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Croatian
hrvatski
Pronunciation[xř̩ʋaːtskiː]
Native toCroatia,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Hungary(Bácska),Montenegro(Bay of Kotor),Romania(Caraș-Severin County),Serbia(Vojvodina),[1]Kosovo(Janjevo)
RegionSoutheast Europe
EthnicityCroats
Native speakers
L1:5.1 million (including all dialects spoken by Croats) (2021)[1]
L2:1.3 million (2012)[1]
Latin(Gaj's alphabet)
Yugoslav Braille
Glagolitic(historical)
Bosnian Cyrillic(historical)
Official status
Official language in
Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina(co-official)
Montenegro(co-official)[3]
Serbia(inVojvodina)
Austria(inBurgenland)
European Union
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byInstitute of Croatian Language and Linguistics
Language codes
ISO 639-1hr
ISO 639-2hrv
ISO 639-3hrv
Glottologcroa1245
Linguaspherepart of53-AAA-g
States and regions which recognize Croatian as (co-)official (dark red) or minority language (light red)
Croatian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.
Part ofa serieson
Croats
Recognized
Diaspora
Europe

North America

South America

Oceania

Subgroups
Culture
History
Language
Related nations
South Slavic languagesand dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
aIncludesBanat Bulgarian alphabet.

Croatian(/kroʊˈeɪʃən/ⓘ;hrvatski[xř̩ʋaːtskiː]) is thestandardisedvarietyof theSerbo-Croatianpluricentric language[8][9][10][11][12][13]mainly used byCroats.[14]It is the nationalofficial languageand literary standard ofCroatia,one of the official languages ofBosnia and Herzegovina,Montenegro,theSerbianprovince ofVojvodina,theEuropean Unionand a recognizedminority languageelsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries.

In the mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregionallingua franca– pushing back regionalChakavian,Kajkavian,andShtokavianvernaculars.[15]The decisive role was played byCroatian Vukovians,who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography.[16]Croatian is written inGaj's Latin alphabet.[17]

Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other mainsupradialectsspoken on the territory of Croatia,ChakavianandKajkavian.These supradialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English; this term iscontroversialfor native speakers,[18]and names such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" (BCMS) are used by linguists and philologists in the 21st century.[19]

In 1997, theCroatian Parliamentestablished theDays of the Croatian Languagefrom March 11 to 17.[20]Since 2013, the Institute of Croatian language has been celebrating theMonth of the Croatian Language,from February 21 (International Mother Language Day) to March 17 (the day of signing theDeclaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language).[20]

History

See also:Early development of Serbo-CroatianandLanguage secessionism

Modern language and standardization

In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), theZrinskiand theFrankopan,which were linked by inter-marriage.[21]Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian".[22]Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these wereIllyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski).[23]It is still used now in parts ofIstria,which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavianisoglosses.[24]

The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of theDravaand theMura.The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "Adrianskoga mora sirena"(" The Siren of the Adriatic Sea ") byPetar Zrinskiand "Putni tovaruš"(" Traveling escort ") byKatarina Zrinska.[25][26]

However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by thepolitical execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopanby theHoly Roman EmperorLeopold IinViennain 1671.[27]Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard.[28]

Illyrian period

Main article:Illyrian movement

TheIllyrian movementwas a 19th-century pan-South Slavicpolitical and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been severalliterary languagesover four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movementLjudevit Gajstandardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speakingZagreb,Gaj supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on.[29][30]Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at theVienna Literary Agreementof 1850,[28]laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite.[28]

In the 1860s, theZagreb Philological Schooldominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement.[31]While it was dominant over the rivalRijeka Philological SchoolandZadar Philological Schools,its influence waned with the rise of theCroatian Vukovians(at the end of the 19th century).[32]

Distinguishing features and differences between standards

Main article:Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
See also:Serbo-Croatian phonologyandSerbo-Croatian grammar

Croatian is commonly characterized by theijekavianpronunciation (seean explanation of yat reflexes), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number oflexicaldifferences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian.[33]Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use.[33]However, as professor John F. Bailyn states, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."[34]

Sociopolitical standpoints

Croatian, although technically a form ofSerbo-Croatian,is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself.[18]This is at odds with purely linguistic classifications of languages based onmutual intelligibility(abstand and ausbau languages),[35]which do not allow varieties that are mutually intelligible to be considered separate languages. "There is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc.", writes Bailyn.[34]Differencesbetween variousstandard formsof Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons.[36]Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language that is considered key to national identity,[37]in the sense that the termCroatian languageincludes all language forms from the earliest times to the present, in all areas whereCroatslive, as realized in the speeches of Croatian dialects, in city speeches and jargons, and in the Croatian standard language.[38][39]The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being the most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe.[40]The 1967Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language,in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics.[41]

On the 50thanniversaryof the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-daymeetingofexpertsfrom Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of theDeclaration on the Common Languageof Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted.[42]The new Declaration has received more than ten thousandsignatures.It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro a commonpolycentric standard languageis used, consisting of several standardvarieties,similar to the existing varieties ofGerman,EnglishorSpanish.[43]The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage[44]and to counter nationalistic divisions.[45]

The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though the speakers themselves largely do not use it.[33]Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian.[46]

The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 byMarko Marulić,titled "The History of the Holy Widow Judith Composed in Croatian Verses".[47][48]TheCroatian–Hungarian Agreementdesignated Croatian as one of its official languages.[49]Croatian became an officialEU languageupon accession of Croatia to theEuropean Unionon 1 July 2013.[50][51]In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette.[52]

Official status

Areas with an ethnic Croatian majority (as of 2006)

Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic ofCroatia[53]and, along with StandardBosnianand StandardSerbian,one of three official languages ofBosnia and Herzegovina.[2]It is also official in the regions ofBurgenland(Austria),[54]Molise(Italy)[55]andVojvodina(Serbia).[56]Additionally, it has co-official status alongsideRomanianin the communes ofCarașova[57]andLupac,[58][59]Romania.In these localities,CroatsorKrashovanimake up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian.

Croatian is officially used and taught at alluniversities in Croatiaand at theUniversity of Mostarin Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studies of Croatian language are held inHungary(Institute of Philosophy at theELTE Faculty of Humanitiesin Budapest[60]),Slovakia(Faculty of Philosophy of theComenius Universityin Bratislava[60]),Poland(University of Warsaw,Jagiellonian University,University of Silesia in Katowice,University of Wroclaw,Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan),[61]Germany(University of Regensburg[62]),Australia(Center for Croatian Studies at theMacquarie University[63]),Northern Macedonia(Faculty of Philology in Skopje[64]) etc.

Croatian embassies hold courses for learning Croatian in Poland,[65]United Kingdom[66]and a few other countries. Extracurricular education of Croatian is hold in Germany inBaden-Württemberg,Berlin,HamburgandSaarland,[67]as well as in North Macedonia inSkopje,Bitola,ŠtipandKumanovo.[64]Some Croatian Catholic Missions also hold Croatian language courses (for. ex. CCM inBuenos Aires[68]).

There is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use the Croatian language.[69]

The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at thefour main universities.[citation needed][needs update]In 2013, aHrvatski pravopisby theInstitute of Croatian Language and Linguisticsreceived an official sole seal of approval from the Ministry of Education.

The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:

Also notable are the recommendations ofMatica hrvatska,the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and theMiroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography,as well as theCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the independence of Croatia, among them three voluminousmonolingualdictionaries of contemporary Croatian.

In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of theBunjevac dialect(as part of New-ShtokavianIkavian dialectsof theShtokavian dialectof the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika.[70][71]Its speakers largely use theLatin alphabetand are living in parts ofBosnia and Herzegovina,different parts ofCroatia,southern parts (inc.Budapest) ofHungaryas well in the autonomous provinceVojvodinaofSerbia. TheInstitute of Croatian Language and Linguisticsadded the Bunjevac dialect to the List of ProtectedIntangible Cultural Heritageof the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021.[72][73]

Sample text

Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin Croatian (2009Croatian governmentofficial translation):

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću te trebaju jedna prema drugima postupati u duhu bratstva.[74]

Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[75]

See also

References

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  3. ^"Language and alphabet Article 13".Constitution of Montenegro.WIPO.19 October 2007.Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
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Sources

Further reading

Croatian editionofWikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCroatian language.
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook forCroatian.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:Croatian
For a list of words relating to Croatian language, see theCroatian languagecategory of wordsinWiktionary,the free dictionary.

Language history

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatian_language&oldid=1248400971"