Wall
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Awallis astructureand a surface that defines an area; carries a load; providessecurity,shelter,orsoundproofing;or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including:
- Border barriersbetweencountries
- Brick walls
- Defensive wallsinfortifications
- Permanent, solidfences
- Retaining walls,which hold back dirt, stone, water, or noise sound
- Stone walls
- Walls in buildings that form a fundamental part of thesuperstructureor separate interiorrooms,sometimes forfire safety
- Glass walls in which the primary structure is made of glass; does not include openings within walls that have glass coverings as these arewindows
- Walls that protect from oceans (seawalls) or rivers (levees)
Etymology
The termwallcomes from the Latinvallummeaning "an earthen wall orrampartset withpalisades,a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification ", while the Latin wordmurusmeans a defensive stone wall.[1] Englishuses the same word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room, but this is not universal. Many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen betweenWandandMauer,in Spanish betweenparedandmuro.
Defensive wall
The word wall originally referred to defensive walls andramparts.
Building wall
The purposes of walls in buildings are to supportroofs,floorsandceilings;to enclose a space as part of thebuilding envelopealong with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such aselectrical wiringorplumbing.Wall construction falls into two basic categories:framed wallsormass-walls.Inframed wallsthe load is transferred to the foundation through posts, columns or studs. Framed walls most often have three or more separate components: the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall),insulation,and finish elements or surfaces (such asdrywallorpanelling). Mass-walls are of a solid material includingmasonry,concreteincludingslipform stonemasonry,log building,cordwood construction,adobe,rammed earth,cob,earthbag construction,bottles,tin cans,straw-bale construction,andice.Walls may or may not be leadbearing. Walls are required to conform to the local building and/or fire codes.
There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding.[2]Moisture storage is typical of stone and brickmass-wallbuildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself.Drained claddingalso known asscreened walls[3]acknowledges moisture will penetrate the cladding so amoisture barriersuch ashousewraporfelt paperinside the cladding provides a second line of defense and sometimes adrainage planeorair gapallows a path for the moisture to drain down through and exit the wall. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the drainage plane such as inrainscreenconstruction.Face-sealedalso calledbarrier wallorperfect barrier[3]cladding relies on maintaining a leak-free surface of the cladding. Examples of face sealed cladding are the earlyexterior insulation finishing systems,structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal.
Building walls frequently become works of art, externally and internally, such as when featuringmosaicwork or whenmuralsare painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.
Curtain wall
Inarchitectureandcivil engineering,curtain wall refers to a buildingfacadethat is notload-bearingbut provides decoration, finish, front, face, or historical preservation.
Precast wall
Precast walls are walls which have been manufactured in afactoryand then shipped to where it is needed, ready to install. It is faster to install compared to brick and other walls and may have a lower cost compared to other types of wall. Precast walls are cost effective compare to Brick Wall compound wall.
Mullion wall
Mullion walls are a structural system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter.
Partition wall
A partition wall is a usually thin wall that is used to separate or divide aroom,primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are usually notload-bearing,and can be constructed out of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, cloth,plastic,plasterboard,wood,blocks of clay,terracotta,concrete,and glass.
Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a series of individualtoughened glasspanels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track.[5]The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.
A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms a reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed fromfibre cementbacker board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed partitioning is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the track typically spaced at 24 ", 16", or at 12 ").
Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, are usually made ofplasterboard(drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option, as low-iron glass (better known asopti-white glass) increases light and solar heat transmission.
Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that is either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground.[6]The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance and acoustic performance rating.
- Movable partitions
Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include:
- Sliding—a series of panels that slide in tracks fixed to the floor and ceiling, similar sliding doors
- Sliding and folding doors —similar to sliding folding doors, these are good for smaller spans
- Folding partition walls - a series of interlocking panels suspended from an overhead track that when extended provide an acoustical separation, and when retracted stack against a wall, ceiling, closet, or ceiling pocket.
- Screens—usually constructed of a metal ortimber framefixed with plywood and chipboard and supported with legs for free standing and easy movement
- Pipe and drape—fixed or telescopic uprights and horizontals provide a ground supported drape system with removable panels.
Party wall
Party walls are walls that separate buildings or units within a building. They provide fire resistance andsound resistancebetween occupants in a building. The minimum fire resistance and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and may be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and may be owned by different people.
Infill wall
An infill wall is the supported wall that closes the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional framework structure.
Fire wall
Fire walls resist spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in the spread of fire gives occupants more time to escape and fire fighters more time to extinguish the fire. Some fire walls allow fire resistive window assemblies,[7]and are made of non-combustible material such as concrete, cement block, brick, or fire rated drywall. Wall penetrations are sealed with fire resistive materials. A doorway in a firewall must have a ratedfire door.Fire walls provide varying resistance to the spread of fire, (e.g., one, two, three or four hours). Firewalls can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from slab to roof deck and horizontally from an exterior wall to exterior wall subdividing a building into sections.
Shear wall
Shear walls resist lateral forces such as in an earthquake or severe wind. There are different kinds of shear walls such as thesteel plate shear wall.
Knee wall
Knee walls are short walls that either support rafters or add height in the top floor rooms of houses. In a1+1⁄2-story house, the knee wall supports thehalf story.
Cavity wall
Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two "skins" to inhibit heat transfer.
Pony wall
Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as:
- A half wall that only extends partway from floor to ceiling, without supporting anything
- A stem wall—a concrete wall that extends from the foundation slab to the cripple wall or floor joists
- A cripple wall—a framed wall from the stem wall or foundation slab to the floor joists
Demountable wall
Demountable walls fall into 3 different main types:
- Glass walls (unitesed panels orbutt joint),
- Laminatedparticle boardwalls (this may also include other finishes, such as whiteboards,cork board,magnetic, etc., typically all on purpose-madewall studs)
- Drywall
Solar energy
A trombe wall inpassive solar building designacts as aheat sink.
Shipbuilding
On a ship, a wall that separates major compartments is called abulkhead.A thinner wall between cabins is called apartition.
Boundary wall
Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade intofences.The conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, an exterior structure of wood or wire is generally called afence—but one ofmasonryis a wall. A common term for both isbarrier,which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example theBerlin Wall.Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is theha-ha—which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as a barrier (to cattle, for example).
Before the invention ofartillery,many of the world'scitiesand towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, haddefensive or protective walls(also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" derives from Latinvallum—a type of fortification wall. These walls are no longer relevant for defense, so such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many fortification walls, or portions of them, have been torn down—for example inRome,ItalyandBeijing,China.Examples of protective walls on a much larger scale include theGreat Wall of ChinaandHadrian's Wall.
Border wall
Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. Aborder wallis constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line orborder.These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders andtopography.The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably theGreat Wall of China,a series of walls that separated the Empire ofChinafrom nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent recent example is theBerlin Wall,which surrounded theenclaveofWest Berlinand separated it fromEast Germanyfor most of theCold Warera. The US-Mexico border wall, separating the United States and Mexico, is another recent example.
Retaining wall
In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both.
Retaining wallsresist movement of earth, stone, or water. They may be part of a building or external. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall is typically higher than on the other side. Adikeis a retaining wall, as is alevee,a load-bearingfoundationwall, and asea wall.
Shared wall
Special laws often govern walls that neighbouring properties share. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking a wall on one side will break the wall on the other side.
Portable wall
Portable walls, such asroom dividersorportable partitionsdivide a larger open space into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static, such as cubicle walls, or can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels, and corporate facilities.
Temporary wall
A temporary wall is constructed for easy removal or demolition. A typical temporary wall can be constructed with 1⁄2 "(6 mm) to 5⁄8" (16 mm) sheet rock (plasterboard), metal 2 × 3s (approx. 5 × 7 cm), or 2 × 4s, or taped, plastered and compounded. Most installation companies use lattice (strips of wood) to cover the joints of the temporary wall with the ceiling. These are sometimes known aspressurized wallsor temporary pressurized walls.
Walls in popular culture
Walls are often seen in popular culture, oftentimes representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example:
- Fictional and symbolic walls
The progressive/psychedelic rock bandPink Floydused a metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept albumThe Wall.
TheAmericanpoet laureateRobert Frostdescribes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem "Mending Wall",published in 1914.
Walls are a recurring symbol inUrsula K. Le Guin's 1974 novelThe Dispossessed'.
In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier.[citation needed]
InGeorge R. R. Martin'sA Song of Ice and Fireseries and its television adaptation,Game of Thrones,The Wall plays multiple important roles: as a colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it.[8][9][10]
- Historical walls
In a real-life example, theBerlin Wall,constructed by theSoviet Unionto divideBerlinintoNATOandWarsaw Pactzones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation.[11]
- Social media walls
Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking siteFacebookpreviously used an electronic "wall" to log the scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the "timeline" feature.
See also
References
- ^"Wall". Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith.The Century dictionary and cyclopedia,vol. 8. New York: Century Co., 1901. 6,809. Print.
- ^Committee on Damp Indoor Spaces and Health, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.Damp indoor spaces and health.Institute of Medicine, (U. S.). National Academies Press. Washington, D. C.. 2004. 34-35. Print.
- ^abStraube, J. F.and Burnett, E. F. P., "Driving Rain and Masonry Veneer".Water Leakage through Building Facades, ASTM STP 1314.R. J. Kudder and J. L. Erdly, Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1998. 75. Print.
- ^Baróthy, Anna (2016)."Széll Kálmán square, Budapest, Hungary « Landscape Architecture Works".Landezine.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-02-07.Retrieved2018-02-07.
- ^"PARTITION WALL".Principles of Design.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^"Partition Walls".Excellence in craftsmanship.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^NFPA 221 Standard for high Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and Fire Barrier Walls(2021 ed.). Table 4.9.2.
- ^"Game of Thrones: Everything to Know About the Wall".Vulture.August 27, 2017.
- ^"Game of Thrones Wall: How the Wall was built, and what its destruction means".Telegraph.April 15, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-12.
- ^"'Game of Thrones' Season 8: How Was The Wall Built? ".Newsweek.April 7, 2019.
- ^Preuss, Evelyn (2005)."The Wall You Will Never Know".Perspecta 036: The Yale Architectural Journal.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 19–31.
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