buildings".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved15 August2021.
  67. ^"Foundation of New College, 1846".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  68. ^"Faculty of Divinity".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 5 April 2023.Retrieved17 August2021.
  69. ^Brown, Stewart J. (1 July 1996). "The Disruption and the Dream: The Making of New College 1843–1861". In Wright, David F.; Badcock, Gary D. (eds.).Disruption to Diversity: Edinburgh Divinity 1846-1996.Edinburgh: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 29–50.ISBN978-0567085177.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved19 August2021.
  70. ^"Merger of New College and University Faculty of Divinity".New College Past, Present & Future. 14 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved17 August2021.
  71. ^"The Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh (1941-1949)".The University of Edinburgh. 23 June 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  72. ^"Foundation of Polish School of Medicine, 1941".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved14 August2021.
  73. ^"The Polish School of Medicine".Polish-Scottish Heritage.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2022.Retrieved21 August2021.
  74. ^"William Dick – a pioneer of veterinary education".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved19 November2021.
  75. ^"Integration of Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, 1951".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 11 August 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  76. ^Yarwood, Dianne (11 January 2024),"Carter, Gladys Beaumont (1887–1959), midwife and nurse",Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000382489,ISBN978-0-19-861412-8,archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024,retrieved7 February2024
  77. ^"Edinburgh's student roll now 7,400".The Herald.Glasgow. 5 October 1960. p. 6.Retrieved15 May2017.
  78. ^"George Square".Edinburgh World Heritage. 24 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2021.Retrieved19 August2021.
  79. ^ab"Merger with Moray House Institute of Education, 1998".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  80. ^"School of Education name change honours sport".College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. 1 August 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2021.Retrieved18 August2021.
  81. ^"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh".The Gazetteer for Scotland.Retrieved11 June2020.
  82. ^ab"Opening of New Medical School, 2002".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved14 August2021.
  83. ^Donnelly, Brian (27 June 2007)."Hotel chain's founder gives cash for motor neurone centre".The Herald.Glasgow.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved15 September2014.
  84. ^Anderson, Barry (4 October 2011)."Motor neurone sufferer gives £1m to create research centre".The Scotsman.Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved29 September2014.
  85. ^"JK Rowling gives £10m for Edinburgh MS centre".BBC News.31 August 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  86. ^"JK Rowling's MS clinic is officially opened at Edinburgh University".BBC News.8 October 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2020.Retrieved31 August2020.
  87. ^"Princess Royal opens Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine".BBC News.28 May 2012.
  88. ^"Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine".Health Science Scotland.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2013.Retrieved19 September2012.
  89. ^Seenan, Gerard (9 December 2002)."Fire devastates Edinburgh's Old Town".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved13 September2021.
  90. ^"Fire Damage to School of Informatics, 2002".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  91. ^"Royal launch for cancer centre".BBC News.6 December 2002.Retrieved16 January2014.
  92. ^"Experts join up for cancer fight".BBC News.26 November 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2023.Retrieved21 January2014.
  93. ^"Roslin Institute – History".Roslin Institute. Archived fromthe originalon 29 November 2009.Retrieved13 September2021.
  94. ^ab"Opening of Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, 2011".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 11 August 2021.Retrieved11 August2021.
  95. ^"New home for Roslin Institute".Veterinary Record.169(2). London: 34. 9 July 2011.doi:10.1136/vr.d4061.S2CID219199064.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2021.Retrieved21 August2021.
  96. ^"Merger with Edinburgh College of Art, 2011".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021.Retrieved14 August2021.
  97. ^"ECA merger".The University of Edinburgh. Archived fromthe originalon 2 September 2011.Retrieved14 October2011.
  98. ^Morris, Bridget (21 October 2017)."Edinburgh University teams up with Chinese in joint campus venture".The National.Glasgow.Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2018.Retrieved13 September2021.
  99. ^"Historical Timeline".Zhejiang University.Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2021.Retrieved13 November2021.
  100. ^"Balance for Better – Teaching Matters".The University of Edinburgh. 27 June 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved13 September2021.
  101. ^"Wikimedian in Residence".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved18 August2021.
  102. ^"HOME".The Edinburgh and South East Scotland City Region Deal.Retrieved12 September2021.
  103. ^"Official website".Data-Driven Innovation.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  104. ^Forsdick, Sam (13 August 2018)."Edinburgh's city deal bets £791m on technology".New Statesman.London.Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  105. ^Kemp, Kenny (19 December 2018)."First tranche of Edinburgh City Region deal investment unveiled".Scottish Business Insider.Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  106. ^"New Health and Wellbeing Centre opens".The University of Edinburgh. 21 September 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  107. ^"Edinburgh Futures Institute at Quartermile".The University of Edinburgh. 29 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved21 August2021.
  108. ^"Ethos".Edinburgh Futures Institute.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2021.Retrieved21 August2021.
  109. ^Johnstone, Neil (4 June 2024)."Edinburgh Futures Institute: First look at Quartermile building following multi-million-pound restoration".Edinburgh Evening News.Retrieved29 June2024.
  110. ^"History and Tradition".Dalhousie University.Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2020.Retrieved15 August2021.
  111. ^"George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie".Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2012.Retrieved4 December2010.
  112. ^White, Paul Dudley (June 1973)."Review of 'Dartmouth Medical School: The First 176 Years'".The New England Quarterly.46:306–308.doi:10.2307/364128.JSTOR364128.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved16 November2021.
  113. ^Schatzki, Stefan C. (August 2006)."Benjamin Waterhouse".American Journal of Roentgenology.187(2): 585.doi:10.2214/AJR.05.2125.PMID16861568.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved16 November2021.
  114. ^Cruess, Richard L. (26 November 2007)."Brief history of Medicine at McGill".Mcgill University.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2020.Retrieved4 December2010.
  115. ^Hanaway, Joseph; Cruess, Richard (8 March 1996).McGill Medicine, Volume 1: The First Half Century, 1829-1885.McGill-Queen's University Press.ISBN9780773513242.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2013.Retrieved4 December2010.
  116. ^"School of Medicine: A Brief History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives".University of Pennsylvania. Archived fromthe originalon 22 March 2012.Retrieved13 September2021.
  117. ^Rosner, Lisa (1 April 1992)."Thistle on the Delaware: Edinburgh Medical Education and Philadelphia Practice, 1800–1825".Social History of Medicine.5(1): 19–42.doi:10.1093/shm/5.1.19.PMID11612775.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved14 August2021.
  118. ^"Edinburgh and the USA".The University of Edinburgh. Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2014.Retrieved15 August2013.
  119. ^"John Witherspoon".The Presidents of Princeton University.Princeton University. 26 November 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2021.Retrieved20 June2021.
  120. ^"Edinburgh's Links to the USA".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2015.Retrieved15 August2013.
  121. ^"Campus maps"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 October 2021.Retrieved10 October2021.
  122. ^"St Cecilia's Hall – About The Museum".St Cecilia's Hall Concert Room and Music Museum. 3 July 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved30 August2021.
  123. ^"Edinburgh Festival Fringe".The University of Edinburgh. 23 July 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2021.Retrieved21 August2021.
  124. ^"Pollock Halls".The University of Edinburgh. 25 March 2019.Retrieved15 August2021.
  125. ^Lourie, Emma (10 November 2019)."John McIntyre Conference Centre celebrates a decade in business".The Edinburgh Reporter.Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  126. ^"Holyrood Campus – buildings and opening hours".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved2 January2018.
  127. ^"St Leonard's Land building profile".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2018.Retrieved2 January2018.
  128. ^"Halls given royal seal of approval".The University of Edinburgh. 12 April 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2018.Retrieved2 January2018.
  129. ^"Outreach Centre building profile".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2018.Retrieved2 January2018.
  130. ^"Institute for Academic Development".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved2 January2018.
  131. ^"Edinburgh Centre for Professional Legal Studies".Edinburgh Law School.Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2018.Retrieved2 January2018.
  132. ^"Self-guided tour to King's Buildings"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 August 2021.Retrieved16 August2021.
  133. ^"Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library Open to Students".Austin-Smith:Lord. 3 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved2 October2021.
  134. ^"University of Edinburgh Noreen & Kenneth Murray Library".Austin-Smith:Lord.Retrieved2 October2021.
  135. ^"History of the Institute".The University of Edinburgh. 18 May 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 25 March 2020.Retrieved16 November2021.
  136. ^Campbell, K. H. S.;McWhir, J.; Ritchie, W. A.;Wilmut, I.(7 March 1996)."Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line".Nature.380(6569): 64–66.Bibcode:1996Natur.380...64C.doi:10.1038/380064a0.PMID8598906.S2CID3529638.Archivedfrom the original on 30 October 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  137. ^Firn, David (March 1999)."Roslin Institute upset by human cloning suggestions".Nature Medicine.5(3): 253.doi:10.1038/6449.PMID10086368.S2CID41278352.
  138. ^"Cloning of Dolly the Sheep, 1996".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved2 October2021.
  139. ^"University Court".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  140. ^"General Council".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  141. ^"Senatus Academicus".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  142. ^ab"The Chancellor".The University of Edinburgh. 14 May 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2017.Retrieved17 August2021.
  143. ^ab"The role of Principal and Vice-Chancellor".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2021.Retrieved17 August2021.
  144. ^"Principal and Vice-Chancellor".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2021.Retrieved17 August2021.
  145. ^ab"The Rector".The University of Edinburgh. March 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved17 August2021.
  146. ^"Activist Simon Fanshawe named as University of Edinburgh rector".BBC News.12 February 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 29 February 2024.Retrieved15 February2024.
  147. ^"Reconstitution of Faculties into Colleges, 2002".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 1 September 2021.Retrieved1 September2021.
  148. ^"Colleges and schools".The University of Edinburgh. 20 May 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 1 September 2021.Retrieved1 September2021.
  149. ^"College renamed to reflect growth in arts".The University of Edinburgh. 28 July 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2016.Retrieved21 October2016.
  150. ^"Undergraduate degree finder".University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2021.Retrieved11 September2022.
  151. ^"Postgraduate degree finder".University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 29 September 2022.Retrieved11 September2022.
  152. ^"Teaching and learning".The University of Edinburgh. 10 September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2021.Retrieved6 November2021.
  153. ^"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021: English Language and Literature".Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved2 August2021.
  154. ^abc"Staff Headcount & Full Time Equivalent Statistics (FTE) as at Sep-21".Human Resources, The University of Edinburgh. September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 25 December 2018.Retrieved19 August2022.
  155. ^Eddy, Matthew D. (15 November 2016).The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School, 1750–1800.London: Routledge.doi:10.4324/9781315238807.ISBN9781138265646.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved14 August2021.
  156. ^"College Overview".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved18 December2011.
  157. ^"Nobel Prizes".University of Edinburgh. 6 November 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 18 July 2018.Retrieved4 June2022.
  158. ^"Best universities for medicine: The Times league table".The Times.London. 17 September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2022.Retrieved18 April2022.
  159. ^"University guide 2021: Medicine".The Guardian.London. 11 September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2022.Retrieved11 September2021.
  160. ^"QS World Rankings by Faculty Life Science/Medicine".2021.Archivedfrom the original on 4 June 2022.Retrieved4 June2022.
  161. ^"About The Royal".NHS Lothian's Medical Education Directorate.Archivedfrom the original on 5 October 2022.Retrieved19 June2022.
  162. ^"Western General Hospital".The University of Edinburgh. 5 December 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2022.Retrieved19 June2022.
  163. ^"About Child Life and Health".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2022.Retrieved19 June2022.
  164. ^ab"About the College".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2013.Retrieved18 December2011.
  165. ^"Sub-units, centres and institutes".The University of Edinburgh. 30 March 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 25 June 2021.Retrieved25 June2021.
  166. ^Staff Population StatisticsArchived28 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.Official site.
  167. ^Community & NetworkingArchived27 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.Official site.
  168. ^Current Research Staff SocietiesArchived27 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.Official site.
  169. ^University Research Networks & CentresArchived27 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.Official site.
  170. ^ab"Contacts and Committee".The University of Edinburgh.3 June 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2024.Retrieved25 June2024.
  171. ^Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Committee (EDIC).Official site.
  172. ^Staff NetworksArchived27 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.Official site.
  173. ^Disabled Staff NetworkArchived23 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.
  174. ^"Staff BAME Network".Archivedfrom the original on 21 September 2023.Retrieved10 September2023.
  175. ^Edinburgh Race Equality NetworkArchived28 September 2023 at theWayback Machine,
  176. ^Jewish Staff NetworkArchived16 July 2024 at theWayback Machine.
  177. ^University & College UnionArchived6 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.
  178. ^UCUArchived28 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.
  179. ^"IAD4RESEARCHERS".28 June 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023.Retrieved10 September2023.
  180. ^Support for TechniciansArchived22 August 2024 at theWayback Machine.
  181. ^"Technician Steering Committee".Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023.Retrieved10 September2023.
  182. ^"Marking and Assessment Boycott FAQs".UCU Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023.Retrieved12 September2023.
  183. ^"University of Edinburgh staff condemn marking boycott response".BBC News.10 May 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023.Retrieved12 September2023.
  184. ^"University of Edinburgh pauses pay deductions as strike action called off".The Herald.4 August 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023.Retrieved12 September2023.
  185. ^"More strike action to hit universities as employers refuse to negotiate".www.ucu.org.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2023.Retrieved12 September2023.
  186. ^"Industrial Action 2023/24".The University of Edinburgh.7 September 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023.Retrieved12 September2023.
  187. ^"Old school 'key to student place'".BBC News.20 September 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2018.Retrieved31 January2009.
  188. ^"European Universities Initiative launches UNA Europa".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  189. ^"The University of Edinburgh Online Courses".Coursera.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  190. ^"EdinburghX – Free online courses from The University of Edinburgh".edX.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved20 August2021.
  191. ^ab"Complete University Guide 2024 – Entry Standards".The Complete University Guide. 7 June 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2021.Retrieved30 January2024.
  192. ^"Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider".HESA.HE student enrolments by HE provider.Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2018.Retrieved8 February2023.
  193. ^"Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics".HESA. 31 January 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2023.Retrieved8 February2023.
  194. ^"Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators: Table T2a - Participation of under-represented groups in higher education".Higher Education Statistics Authority.hesa.ac.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2023.Retrieved8 February2023.
  195. ^"Good University Guide: Social Inclusion Ranking".The Times.16 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022.Retrieved9 February2023.
  196. ^"Sex, area background and ethnic group: E56 The University of Edinburgh".UCAS. 8 January 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  197. ^"Scotland and EU tuition fee status admissions statistics"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 January 2023.Retrieved25 January2023.
  198. ^"Rest of UK (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) tuition fee status admissions statistics"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 January 2023.Retrieved25 January2023.
  199. ^"Overseas (Non-EU) tuition fee status admissions statistics"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 January 2023.Retrieved25 January2023.
  200. ^"Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators 2019/20".Higher Education Statistics Authority.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2023.Retrieved19 August2021.
  201. ^ab"Edinburgh Graduations – The real story behind the 'Geneva bonnet'".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  202. ^"Omniana".The University of Edinburgh. Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2005.Retrieved14 January2007.
  203. ^"Gently does it with hat used on 100,000 students".The Herald.Glasgow. 18 July 2000.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  204. ^Luscombe, Richard (25 June 2006)."One small step for John Knox, one giant leap for university".Scotland on Sunday.Edinburgh. Archived fromthe originalon 16 October 2007.Retrieved14 January2007.
  205. ^"Bequest of Clement Litill's Library, 1580".Our History.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  206. ^Sturges, Paul (1983)."Edinburgh University Library 1580-1980: A Collection of Historical Essays by Jean R. Guild, Alexander Law".The Journal of Library History.18(2): 200–202.JSTOR25541382.Retrieved16 August2021.
  207. ^"Our History – Main Library".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2021.Retrieved2 June2021.
  208. ^"Library locations".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2021.Retrieved2 October2021.
  209. ^"Erasmus+ grant".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2021.Retrieved16 August2021.
  210. ^"Where can I go?".The University of Edinburgh. 2 November 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2021.Retrieved11 November2021.
  211. ^ab"2022/2023 Exchange Destinations"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 8 February 2022.Retrieved11 March2022.
  212. ^"Notes of Guidance for University of California"(PDF).The University of Edinburgh.Archived(PDF)from the original on 28 July 2021.Retrieved28 July2021.
  213. ^"Complete University Guide 2025".The Complete University Guide. 14 May 2024.
  214. ^"Guardian University Guide 2025".The Guardian.7 September 2024.
  215. ^"Good University Guide 2025".The Times.20 September 2024.
  216. ^"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024".Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 15 August 2024.
  217. ^"QS World University Rankings 2025".Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. 4 June 2024.
  218. ^"THE World University Rankings 2025".Times Higher Education. 9 October 2024.
  219. ^"REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment".Times Higher Education (THE).12 May 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2023.Retrieved15 May2022.
  220. ^"REF 2021 Main Online Table".Times Higher Education (THE).11 May 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 12 May 2022.Retrieved15 May2022.
  221. ^"Research rankings confirm Edinburgh as world leader".The University of Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 15 May 2022.Retrieved15 May2022.
  222. ^"Global Employability University Ranking 2015 results".Times Higher Education. 6 November 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 1 November 2021.Retrieved24 August2021.
  223. ^"A qualitative evaluation of non-educational barriers to the elite professions"(PDF).Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission. pp. 14, 79–80.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 March 2018.Retrieved21 August2021.
  224. ^"What the job market wants".The New York Times.25 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2021.Retrieved22 August2021.
  225. ^"ARTU 2021".University of New South Wales.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2023.Retrieved12 November2021.
  226. ^"2022 Best Global Universities Rankings".U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2014.Retrieved27 October2021.
  227. ^"World Reputation Rankings 2022".Times Higher Education. 12 November 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 26 June 2019.Retrieved28 September2023.
  228. ^"University Rankings 2021".SCImago Institutions Rankings.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2021.Retrieved27 June2021.
  229. ^Turner, Camilla (9 August 2017)."Two of Britain's leading universities fall well below benchmark for student satisfaction, survey finds".The Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2020.Retrieved29 July2020.
  230. ^"Edinburgh University worst for teaching".The Sunday Times.London. Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2012.Retrieved8 October2012.
  231. ^"Good University Guide 2015 – University of Edinburgh".The Times.Archived fromthe originalon 21 June 2015.Retrieved15 June2015.
  232. ^"Good University Guide 2021 – University of Edinburgh".The Times.18 September 2020. Archived fromthe originalon 20 August 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  233. ^ab"Complete University Guide 2022 – University of Edinburgh".The Complete University Guide. 8 June 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 27 November 2021.Retrieved27 June2021.
  234. ^"The Guardian University Guide 2024 – the rankings".The Guardian.9 September 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2023.Retrieved15 September2023.
  235. ^"World University Rankings by Subject".Times Higher Education.Archivedfrom the original on 1 March 2020.Retrieved27 June2021.
  236. ^"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023".QS Top Universities.Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2023.Retrieved23 March2023.
  237. ^"CSRankings: Computer Science Rankings".Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2022.Retrieved26 June2021.
  238. ^"Teviot Row House".Edinburgh World Heritage. 24 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  239. ^"Edinburgh festival news and reviews".The Guardian.London. 10 February 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2020.Retrieved15 November2012.
  240. ^Oakeley, Edward Murray (1 January 1904).The Life of Sir Herbert Stanley Oakeley(1st ed.). University of California Libraries.ISBN0217800548.
  241. ^"History".Edinburgh University Music Society.Archivedfrom the original on 27 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  242. ^"Theatrical Gossip".The Era.Retrieved30 January2021.
  243. ^"Fringe 2013 – Bedlam Theatre, Venue 49".Bedlam Fringe.Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2012.Retrieved15 November2012.
  244. ^"The Improverts – Edinburgh Fringe 2010 – British Comedy Guide".British Comedy Guide.Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2013.Retrieved15 November2012.
  245. ^"The Improverts".The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society.Archivedfrom the original on 23 May 2013.Retrieved15 November2012.
  246. ^"About".Edinburgh Studio Opera. 1 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 27 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  247. ^"About us".Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group.Retrieved13 August2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  248. ^"About Footlights".The Edinburgh University Footlights.Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2021.Retrieved10 April2023.
  249. ^"About Footlights".The Edinburgh University Footlights. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  250. ^"InTheatre Productions".intheatreproductions.com.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2023.Retrieved10 April2023.
  251. ^"Theatre Paradok – About us".Edinburgh University Students' Association.Retrieved13 August2021.
  252. ^ab"About us".The Student.Archivedfrom the original on 12 August 2021.Retrieved14 July2021.
  253. ^Vavasour, Harry (13 October 2018)."Exclusive: Gordon Brown speaks to The Student".The Student.Edinburgh.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
  254. ^Curtis, Polly (24 May 2002)."Edinburgh Student newspaper folds".The Guardian.London.Retrieved28 August2021.
  255. ^"The Journal Served with Winding-up Petition".London: Winding Up Petition Solicitors. 3 September 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved28 August2021.
  256. ^"It's a breeze as Fresh Air is voted best student radio".The Scotsman.Edinburgh. 24 November 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2021.Retrieved20 August2021.
  257. ^"Television Society – About us".Edinburgh University Students' Association.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved14 August2021.
  258. ^"Sports Clubs".Edinburgh University Sports Union.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  259. ^"A renewed rivalry".The University of Edinburgh. 26 August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2021.Retrieved15 August2021.
  260. ^"World's oldest varsity match returns to Scotland".The Herald.Glasgow. 19 May 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2015.Retrieved13 September2021.
  261. ^"Edinburgh Glasgow Boat Race".Walter Scott & Partners Limited. Archived fromthe originalon 15 March 2013.Retrieved13 September2021.
  262. ^"Edinburgh tops university medals table".The Daily Telegraph.London. 12 August 2012.Retrieved16 August2013.
  263. ^"About us".Edinburgh Global Partnerships. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2021.Retrieved27 August2021.
  264. ^"EUSA democracy abolished in massive coup".The Journal.Edinburgh. 1 April 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 20 April 2013.Retrieved13 September2021.
  265. ^'LGBTQ+ Health and Wellbeing'Archived28 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.EUSA.
  266. ^"Statement on Palestine".Edinburgh University Students' Association.Archivedfrom the original on 9 September 2023.Retrieved9 September2023.
  267. ^"Protest students occupy Edinburgh University hall".BBC News.16 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2011.Retrieved8 August2012.
  268. ^"Appleton Tower comes under occupation".The Student.Edinburgh. 17 December 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 23 March 2012.Retrieved8 August2012.
  269. ^"Students disrupt royal visit in protest over tuition fees".STV News.26 September 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2013.Retrieved8 August2012.
  270. ^"Edinburgh University student protesters occupy building over fossil fuel divestment".The Independent.London. 5 April 2016.Retrieved16 December2016.
  271. ^"Students vow to continue occupation over fossil fuels".Edinburgh Evening News.Edinburgh. 14 May 2015.Retrieved16 December2016.
  272. ^Learmonth, Andrew (22 May 2015)."Security guard charged after protest clash".The National.Glasgow.Archivedfrom the original on 25 August 2021.Retrieved25 August2021.
  273. ^Williams, Craig. (8 May 2024).'Edinburgh students on hunger strike in Gaza protest'Archived22 August 2024 at theWayback Machine.The Herald.
  274. ^Jackson, Lucy. (10 May 2024).'Hundreds of staff demand Edinburgh University sever ties with Israel'Archived25 May 2024 at theWayback Machine.The National.
  275. ^Kerr, Simeon (17 May 2024)."Edinburgh student hunger strikers demand university divests over Gaza 'complicity'".Financial Times.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2024.Retrieved27 June2024.
  276. ^'Old College protest: a statement from the Principal'Archived25 May 2024 at theWayback Machine.Sir Peter Mathieson.The University of Edinburgh.
  277. ^"Update on student protests and the University's investments".mailings.ed.ac.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2024.Retrieved27 June2024.
  278. ^Coleman, Angus. (16 May 2024).'Edinburgh University bosses "to look at investments" in wake of Gaza protests'Archived27 June 2024 at theWayback Machine.Edinburgh Evening News.Scotland.
  279. ^"Views sought on responsible investment".The University of Edinburgh.9 May 2024.Retrieved27 June2024.
  280. ^"100 flats at £250 a month: Co-op housing project moves closer to goal".The Student.Edinburgh. 22 January 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2014.Retrieved21 February2014.
  281. ^"About us".Hearty Squirrel Food Cooperative.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2021.Retrieved25 August2021.
  282. ^"About us".SHRUB Coop.Archivedfrom the original on 2 March 2024.Retrieved2 March2024.
  283. ^"Scotland Co-op List".Students for Cooperation. Archived fromthe originalon 2 May 2014.Retrieved16 May2014.
  284. ^"Joseph Lister (1827–1912)".National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2021.Retrieved21 November2021.
  285. ^Bellhouse, D. R. (February 2004)."The Reverend Thomas Bayes, FRS: A Biography to Celebrate the Tercentenary of His Birth".Statistical Science.19(1). Institute of Mathematical Statistics: 3–43.Bibcode:2004StaSc..19....3B.doi:10.1214/088342304000000189.S2CID106737201.
  286. ^"Adam Smith, 1723–1790".The History of Economic Thought.Archivedfrom the original on 22 November 2021.Retrieved22 November2021.
  287. ^"Who was James Clerk Maxwell?".James Clerk Maxwell Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on 4 December 2021.Retrieved21 November2021.
  288. ^"Charles Darwin (1809–1882)".The University of Edinburgh. 2 February 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
  289. ^Mann, Rosemary (7 June 2019)."Darwin in Edinburgh 1825–1827".National Museum of Scotland.Archivedfrom the original on 8 December 2021.Retrieved8 December2021.
  290. ^"Prof. Peter Guthrie Tait 1831–1901".Gazetteer for Scotland.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved24 December2021.
  291. ^"James Hutton (1726–1797)".The University of Edinburgh. 24 August 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
  292. ^"Richard Bright (b.September 1789 d.16 December 1858)".Royal College of Physicians Museum.Retrieved3 December2021.
  293. ^Sykes, A. H. (2006). "Edward Schafer (1850-1935) and artificial respiration".Journal of Medical Biography.14(3): 155–62.doi:10.1258/j.jmb.2006.05-86.PMID16845462.S2CID23147853.
  294. ^Doyle, Derek (2006)."William Hewson (1739-74): The father of haematology".British Journal of Haematology.133(4): 375–381.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06037.x.PMID16643443.S2CID35774229.
  295. ^Sharma, O. P. (1983)."Robert Willan remembered".Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.9(6): 971–976.doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(83)80098-x.PMID6358286.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2022.Retrieved19 April2022.
  296. ^Deichmann, U. (2016)."Epigenetics: The origins and evolution of a fashionable topic".Developmental Biology.416(1): 249–254.doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.005.PMID27291929.
  297. ^"Colloid | Definition & Facts | Britannica".4 March 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 30 April 2015.Retrieved19 April2022.
  298. ^"Notable alumni – Robert Brown".School of Biological Sciences. 13 August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 22 November 2021.Retrieved22 November2021.
  299. ^Doyle, W. P."Joseph Black (1728–1799)".School of Chemistry.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2021.Retrieved21 November2021.
  300. ^"Magnesium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table".Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2022.Retrieved19 April2022.
  301. ^"James Young Simpson".The University of Edinburgh. 16 October 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2021.Retrieved19 November2021.
  302. ^"Sir Kenneth Murray leaves millions in will".BBC News.London. 24 January 2014.Retrieved7 December2021.
  303. ^Webster, B.L.; Murdin, P. (1972)."P. Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion?".Nature.235(5332): 37–38.Bibcode:1972Natur.235...37W.doi:10.1038/235037a0.S2CID4195462.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved31 May2023.
  304. ^Gauntlett, Jerome (29 June 2016)."Thomas Kibble (1932–2016)".Nature.534(7609): 622.Bibcode:2016Natur.534..622G.doi:10.1038/534622a.PMID27357788.S2CID4401102.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2021.Retrieved19 November2021.
  305. ^Duff, M.J.;Stelle, K. S. (24 March 2021)."Sir Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble. 23 December 1932–2 June 2016".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.70:225–244.arXiv:2011.13257.doi:10.1098/rsbm.2020.0040.S2CID227209669.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved21 November2021.
  306. ^Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1987)."John Turton Randall, 23 March 1905 - 16 June 1984".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.33:491–535.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1987.0018.PMID11621437.S2CID45354172.Archivedfrom the original on 17 July 2022.Retrieved20 April2022.
  307. ^Wisniak, Jaime (July 2015)."Smithson Tennant".Educación Química.26(3): 250–259.doi:10.1016/j.eq.2015.05.009.
  308. ^"Daniel Rutherford (3 November 1749 – 15 November 1819)".Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 9 February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2024.Retrieved3 December2021.
  309. ^Doyle, W.P. (16 February 2024)."Thomas Charles Hope, MD, FRSE, FRS (1766-1844)".School of Chemistry.The University of Edinburgh.
  310. ^"Winner of 2020 Being Edinburgh Award".The University of Edinburgh. 11 January 2021. Archived fromthe originalon 21 November 2021.Retrieved21 November2021.
  311. ^"Robert Stirling (1790-1878)".The University of Edinburgh.29 June 2016.
  312. ^Tietz, Tabea (23 March 2021)."John Randall and the Cavity Magnetron".SciHi Blog.
  313. ^Campbell-Kelly, Martin (23 May 2010)."John Shepherd-Barron obituary".The Guardian.London.Retrieved7 December2021.
  314. ^"The History of the Refrigerator".
  315. ^Bock, Benedikt (18 August 2014)."Lecturers & Authors – John Scott Haldane".The Gifford Lectures.Retrieved7 December2021.
  316. ^"Gregory, James, 1753-1821 (Professor of medicine, University of Edinburgh) | University of Edinburgh Archive and Manuscript Collections".
  317. ^"Alexander Wood (1817–1884)".The University of Edinburgh. 28 April 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
  318. ^"Alexander Wood (10 December 1817 – 26 February 1884)".Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 9 February 2017.Retrieved6 December2021.
  319. ^"Our History – Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved6 December2021.
  320. ^MacPherson, Hamish (20 October 2019)."A tribute to Scottish inventor John Boyd Dunlop".The National.Glasgow.Retrieved7 December2021.
  321. ^"Alexander Graham Bell: Biography".Undiscovered Scotland.Retrieved8 December2021.
  322. ^"Sir James Dewar (1842–1923)".Kincardine Local History Group.Retrieved7 December2021.
  323. ^"Benjamin Rush".The University of Edinburgh. 13 May 2015.Retrieved19 November2021.
  324. ^"A Biography of James Wilson (1742–1798)".University of Groningen.Retrieved7 December2021.
  325. ^"John Witherspoon (1723–1794)".The University of Edinburgh. 17 November 2020.Retrieved17 November2021.
  326. ^"Ian Charleson (1949–1990)".The University of Edinburgh. 23 October 2017.Retrieved19 November2021.
  327. ^"Robert Adam".The University of Edinburgh. 16 October 2015.Retrieved19 November2021.
  328. ^"William Henry Playfair".The University of Edinburgh. 13 May 2019.Retrieved19 November2021.
  329. ^"Notable alumni – Piers Sellers".School of Biological Sciences. August 2019.Retrieved22 November2021.
  330. ^"Home | Adrian Bird Lab".University of Edinburgh.Retrieved31 May2022.
  331. ^Carter, Richard (15 July 2012)."Sir Richard Owen: the archetypal villain".The Friends of Charles Darwin.Retrieved8 December2021.
  332. ^"Autobiography of Ian Wilmut".The Shaw Prize Foundation. 9 September 2008.Retrieved8 December2021.
  333. ^"Kenneth E. Boulding, 1910–1993".The History of Economic Thought.Retrieved22 November2021.
  334. ^"Thomas Carlyle".The University of Edinburgh. 13 May 2015.Retrieved19 November2021.
  335. ^"Biographies of the Justices".The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.Retrieved8 December2021.
  336. ^"Edinburgh Law School alumni appointed to top positions in UK Supreme Court".Edinburgh Law School.Retrieved31 May2022.
  337. ^Atiyah, Michael(1 November 1976)."William Vallance Douglas Hodge, 17 June 1903 – 7 July 1975".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.22.The Royal Society: 169–192.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1976.0007.S2CID72054846.Retrieved13 March2022.
  338. ^"Our History – Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746)".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved22 November2021.
  339. ^"Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker (1873-1956)".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved31 May2022.
  340. ^"Our History – Adam Ferguson (1723–1816)".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved8 December2021.
  341. ^"David Hume (1711–1776)".The University of Edinburgh. 22 April 2016.Retrieved17 November2021.
  342. ^Pearce, J. M. (2004)."Thomas Addison (1793-1860)".Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.97(6): 297–300.doi:10.1177/014107680409700615.PMC1079500.PMID15173338.
  343. ^Doyle, W. P."William Cullen (1710–1790)".School of Chemistry.Retrieved22 November2021.
  344. ^Stone, M. J. (2005)."Thomas Hodgkin: medical immortal and uncompromising idealist".Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center).18(4): 368–375.doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928096.PMC1255947.PMID16252028.
  345. ^"James Lind (1716 – 1794)".The University of Edinburgh. 19 October 2016.Retrieved31 May2022.
  346. ^Mitchell, Hilary (21 January 2019)."'A true inspiration': the extraordinary life of legendary Edinburgh pilot Eric 'Winkle' Brown ".Edinburgh Live.Edinburgh.Retrieved8 December2021.
  347. ^"James Barry (1795–1865)".The University of Edinburgh. 9 January 2018.Retrieved17 November2021.
  348. ^"Joseph Bell".The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.Retrieved31 May2022.
  349. ^"Robert Liston".The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.Retrieved31 May2022.
  350. ^"Basant Kumar Misra, President NSI 2008"(PDF).Neurological Society of India.Retrieved8 December2021.
  351. ^"Sir Patrick Geddes".The University of Edinburgh. 13 May 2015.Retrieved31 May2022.
  352. ^"David Bloor".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved31 May2022.
  353. ^"J M Barrie (1860–1937)".The University of Edinburgh. 30 August 2019.Retrieved17 November2021.
  354. ^"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle".The University of Edinburgh. 16 October 2015.Retrieved19 November2021.
  355. ^"Arthur Conan Doyle: Biography".The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate. Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2023.Retrieved8 December2021.
  356. ^"Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832)".The University of Edinburgh. 17 September 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
  357. ^"Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894)".The University of Edinburgh. 31 August 2017.Retrieved17 November2021.
  358. ^Bridges, Edward(1 November 1958)."John Anderson, Viscount Waverley, 1882–1958".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.4.The Royal Society: 306–325.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1958.0024.S2CID71236411.Retrieved7 December2021.
  359. ^"Death of Lord Lansdowne".The New York Times.New York. 17 February 1863.Retrieved7 December2021.
  360. ^"Robin Cook (1946—2005) politician".Oxford Reference.Retrieved31 May2022.
  361. ^"Profile: Sir Malcolm Rifkind".BBC News.10 May 2005.Retrieved31 May2022.
  362. ^"Eric Liddell (1902–1945)".The University of Edinburgh. 26 August 2020.Retrieved17 November2021.
  363. ^"Max Born".The University of Edinburgh. 17 April 2019.Retrieved19 November2021.
  364. ^"Award of Nobel Prize to Peter Higgs, 2013".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved2 October2021.
  365. ^"Nobel Prizes".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved23 August2021.
  366. ^"Max Born – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  367. ^"Peter Higgs – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  368. ^Haigh, Thomas."Geoffrey E Hinton: Canada – 2018".Association for Computing Machinery.Retrieved17 November2021.
  369. ^"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024".NobelPrize.org.Retrieved8 October2024.
  370. ^"Sir J. Fraser Stoddart – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  371. ^"Peter C. Doherty – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  372. ^"James A. Mirrlees – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  373. ^"Charles Glover Barkla – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  374. ^"Peter Mitchell – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  375. ^"Richard Henderson – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  376. ^"Robert G. Edwards – Biographical".Nobel Foundation.Retrieved16 November2021.
  377. ^Fourman, Michael."Arthur John Robin Gorell: United Kingdom – 1991".Association for Computing Machinery.Retrieved17 November2021.
  378. ^"Leslie Gabriel Valiant: United States – 2010".Association for Computing Machinery.Retrieved17 November2021.
  379. ^Hitchin, Nigel(2 September 2020)."Sir Michael Atiyah OM. 22 April 1929 – 11 January 2019".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.69.The Royal Society: 9–35.doi:10.1098/rsbm.2020.0001.S2CID221399691.
  380. ^"Election of Gordon Brown as Rector, 1972".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved2 October2021.
  381. ^"Dr Harini Amarasuriya elected as MP in Sri Lanka | IASH".www.iash.ed.ac.uk.Retrieved2 October2024.
  382. ^"Former Fellow becomes Prime Minister of Sri Lanka | IASH".www.iash.ed.ac.uk.Retrieved2 October2024.
  383. ^McCracken, John (2017)."Hastings Kamuzu Banda: the Edinburgh Years".The Society of Malawi Journal.70(1). Society of Malawi – Historical and Scientific: 1–18.JSTOR26382821.Retrieved21 November2021.
  384. ^"Hastings Banda".UncoverED. Archived fromthe originalon 21 November 2021.Retrieved21 November2021.
  385. ^Keatley, Patrick (23 November 1999)."Sir Robert Black – Tough Scot sorting out the end of Britain's empire".The Guardian.Retrieved21 November2021.
  386. ^"Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860)".The University of Edinburgh. 19 January 2017.Retrieved21 November2021.
  387. ^"The Rt Hon Gordon Brown".GOV.UK.Retrieved21 November2021.
  388. ^Hoare, James E. (2004).Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 115.ISBN978-1-5381-1975-4.
  389. ^"Dr. John Crawfurd 1783–1868".Gazetteer for Scotland.Retrieved21 November2021.
  390. ^"Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1st Earl of Minto) 1751–1814".Gazetteer for Scotland.Retrieved25 November2021.
  391. ^Hughes, Arnold; Perfect, David (2008).Historical Dictionary of The Gambia(PDF).The Scarecrow Press. p. 113.ISBN978-0-8108-5825-1.
  392. ^"Uncovering University of Edinburgh's black history".The University of Edinburgh. 30 April 2021. Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2023.Retrieved30 April2022.
  393. ^Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014).Heads of States and Governments Since 1945.The Routledge. p. 1975.ISBN978-1-134-26497-1.Retrieved30 April2022.
  394. ^"Letters of William Shepherd Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil (1893–1961) to his brother, Dr. Donald John Morrison, and other items".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved30 April2022.
  395. ^Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014).Heads of States and Governments Since 1945.The Routledge. p. 1910.ISBN978-1-134-26497-1.Retrieved30 April2022.
  396. ^"Julius Kambarage Nyerere".The University of Edinburgh. 24 June 2015.Retrieved21 November2021.
  397. ^"Julius Nyerere".UncoverED.Retrieved21 November2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  398. ^"1993".The University of Edinburgh.Retrieved30 April2022.
  399. ^Bloy, Marjie; Little, Tony; Parry, Jonathan."Lord John Russell (Earl Russell), 1792–1878".The Liberal Democrat History Group.Retrieved21 November2021.
  400. ^"1988: IASH at 50".ed.ac.uk.Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities.Retrieved29 October2024.
  401. ^"Deputy First Minister".www.gov.scot.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2022.Retrieved27 August2022.
  402. ^"Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865)".The University of Edinburgh. 28 June 2017.Retrieved17 November2021.
  403. ^Farr, D.M.L. (21 February 2008)."Sir Charles Tupper".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Retrieved21 November2021.
  404. ^Bass, John M. (1898)."William Walker".The American Historical Magazine.3(3): 207–222.ISSN2333-8970.JSTOR45340444.
  405. ^"Yun Posun (1897–1990)".The University of Edinburgh. 5 December 2018.Retrieved17 November2021.
  406. ^"5 Things You Didn't Know About Burke & Hare".Retrieved30 August2021.
  407. ^"Filmed Here: Burke and Hare".Film Edinburgh.Retrieved1 September2021.
  408. ^"Mysteries of super villain's city past revealed".The Scotsman. 17 April 2010.Retrieved29 August2022.
  409. ^"Fu Manchu in Edinburgh".BBC Radio 4 Extra.Retrieved27 September2020.
  410. ^"Journey to The Center Of The Earth (1959) filming location: Sir Oliver addresses the students".British Film Locations.Retrieved1 September2021.
  411. ^"Edinburgh on screen".13 April 2016.Retrieved30 August2022.
  412. ^"A Profile of Ducky Mallard of NCIS".Forensic Psychology Online.Retrieved23 June2022.
  413. ^"Filmed Here: One Day".Film Edinburgh.Retrieved1 September2021.
  414. ^"New Netflix series One Day spotted filming 'grad ball' at Edinburgh University".edinburghlive. 20 July 2022.Retrieved29 August2022.
  415. ^"Garrow's Law Film Locations in Edinburgh".Forever Edinburgh.Retrieved1 September2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  416. ^"Clique Moves to BBC One".Film Edinburgh.Retrieved1 September2021.
  417. ^"Edinburgh streets to feature in second series of BBC's Clique".Edinburgh Evening News.9 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 24 November 2023.Retrieved1 September2021.
  418. ^Maishman, Elsa (20 September 2019)."Fast and Furious 9: Police called as drone used in filming crashes at University of Edinburgh set".Edinburgh Evening News.Archivedfrom the original on 24 November 2023.Retrieved1 September2021.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Edinburgh&oldid=1257585803"