Warlock
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Awarlockis a male practitioner ofwitchcraft.[1]
Etymology and terminology
[edit]The most commonly accepted etymology deriveswarlockfrom theOld Englishwǣrloga,which meant "breaker of oaths" or "deceiver".[2]The term came to apply specially to thedevilaround 1000 AD.[3]In early modernScots,the word came to refer to the male equivalent of a"witch"(which can be male or female, but has historically been used predominantly for females).[4][page needed]The term may have become associated in Scotland with male witches owing to the idea that they had made pacts with Auld Hornie (the devil) and thus had betrayed the Christian faith and broke their baptismal vows or oaths.[5]From this use, the word passed intoRomanticliterature and ultimately into 20th-century popular culture. A derivation from theOld Norsevarð-lokkur,"caller of spirits", has also been suggested,[6][7][8]but theOxford English Dictionaryconsiders this implausible owing to the extreme rarity of the Norse word and because forms without hard-k,which are consistent with the Old English etymology ( "traitor" ), are attested earlier than forms with a-k.[2]
History
[edit]Although most victims of thewitch trials in early modern Scotlandwere women, some men were executed as warlocks.[9][10][11]
In his day, the Scottish mathematicianJohn Napier(1550–1617) was often perceived as a warlock or magician because his interests in divination and the occult, though his establishment position likely kept him from being prosecuted.[12][13]
References
[edit]- ^"Definition of warlock".English Oxford Living Dictionaries.Oxford University Press. Archived fromthe originalon July 24, 2012.Retrieved29 December2018.
- ^ab"Warlock".Oxford English Dictionary(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
ON. varðlokkur wk. fem. pl.... incantation, suggested already in Johnson, is too rare (? occurring once), with regard to the late appearance of the -k forms, to be considered.
- ^Harper, Douglas."warlock".Online Etymology Dictionary.Retrieved11 August2020.
- ^McNeill, F. Marian (1957).The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland.Vol. 1. Glasgow: William Maclellan.
- ^Howard, Michael (2013). "7".Scottish Witches and Warlocks(1st ed.). Three Hands Press. p. 91.
It is possible that it became associated with wizards and male witches in Scotland in the sense that someone who made a pact with Auld Hornie had betrayed the Christian faith and broken their baptismal vows. In that respect they were considered to be an 'oath breaker', a traitor and an enemy of the Church.
- ^Cleasby, R.; Vigfusson, G. (1874).An Icelandic-English Dictionary.London: Macmillan.
- ^Olsen, M. (1916).Maal Og Minne.Oslo: Bymalslaget.
- ^Loewe, M.; Blacker, C. (1981).Oracles and Divination.London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 130.
'Vardlokkur' […] is related to the Scots dialect word 'warlock', wizard, and the meaning is thought to relate to the power to shut in or enclose "
- ^Thomas Thomson,A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times(1896), page 286: "Where one man suffered as a warlock, ten women at least were executed as witches."
- ^Robert Chambers,Domestic Annals of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution(1874), page 244
- ^Journal of Jurisprudence and Scottish Law Magazine(1891),Execution of the Judgment of Death,page 397: "We read (Law'sMemor.Pref. lix.) that 'one John Brugh, a notorious warlock (wizard) in the parochin ofFossoquhy,by the space of thirty-six years, was worried at a stake and burned, 1643.' "
- ^Roger A. Mason,Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603(2006,ISBN0521026202), page 199
- ^Julian Havil,John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy(2014,ISBN1400852188), page 19