Wuyue
Wuyue Ngô việt | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
907–978 | |||||||||
![]() China during the early Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. A prefix of "F." indicates a city suffixed with "-fu", a prefix of "Z." indicates a city suffixed with "-zhou". | |||||||||
Status | Tributary stateofLater Liang,Later Tang,Later Jin,Liao,Later Han,Later Zhou,andNorthern Songdynasties | ||||||||
Capital | Qiantang(Main court; Capital) Yuezhou(Eastern court) | ||||||||
Common languages | Wu Language | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
King | |||||||||
• 907–932 | Qian Liu | ||||||||
• 932–941 | Qian Yuanguan | ||||||||
• 941–947 | Qian Hongzuo | ||||||||
• 947 | Qian Hongzong | ||||||||
• 947–978 | Qian Chu(Qian Hongchu) | ||||||||
Historical era | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period | ||||||||
886 | |||||||||
• Fall of theTang dynasty | 907 | ||||||||
• Submitted to theNorthern Song dynasty | 978 | ||||||||
• Extinguishment | 988 | ||||||||
Currency | Chinese cash,Chinese coin | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | China |
Wuyue(simplified Chinese:Ngô việt;traditional Chinese:Ngô việt;pinyin:Wúyuè;Wu Chinese pronunciation:[ŋu²³³.ɦyøʔ²³]) was adynastic state of Chinaand one of theTen Kingdomsduring theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periodofChinese history.It was ruled by theQianclan ofHaiyan( hải diêm tiền thị ), whose family name remains widespread in the kingdom's former territory.
Founding
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/QIAN_Liu_%28aka_TSIEN_Liu%29%2C_King_of_Wuyue.jpg/200px-QIAN_Liu_%28aka_TSIEN_Liu%29%2C_King_of_Wuyue.jpg)
Beginning in 887, theQianfamily provided military leaders (orjiedushi) to theTang dynasty.Qian Liuwas named Prince ofYuein 902, with the title of Prince ofWuadded two years later. In 907, when the Tang dynasty fell and was replaced in the north by theLater Liang,military leaders in the south formed their own kingdoms. Qian Liu used his position to proclaim himself the King of Wuyue. This signaled the beginning of theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdomsperiod which would last until the founding of theSong dynastyin 960.
Origin of name
[edit]The name Wuyue comes from the combination ofWu KingdomandYue Kingdom,two ancient kingdoms during theSpring and Autumn periodfrom 770 to 476 BC.
Territorial extent
[edit]With its capital inHangzhou,also called "Xifu", the kingdom included present-dayZhejiang,Shanghai,along with the southern portion of Jiangsu Province. It also later absorbed some of the northern part ofFujianwhen theMinKingdom fell in 945. The territorial extent of Wuyue roughly corresponded to the territories of theancient Yue,but not the ancient Wu—which led to charges by the neighboringWu(also known as Southern Wu) that Wuyue had designs on its territory, and the name was a source of tension for years between the two states.
In the early decades of its existence, Wuyue bordered the Min Kingdom on its south and theSouthern TangKingdom on its west and north. With the rebellion ofYinfrom the Min from 943 to 945, Wuyue briefly had a third border. However, before long, Wuyue was completely encircled (except for theEast China Sea) as both Yin and Min were absorbed by the Southern Tang.
The population was approximately 550,700 households, with many people living in commercial centers and major seaports.[1]
Administrative divisions
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/West_Lake_-_Hangzhou%2C_China.jpg/200px-West_Lake_-_Hangzhou%2C_China.jpg)
Wuyue was not a large kingdom compared to many of its neighbors. Although initially 12 prefectures ( châu ), it later consisted of 13 prefectures and 86 counties or sub-prefectures ( huyện ). Fuzhou was incorporated into Wuyue as its 13th prefecture, after the Min court declared allegiance to it as they were besieged by Southern Tang.
Prefecture | Châu | Counties | Huyện |
---|---|---|---|
Hangzhou(Xifu) (main capital or western capital) |
Hàng châu | ||
Qiantang | Tiền đường | ||
Qianjiang | Tiền giang | ||
Yanguan | Diêm quan | ||
Yuhang | Dư hàng | ||
Fuchun | Phú xuân | ||
Tonglu | Đồng lư | ||
Yuqian | Ô tiềm | ||
Xindeng | Tân đăng | ||
Hengshan | Hoành sơn | ||
Wukang | Võ khang | ||
Yuezhou (eastern capital; modern dayShaoxing) |
Việt châu | ||
Kuaiji | Hội kê | ||
Shanyin | Sơn âm | ||
Zhuji | Chư ký | ||
Yuyao | Dư diêu | ||
Xiaoshan | Tiêu sơn | ||
Shangyu | Thượng ngu | ||
Xinchang | Tân xương | ||
Zhan | Chiêm huyện | ||
Huzhou | Hồ châu | ||
Wucheng | Ô trình | ||
Deqing | Đức thanh | ||
Anji | An cát | ||
Changxing | Trường hưng | ||
Wenzhou | Ôn châu | ||
Yongjia | Vĩnh gia | ||
Rui'an | Thụy an | ||
Pingyang | Bình dương | ||
Yueqing | Nhạc thanh | ||
Taizhou | Đài châu | ||
Linhai | Lâm hải | ||
Huangyan | Hoàng nham | ||
Taixing | Đài hưng | ||
Yong'an | Vĩnh an | ||
Ninghai | Ninh hải | ||
Mingzhou (modern dayNingboandZhoushan) |
Minh châu | ||
Yin County | Ngân huyện | ||
Fenghua | Phụng hóa | ||
Cixi | Từ khê | ||
Xiangshan | Tượng sơn | ||
Wanghai | Vọng hải | ||
Wengshan | Ông sơn | ||
Chuzhou (roughly modern dayLishuicity) |
Xử châu | ||
Lishui | Lệ thủy | ||
Longquan | Long tuyền | ||
Suichang | Toại xương | ||
Jinyun | Tấn vân | ||
Qingtian | Thanh điền | ||
Bailong | Bạch long | ||
Quzhou | Cù châu | ||
Xi'an (not the capital) |
Tây an | ||
Jiangshan | Giang sơn | ||
Longyou | Long du | ||
Changshan | Thường sơn | ||
Wuzhou (roughly modern dayJinhuacity) |
Vụ châu | ||
Jinhua | Kim hoa | ||
Dongyang | Đông dương | ||
Yiwu | Nghĩa ô | ||
Lanxi | Lan khê | ||
Yongkang | Vĩnh khang | ||
Wuyi | Võ nghĩa | ||
Pujiang | Phổ giang | ||
Muzhou (roughly modern northwestern Zhejiang province) |
Mục châu | ||
Jiande | Kiến đức | ||
Shouchang | Thọ xương | ||
Sui'an | Toại an | ||
Fenshui | Phân thủy | ||
Qingxi | Thanh khê | ||
Xiuzhou (roughly modernShanghaiand its surrounding environs, along withJiaxingprefecture in Zhejiang province) |
Tú châu | ||
Jiaxing | Gia hưng | ||
Haiyan | Hải diêm | ||
Huating | Hoa đình | ||
Chongde | Sùng đức | ||
Suzhou | Tô châu | ||
Wu County | Ngô huyện | ||
Jinzhou | Tấn châu | ||
Kunshan | Côn sơn | ||
Changshu | Thường thục | ||
Wujiang | Ngô giang | ||
Fuzhou (acquired after the fall ofMin) |
Phúc châu | ||
Min County | Mân huyện | ||
Houguan | Hầu quan | ||
Changle | Trường nhạc | ||
Lianjiang | Liên giang | ||
Changxi | Trường khê | ||
Fuqing | Phúc thanh | ||
Gutian | Cổ điền | ||
Yongtai | Vĩnh thái | ||
Minqing | Mân thanh | ||
Yongzhen | Vĩnh trinh | ||
Ningde | Ninh đức | ||
Anguo Yijin Military Prefecture (once called Yijin military prefecture) |
An quốc y cẩm quân ( y cẩm quân ) |
Lin'an | Lâm an |
Former Administrative Divisions
- Changzhou( thường châu ) from 886 to 891 CE, ceded toYang Xingmi
- Runzhou( nhuận châu ) from 886 to 891 CE, ceded toYang Xingmi
Reign of Qian Liu
[edit]Under Qian Liu's reign, Wuyue prospered economically and freely developed its own regional culture that continues to this day. He developed the coastal kingdom's agriculture, built seawalls, expanded Hangzhou, dredged rivers and lakes, and encouraged sea transport and trade. On his death-bed he urged a benign administration of state affairs and his words were strictly followed by four succeeding kings.
Foreign diplomacy
[edit]In 935, Wuyue established official diplomatic relations withJapan.The kingdom also took advantage of its maritime location to maintain diplomatic contacts with northChina,theKhitans,and theKoreanstates ofLater Baekje,Balhae,Goryeo,andSilla.Buddhism played a large role in the diplomatic relations withJapanandGoryeo.Japanese and Korean monks traveled to Wuyue, while monks from Wuyue went to Japan and Korea as well. The rulers of Wuyue also tried to find sutras that had been lost during the turbulent final years of the Tang. In 947, Qian Zuo sent gifts to Japan and offered to buy any sutras; however none were available. In 961,Qian Chusent fifty precious objects and a letter to Goryeo inquiring about the missing sutras, andGwangjongsent the monk Jegwan (Chinese:Đế quan) with a complete set ofTiantaisutras.[2]
Fall of the kingdom
[edit]In 978, in the face of certain annihilation from northern imperial Chinese troops, the last king of Wuyue,Qian Chu,pledged allegiance to theSong dynasty,saving his people from war and economic destruction. While Qian Chu nominally remained king, Wuyue was absorbed into the Song dynasty, effectively ending the kingdom. The last king died in 988.
Legacy
[edit]Cultural legacy
[edit]The Wuyue Kingdom cemented the cultural and economic dominance of the Wuyue region in China for centuries to come, as well as creating a lasting regional cultural tradition distinctive from the rest of China. The leaders of the kingdom were noted patrons ofBuddhism,andarchitecture,templedecoration, and religious sculptures related toBuddhism.The cultural distinctiveness that began developing over this period persists to this day as the Wuyue region speaks a group of Chinese languages calledWu(the most famous variant of which isShanghainese), has distinctivecuisineand other cultural traits. TheBaochu Pagoda,constructed during the reign of Qian Chu, was one of many temples and pagodas built under the patronage of the Wuyue kings.
Infrastructure
[edit]The physical legacy of the Wuyue Kingdom was the creation of the system of canals and dikes which allowed the region to become the most agriculturally rich region of China for many centuries. As a result, shrines to Qian Liu sprang up all across the region, and many can still be found today.
Personal legacy
[edit]Qian Liu was often known as the "Dragon King" or the "Sea Dragon King" because of his extensive hydro-engineering schemes which "tamed" the seas. The kings of Wuyue continue to enjoy positive treatment in orthodox history. They were popularly revered because of the hydro-engineering works, ensuring the economic prosperity of the region, and for finally surrendering to theSong dynasty,which ensured both aunified Chinese nationand that the region would not be ravaged by war.
During the earlySong dynasty,the Qian royal family were treated as second only to the ruling Zhao imperial family, as reflected in theHundred Family Surnames.Subsequently, many shrines were erected across the Wuyue region where the kings of Wuyue were memorialised, and sometimes, worshipped as dictating weather and agriculture. Many of these shrines, known as "Shrine of the Qian King" or "Temple to the Qian King", remain today, the most popularly visited example being that nearWest LakeinHangzhou.
Qian Liu reputedly had more than a hundred sons born to many different wives and concubines. His progeny were posted to various parts of the kingdom. The Qian family remains very widely spread throughout the region. Several branches are considered "prominent families" ( vọng tộc ) in their local areas.[3]
Rulers
[edit]Temple Names | Posthumous Names | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Namesand respective range of years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | Pinyin | Shanghainese | Chinese | Pinyin | Shanghainese | Chinese | Pinyin | Shanghainese | ||
Thái tổ | Tài Zǔ | Tha Tsu | Võ túc vương | Wǔ Sù Wáng | Vu Soh Waon | Tiền lưu | Qián Liú | Zi Leu | 907–932 | Tianyou ( thiên hữu ): 907 Tianbao ( thiên bảo ): 908–912 |
Thế tông | Shì Zōng | Sy Tson | Văn mục vương | Wén Mù Wáng | Ven Moh Waon | Tiền nguyên quán ( tiền truyện quán ) |
Qián Yuánguàn (Qián Chuánguàn) |
Zi Nyoe Cioe (Zi Zoe Cioe) |
932–941 | Changxing ( trường hưng ): 932–933
|
Thành tông | Chéng Zōng | Zen Tson | Trung hiến vương | Zhōng Xiàn Wáng | Tson Shie Waon | Tiền tá ( tiền hoằng tá ) |
Qián Zuǒ (Qián Hóng Zuǒ) |
Zi Tsu (Zi Ghon Tsu) |
941–947 | Tianfu ( thiên phúc ): 941–944
|
Did not exist | N/A | N/A | Trung tốn vương | Zhōng Xùn Wáng | Tson Sen Waon | Tiền tông ( tiền hoằng tông ) |
Qián Zōng (Qián Hóng Zōng) |
Zi Tson (Zi Ghon Tson) |
947 | Tianfu ( thiên phúc ): 947 |
Did not exist | N/A | N/A | Trung ý vương | Zhōng Yì Wáng | Tson I Waon | Tiền thục ( tiền hoằng thục ) |
Qián Chù (Qián Hóng Chù) |
Zi Tsoh (Zi Ghon Tsoh) |
947–978 | Qianyou ( càn hữu ): 948–950
|
Qian Chusubmitted to theSong dynastyin 978 and continued to reign nominally, successively as King of Huaihai, King of Hannan, King of Hanyang and Prince of Xu, and finally Prince of Deng, until his death in 988. After his death he was also posthumously created King of Qin.
Rulers family tree
[edit]Wuyue rulers family tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^Worthy 1983,p. 19.
- ^Worthy 1983,p. 36.
- ^Pan (1937)
Sources
[edit]- Chavannes, Edouard. "Le royaume de Wou et de Yue",T'oung Pao17: 129–264 (1916).
- Mote, F.W. (1999).Imperial China (900–1800).Harvard University Press. pp. 11, 15, 22–23.ISBN0-674-01212-7.
- Pan, Guangdan (1937).Prominent Families of Jiaxing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Shanghai: The Commercial Press.
- Worthy, Edmund H. (1983). "Diplomacy for Survival: Domestic and Foreign Relations of Wü Yueh, 907–978". In Rossabi, Morris (ed.).China among Equals: the Middle Kingdom and its Neighbors, 10th–14th centuries.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 17–44.
- Wuyue
- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
- Former countries in Chinese history
- 10th-century establishments in China
- 907 establishments
- 978 disestablishments
- 10th-century disestablishments in China
- States and territories established in the 900s
- States and territories disestablished in the 970s
- Wu (region)
- Former kingdoms