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This is thepronunciation keyforIPAtranscriptions of Korean on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Korean in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensuson thetalk pagefirst.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcuts

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)representsKorean languagepronunciations inWikipediaarticles. It is based on thestandard dialect of South Koreaand may not represent some of the sounds in theNorth Koreandialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPAandWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeKorean phonologyfor a more thorough look at the sounds of Korean.

Koreanconsonants
IPA	Hangul	Example		English approximation
IPA	Hangul	Hangul	RR	English approximation
b^[1]	ㅂ	이불	ibul	ball
β^[2]^[3]	ㅎ (ㅸ)	오후	ohu	roughly likeupvote
ç^[4]	ㅎ	힘, 흉내	him,hyungnae	human
ɕ^[5]	ㅅ	시루	siru	roughly likeshe
ɕ͈^[5]	ㅆ ㅅ	씨, 국수	ssi, guksu	seen
d^[1]	ㄷ	민들레	mindeulle	doll
dz^[6]	ㅈ	나중	najung	beds
dʑ^[1]	ㅈ [ㄷ이]	아버지, 해돋이	abeoji, haedoji	roughly likegee
ɸ^[3]	ㅎ[호] [후]	활, 훗날	hwal,hunnal	roughly likewho
ɡ^[1]	ㄱ	마개	magae	gall
ɣ^[2]^[7]	ㄱ	아가	aga	Spanishamigooragain,but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth
h	ㅎ	햇잎	haennip	hall
ɦ^[2]	ㅎ	마흔	maheun	RPbehind
j	[ㅛ, ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅕ, ㅖ, ㅒ]^[8]	여울	yeoul	you
ʝ^[2]^[4]	ㅎ	감히	gamhi	roughly likeyou
k	ㄱ	구이	gui	sky
k̚	ㄱ ㅋ^[9]	바지락	bajirak	lock
k͈	ㄲ	꿩, 젓갈	kkwong, jeotgal	skin
kʰ	ㅋ [ㄱㅎ] [ㅎㄱ]	코, 석회, 않기	ko, seokhoe, angi	cup
ɭ	ㄹ [ㄴ]^[10]	알, 신라	al,Silla	hall
m	ㅁ [ㅂ]^[11]	못, 압력	mot, amnyeok	mall
n	ㄴ [ㄹ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ]^[12]	누리	nuri	not
ŋ	ㅇ(ㆁ) [ㄱ]^[13]	가랑비, 먹물	garangbi, meongmul	king
p	ㅂ	바다	bada	spa
p̚	ㅂㅍ^[14]	부삽, 잎	busap,ip	clip
p͈	ㅃㅂ	뿔, 먹보	ppul, meokbo	spit
pʰ	ㅍ[ㅂㅎ] [ㅎㅂ]	푸서리, 잡학	puseori, japhak	paint
ɾ	ㄹ [ㄹㅇ]	여드레, 얼음	yeodeure, eoreum	ScottishgreatorAmericanatom
sʰ	ㅅ	수박	subak	likesee,butaspirated(with more breath)
s͈	ㅆ	쌀, 열쇠	ssal, yeolsoe	saw
t	ㄷ	돌	dol	star
t̚	ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ^[15]	곧, 뭍, 옷, 젖, 낯	got,mut,ot,jeot,nat	let
t͈	ㄸ ㄷ	떡, 막대	tteok, makdae	stall
tʰ	ㅌ[ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ]	구태여, 맞흥정, 닳다	gutaeyeo, matheungjeong, dalda	tall
ts^[6]	ㅈ	측정	cheukjeong	cats
ts͈^[6]	ㅉ	짤림	jjallim	cats
tsʰ^[6]	ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ]	참새	chamsae	let's have
tɕ	ㅈ	자투리	jaturi	roughly likepatch
tɕ͈	ㅉ	돌쩌귀, 꺽지	doljjeogwi, kkeokji	roughly likepatch
tɕʰ	ㅊ [ㄷ히] [ㅎㅈ]	눈초리, 맞히다, 닳지	nunchori, machida, dalji	roughly likecheek
w	[ㅙ, ㅞ]^[16]	왜가리, 꿰맴질	waegari, kkwemaemjil	wall
x^[7]	ㅎ	흙	heuk	loch
z^[17]	ㅿ	ᅀᅵᆫ간	zingan	zebra
ʔ^[18]	ㆆ	ᅙᅵᆯ	qil	uh-oh

Koreanvowelsanddiphthongs^[19]
IPA	Hangul	Example		English approximation
IPA	Hangul	Hangul	RR^[20]	English approximation
a	ㅏ	하루	haru	up
aː	ㅏ	밤	bam	spa
ɒ^[17]	ㆍ	ᄌᆞ주	jawju	yawn
ʌ	ㅓ	거울	geoul	Conservativeup
əː	ㅓ	어른	eoreun	RPherd
ɛ	ㅐ	개구리	gaeguri	bet
ɛː	ㅐ	냇물	naenmul	GAbed
e	ㅔ	메주	meju	rate
eː	ㅔ	게장	gejang	raid
i	ㅢ^[21]	흰색	huinsaek	peak
i	ㅣ	피	pi	beat
iː	ㅣ	실타래	siltarae	bead
o	ㅗ	오늘	oneul	sort
oː	ㅗ	모레	more	sword
ø	ㅚ^[16]	쇠뇌	soenoe	wet
øː	ㅚ^[16]	왼손	oenson	wed
u	ㅜ	우물	umul	root
uː	ㅜ	둘	dul	rude
ɯ	ㅡ	버들	beodeul	foot
ɯː	ㅡ	그림	geurim	good
ɰi	ㅢ	민주주의	minjujuui	somewhat likewe
y	ㅟ^[16]	귀엣말	gwienmal	somewhat likesweet
yː	ㅟ^[16]	쉰	swin	somewhat likeswede

Koreansuprasegmentals
IPA	Description
ː	Geminated consonant^[22]
ˈ	Primary stress(placed before the stressed syllable)
ˌ	Secondary stress(placed before the stressed syllable)
.	Syllable break

Notes[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^dThe plain stops and affricate/pttɕk/are voiced to[bddʑɡ]respectively between voiced sounds.
^^a ^b ^c ^dㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds.
^^a ^b[ɸ]is the allophone of/h/before/u/or/w/.
^^a ^b[ç]is the allophone of/h/before/i/or/j/.
^^a ^b[ɕɕ͈]are the allophones of/ss͈/before/i/and/j/.
^^a ^b ^c ^d[tsts͈tsʰdz]occur in the North Korean dialect.
^^a ^b[x]is the allophone of/h/before/ɯ/.
^/j/cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.
^ㄱ and ㅋ arek̚and RRkat the end of a syllable.
^ㄹ is[ɭ]at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be[ɭː].
^ㅂ is[m]before/n/or/m/.
^ㄹ may be[n]at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are[n]before/n/or/m/.
^ㅇ is[ŋ]at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is[ŋ]before/n/,/m/,or/ɾ/.
^ㅂ and ㅍ are[p̚]and RRpat the end of a syllable.
^ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ aret̚and RRtat the end of a syllable.
^^a ^b ^c/w/is spelled ㅜ before/ʌ/,/e/,/i/(the latter combination producing/y/~[ɥi]) and ㅗ before/ɛ/,/a/;ㅚ/ø/can also be pronounced[we].
^^a ^bThe sounds /z/ and /ɒ/ are no longer present in Modern Korean, and their respective symbols no longer pertain to the Hangeul Script in usage. However, /ɒ/ is still used for Jeju.
^Cite error: The named referenceglottal stopwas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
^In Standard Korean,vowel lengthis contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language.
^Vowel lengthis not reflected in the romanization.
^When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.
^Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) inregressive assimilation.

References[edit]

Heo, Yong (2013). "An analysis and interpretation of Korean vowel systems".Acta Koreana.16(1): 23–43.
Lee, Hyun-bok (1999). "An IPA Illustration of Korean".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association.p. 120–123.
Lee, Hyun-bok (2002).음성의 연구와 음성의 표기법[Phonetic Notation in Phonetic Research: IPA and International Korean Phonetic Alphabet](PDF).INTERSPEECH-2002.
Lee, Hyun-bok (2004).In search of a universal phonetic alphabet – theory and application of an organic visible speech(PDF).INTERSPEECH-2004.
Shin, J. (2015). Vowels and Consonants. In L. Brown & J. Yeon (Eds.).The Handbook of Korean Linguistics(pp. 36–21). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2012).The Sounds of Korean.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sohn, Ho-min (2001).The Korean Language.Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0521369436.

External links[edit]

Hangul–IPA ConverteratArtificial Intelligence LaboratoryofPusan National University

[between_voiced-1] The plain stops and affricate/pttɕk/are voiced to[bddʑɡ]respectively between voiced sounds.

[h_between_voiced-2] ㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds.

[labialized_h-3] [ɸ]is the allophone of/h/before/u/or/w/.

[palatalized_h-4] [ç]is the allophone of/h/before/i/or/j/.

[palatalized_s-5] [ɕɕ͈]are the allophones of/ss͈/before/i/and/j/.

[back_affricates-6] [tsts͈tsʰdz]occur in the North Korean dialect.

[velarized_h-7] [x]is the allophone of/h/before/ɯ/.

[8] /j/cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.

[9] ㄱ and ㅋ arek̚and RRkat the end of a syllable.

[10] ㄹ is[ɭ]at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be[ɭː].

[11] ㅂ is[m]before/n/or/m/.

[12] ㄹ may be[n]at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are[n]before/n/or/m/.

[13] ㅇ is[ŋ]at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is[ŋ]before/n/,/m/,or/ɾ/.

[14] ㅂ and ㅍ are[p̚]and RRpat the end of a syllable.

[15] ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ aret̚and RRtat the end of a syllable.

[w-16] /w/is spelled ㅜ before/ʌ/,/e/,/i/(the latter combination producing/y/~[ɥi]) and ㅗ before/ɛ/,/a/;ㅚ/ø/can also be pronounced[we].

[unused_or_archaic-17] The sounds /z/ and /ɒ/ are no longer present in Modern Korean, and their respective symbols no longer pertain to the Hangeul Script in usage. However, /ɒ/ is still used for Jeju.

[glottal_stop-18] Cite error: The named referenceglottal stopwas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).

[19] In Standard Korean,vowel lengthis contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language.

[20] Vowel lengthis not reflected in the romanization.

[not_word_initial_ui-21] When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.

[22] Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) inregressive assimilation.

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@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |-
 ![[Hangul]]
-![[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]
+![[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" >The plain stops and affricate {{IPA|/p t tɕ k/}} are voiced to {{IPA|[b d dʑ ɡ]}} respectively between voiced sounds.</ref> || ㅂ<big></big> ||아버지||a'''b'''eoji|| '''b'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" >The plain stops and affricate {{IPA|/p t tɕ k/}} are voiced to {{IPA|[b d dʑ ɡ]}} respectively between voiced sounds.</ref> || ㅂ<big></big> ||이불||i'''b'''ul|| '''b'''all
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|[[Voiced_bilabial_fricative|βʷ]]}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" /><ref name= "labialized h" /> || ㅎ || 오후 || o'''h'''u || ''roughly like'' up'''v'''ote
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|[[Voiced_bilabial_fricative|β]]}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" /><ref name= "labialized h" /> || ㅎ(ㅸ)|| 오후 || o'''h'''u || ''roughly like'' up'''v'''ote
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big><ref name= "palatalized h" > {{IPA|[ç]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}. </ref>|| ㅎ<big></big> || 힘,효도|| '''h'''im, '''hy'''odo|| '''h'''uman
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big><ref name= "palatalized h" > {{IPA|[ç]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}. </ref>|| ㅎ<big></big> || 힘,흉내|| '''h'''im, '''hy'''ungnae|| '''h'''uman
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɕ}}</big><ref name= "palatalized s" >{{IPA|[ɕ ɕ͈]}} are the allophones of {{IPA|/s s͈/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref> || ㅅ ||시작|| '''s'''ijak|| ''roughly like'' '''sh'''e
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɕ}}</big><ref name= "palatalized s" >{{IPA|[ɕ ɕ͈]}} are the allophones of {{IPA|/s s͈/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref> || ㅅ ||시루|| '''s'''iru|| ''roughly like'' '''sh'''e
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɕ͈}}</big><ref name= "palatalized s" /> || ㅆ || 씨 || '''ss'''i || '''s'''een
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɕ͈}}</big><ref name= "palatalized s" /> || ㅆㅅ|| 씨,국수|| '''ss'''i,guk'''s'''u|| '''s'''een
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" /> || ㄷ<big></big> ||구도||gu'''d'''o|| '''d'''oll
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" /> || ㄷ<big></big> ||민들레||min'''d'''eulle|| '''d'''oll
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" >{{IPA|[ts ts͈ tsʰ dz]}} occurbefore[[backvowel]]s.</ref> || ㅈ ||지반|| '''j'''iban|| be'''ds'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" >{{IPA|[ts ts͈ tsʰ dz]}} occurintheNorth Korean dialect.</ref> || ㅈ ||나중||na'''j'''ung|| be'''ds'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dʑ}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" /> || ㅈ ||아직||a'''j'''ik|| ''roughly like'' '''g'''ee
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dʑ}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" /> || ㅈ[ㄷ이]||아버지, 해돋이||abeo'''j'''i, haedo'''j'''i|| ''roughly like'' '''g'''ee
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|[[ɸ|ɸʷ]]}}</big><ref name= "labialized h" > {{IPA|[ɸʷ]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. </ref>|| ㅎ<big></big> ||후손,화물|| '''h'''uson,'''hw'''amul|| ''roughly like'' '''wh'''o
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|[[ɸ]]}}</big><ref name= "labialized h" > {{IPA|[ɸ]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. </ref>|| ㅎ<big></big>[호] [후]||활,훗날|| '''hw'''al,'''h'''unnal|| ''roughly like'' '''wh'''o
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" /> || ㄱ ||베개||be'''g'''ae || '''g'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big><ref name= "between voiced" /> || ㄱ ||마개||ma'''g'''ae || '''g'''all
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" >ㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds. </ref><ref name= "velarized h" /> ||ㅎ||암흑||am'''h'''euk|| ''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]'' ami'''g'''o ''or'' a'''g'''ain, ''but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" >ㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds. </ref><ref name= "velarized h" /> ||ㄱ||아가||a'''g'''a|| ''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]'' ami'''g'''o ''or'' a'''g'''ain, ''but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big> || ㅎ ||하늘|| '''h'''aneul|| '''h'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big> || ㅎ ||햇잎|| '''h'''aennip|| '''h'''all
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɦ}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" /> || ㅎ<big></big> ||여행||yeo'''h'''aeng|| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' be'''h'''ind
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɦ}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" /> || ㅎ<big></big> ||마흔||ma'''h'''eun|| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' be'''h'''ind
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big> || [{{nowrap|ㅛ, ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅕ,}}<br>{{nowrap|ㅖ, ㅒ}}]<big></big><ref>{{IPA|/j/}} cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.</ref> ||야|| '''y'''a|| '''y'''ou
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big> || [{{nowrap|ㅛ, ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅕ,}}<br>{{nowrap|ㅖ, ㅒ}}]<big></big><ref>{{IPA|/j/}} cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.</ref> ||여울|| '''y'''eoul|| '''y'''ou
 |-
 | style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|[[ʝ]]}}</big><ref name= "h between voiced" /><ref name= "palatalized h" /> || ㅎ || 감히 || gam'''h'''i || ''roughly like'' '''y'''ou
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big> || ㄱ<big></big> ||강|| '''g'''ang|| s'''k'''y
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big> || ㄱ<big></big> ||구이|| '''g'''ui|| s'''k'''y
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|k̚}}</big> || ㄱ ㅋ<ref>ㄱ and ㅋ are {{IPA|k̚}} and RR ''k'' at the end of a syllable.</ref> ||음악||euma'''k'''|| lo'''ck'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|k̚}}</big> || ㄱ ㅋ<ref>ㄱ and ㅋ are {{IPA|k̚}} and RR ''k'' at the end of a syllable.</ref> ||바지락||bajira'''k'''|| lo'''ck'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|k͈}}</big> || ㄲ ||까마귀|| '''kk'''amagwi|| s'''k'''in
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|k͈}}</big> || ㄲ ||꿩, 젓갈|| '''kk'''wong, jeot'''g'''al|| s'''k'''in
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|kʰ}}</big> || ㅋ [ㄱㅎ] [ㅎㄱ] ||크기,박하,않기 || '''k'''eugi,ba'''k'''a,an'''k'''i || '''c'''up
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|kʰ}}</big> || ㅋ [ㄱㅎ] [ㅎㄱ] ||코,석회,않기 || '''k'''o,seo'''kh'''oe,an'''g'''i || '''c'''up
 |-
 | style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɭ}}</big> || ㄹ [ㄴ]<ref>ㄹ is {{IPAblink|ɭ}} at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be {{IPAblink|ː|ɭː}}.</ref> || 알, 신라 || a'''l''', Si'''ll'''a || ha'''ll'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big> || ㅁ [ㅂ]<ref>ㅂ is {{IPAblink|m}} before {{IPAslink|n}} or {{IPA|/m/}}.</ref> ||말,압력 || '''m'''al,a'''m'''nyeok || '''m'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big> || ㅁ [ㅂ]<ref>ㅂ is {{IPAblink|m}} before {{IPAslink|n}} or {{IPA|/m/}}.</ref> ||못,압력 || '''m'''ot,a'''m'''nyeok || '''m'''all
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big> || ㄴ<br> [{{nowrap|ㄹ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ}}]<ref>ㄹ may be {{IPAblink|n}} at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPAslink|m}}.</ref> ||나, 나뭇잎|| '''n'''a, '''n'''amu'''nn'''ip|| '''n'''ot
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big> || ㄴ<br> [{{nowrap|ㄹ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ}}]<ref>ㄹ may be {{IPAblink|n}} at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPAslink|m}}.</ref> ||누리|| '''n'''uri|| '''n'''ot
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big> || ㅇ [ㄱ]<ref>ㅇ is {{IPAblink|ŋ}} at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPAslink|n}}, {{IPAslink|m}}, or {{IPAslink|ɾ}}.</ref> ||왕,악마||wa'''ng''',a'''ng'''ma|| ki'''ng'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big> || ㅇ(ㆁ)[ㄱ]<ref>ㅇ is {{IPAblink|ŋ}} at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPAslink|n}}, {{IPAslink|m}}, or {{IPAslink|ɾ}}.</ref> ||가랑비,먹물||gara'''ng'''bi,meo'''ng'''mul|| ki'''ng'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big> || ㅂ<big></big> ||바람|| '''b'''aram|| s'''p'''a
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big> || ㅂ<big></big> ||바다|| '''b'''ada|| s'''p'''a
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|p̚}}</big> || ㅂ<big></big> ㅍ<big></big> <ref>ㅂ and ㅍ are {{IPAblink|p̚}} and RR ''p'' at the end of a syllable.</ref> ||집||ji'''p''' || cli'''p'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|p̚}}</big> || ㅂ<big></big> ㅍ<big></big> <ref>ㅂ and ㅍ are {{IPAblink|p̚}} and RR ''p'' at the end of a syllable.</ref> ||부삽, 잎||busa'''p''',i'''p'''|| cli'''p'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|p͈}}</big> || ㅃ<big></big> ||빨강|| '''pp'''algang|| s'''p'''it
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|p͈}}</big> || ㅃ<big></big>ㅂ||뿔, 먹보|| '''pp'''ul, meok'''b'''o|| s'''p'''it
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|pʰ}}</big> || ㅍ<big></big> [ㅂㅎ] [ㅎㅂ] ||파랑,접하다|| '''p'''arang,jeo'''p'''ada|| '''p'''aint
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|pʰ}}</big> || ㅍ<big></big> [ㅂㅎ] [ㅎㅂ] ||푸서리,잡학|| '''p'''useori,ja'''ph'''ak|| '''p'''aint
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big> || ㄹ ||사람||sa'''r'''am|| ''[[Scottish English|Scottish]] ''g'''r'''eat'' or [[American English|American]]'' a'''t'''om
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big> || ㄹ[ㄹㅇ]||여드레, 얼음||yeodeu'''r'''e, eo'''r'''eum|| ''[[Scottish English|Scottish]] ''g'''r'''eat'' or [[American English|American]]'' a'''t'''om
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big> || ㅅ<big></big> ||사|| '''s'''a|| ''like '''''s'''ee'', but [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] (with more breath)''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|s}}ʰ</big> || ㅅ<big></big> ||수박|| '''s'''ubak|| ''like '''''s'''ee'', but [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] (with more breath)''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|s͈}}</big> || ㅆ || 쌀 || '''ss'''al || '''s'''aw
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|s͈}}</big> || ㅆ || 쌀,열쇠|| '''ss'''al,yeol'''s'''oe|| '''s'''aw
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big> || ㄷ<big></big> ||달|| '''d'''al|| s'''t'''ar
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big> || ㄷ<big></big> ||돌|| '''d'''ol|| s'''t'''ar
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|t̚}}</big> || ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ<ref>ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ are {{IPA|t̚}} and RR ''t'' at the end of a syllable.</ref> || 곧,끝,맛,곶,꽃|| go'''t''',kkeu'''t''',ma'''t''',go'''t''',kko'''t'''|| le'''t'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|t̚}}</big> || ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ<ref>ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ are {{IPA|t̚}} and RR ''t'' at the end of a syllable.</ref> || 곧,뭍,옷,젖,낯|| go'''t''',mu'''t''',o'''t''',jeo'''t''',na'''t'''|| le'''t'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|t͈}}</big> || ㄸ ||뜨다|| '''tt'''euda|| s'''t'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|t͈}}</big> || ㄸㄷ||떡, 막대|| '''tt'''eok, mak'''d'''ae|| s'''t'''all
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tʰ}}</big> || ㅌ<big></big> [ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ] ||타다,맏형,않다|| '''t'''ada,ma'''t'''yeong,an'''t'''a || '''t'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tʰ}}</big> || ㅌ<big></big> [ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ] ||구태여,맞흥정,닳다||gu'''t'''aeyeo,ma'''th'''eungjeong,dal'''d'''a || '''t'''all
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" /> || ㅈ || || j || rowspan= "2" | ca'''ts'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" /> || ㅈ ||측정||cheuk'''j'''eong|| rowspan= "2" | ca'''ts'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ts͈}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" /> || ㅉ || || jj
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ts͈}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" /> || ㅉ ||짤림||'''jj'''allim
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tsʰ}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" /> || ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ] || || ch || le'''t<nowiki/>'s h'''ave
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tsʰ}}</big><ref name= "back affricates" /> || ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ] ||참새||'''ch'''amsae|| le'''t<nowiki/>'s h'''ave
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|tɕ}}</big> || ㅈ ||장|| '''j'''ang|| rowspan= "2" | ''roughly like'' pa'''tch'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|tɕ}}</big> || ㅈ ||자투리|| '''j'''aturi|| rowspan= "2" | ''roughly like'' pa'''tch'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tɕ͈}}</big> || ㅉ ||짜다|| '''jj'''ada
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tɕ͈}}</big> || ㅉ ||돌쩌귀, 꺽지||dol'''jj'''eogwi, kkeok'''j'''i
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tɕʰ}}</big> || ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ] ||철,앉히다,않지|| '''ch'''eol,an'''ch'''ida,an'''ch'''i || ''roughly like'' '''ch'''eek
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tɕʰ}}</big> || ㅊ [ㄷ히] [ㅎㅈ] ||눈초리,맞히다,닳지||nun'''ch'''ori,ma'''ch'''ida,dal'''j'''i || ''roughly like'' '''ch'''eek
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big> || [ㅜ,ㅗ]<ref name= "w" >{{IPA|/w/}} is spelled ㅜ before {{IPAslink|ʌ}}, {{IPAslink|e}}, {{IPAslink|i}} (the latter combination producing {{IPAslink|y}}~{{IPA|[{{IPAlink|ɥ}}i]}}) and ㅗ before {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, {{IPAslink|a}}; ㅚ {{IPAslink|ø}} can also be pronounced {{IPA|[we]}}.</ref> ||왜|| '''w'''ae|| '''w'''all
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big> || [ㅙ,ㅞ]<ref name= "w" >{{IPA|/w/}} is spelled ㅜ before {{IPAslink|ʌ}}, {{IPAslink|e}}, {{IPAslink|i}} (the latter combination producing {{IPAslink|y}}~{{IPA|[{{IPAlink|ɥ}}i]}}) and ㅗ before {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, {{IPAslink|a}}; ㅚ {{IPAslink|ø}} can also be pronounced {{IPA|[we]}}.</ref> ||왜가리, 꿰맴질|| '''w'''aegari, kk'''we'''maemjil|| '''w'''all
 |-
 | style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big><ref name= "velarized h" > {{IPA|[x]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. </ref>|| ㅎ<big></big> || 흙 || '''h'''euk || lo'''ch'''
+|-
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big><ref name= "unused or archaic" > The sounds /z/ and /ɒ/ are no longer present in Modern Korean, and their respective symbols no longer pertain to the Hangeul Script in usage. However, /ɒ/ is still used for Jeju. </ref> || ㅿ<big></big> || ᅀᅵᆫ간 || '''z'''ingan || '''z'''ebra
+|-
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big><ref name= "glottal stop" > </ref>|| ㆆ<big></big> || ᅙᅵᆯ || '''q'''il|| uh<u>'''-'''</u>oh
 |}
 | style= "vertical-align: top;" |
@@ Line 117: / Line 121: @@
 |-
 ![[Hangul]]
-![[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]<ref> [[Vowel length]] is not reflected in the romanization. </ref>
+![[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]<ref> [[Vowel length]] is not reflected in the romanization. </ref>
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɐ|a}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅏ ||사랑||s'''a'''r'''a'''ng|| '''u'''p
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɐ|a}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅏ ||하루||h'''a'''ru|| '''u'''p
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|aː}}</big> ||사건||s'''a'''geon|| sp'''a'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|aː}}</big> ||밤||b'''a'''m|| sp'''a'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʌ}}</big>|| rowspan= "2 "|ㅓ||억|| '''eo'''k||''Conservative'''''u'''p
+| style= "text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɒ}}</big><refname= "unusedorarchaic "></ref>||ㆍ||ᄌᆞ주||j'''aw'''ju||y'''aw'''n
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ə|əː}}</big> ||선물||s'''eo'''nmul|| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]''h'''er'''d
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʌ}}</big> ||rowspan= "2" | ㅓ||거울 || g'''eo'''ul|| ''Conservative'' '''u'''p
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big> ||rowspan= "2" | ㅐ||배 || b'''ae''' ||b'''e'''t
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ə|əː}}</big> ||어른|| '''eo'''reun||''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' h'''er'''d
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛː}}</big> ||개|| g'''ae''' ||[[General American English|''GA'']]b'''e'''d
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big> ||rowspan= "2" | ㅐ || 개구리|| g'''ae'''guri|| b'''e'''t
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big> ||rowspan= "2"|ㅔ|| 베개|| b'''e'''gae||r'''a'''te
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛː}}</big> ||냇물||n'''ae'''nmul||[[General American English|''GA'']] b'''e'''d
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|eː}}</big> ||세상||s'''e'''sang|| r'''ai'''d
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big> ||rowspan= "2" | ㅔ || 메주||m'''e'''ju|| r'''a'''te
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big> ||rowspan= "2" | ㅣ || 키||k'''i''' ||b'''ea'''t
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|eː}}</big> ||게장||g'''e'''jang||r'''ai'''d
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|iː}}</big> ||시설||s'''i'''seol||b'''ea'''d
+|rowspan= "2"style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big> ||ㅢ<ref name= "not word initial ui" >When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.</ref>||흰색 || h'''ui'''nsaek||p'''ea'''k
+|-
+| rowspan= "2" | ㅣ || 피 || p'''i'''|| b'''ea'''t
+|-
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|iː}}</big> || 실타래 || s'''i'''ltarae || b'''ea'''d
 |-
 | style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅗ || 오늘 || '''o'''neul || s'''o'''rt
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|oː}}</big> ||오후|| '''o'''hu|| sw'''o'''rd
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|oː}}</big> ||모레||m'''o'''re|| sw'''o'''rd
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ø}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅚ<ref name= "w" /> ||외톨이|| '''oe'''tori|| '''we'''t
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ø}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅚ<ref name= "w" /> ||쇠뇌||s'''oe'''n'''oe'''|| '''we'''t
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|øː}}</big> ||외국|| '''oe'''guk|| '''we'''d
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|øː}}</big> ||왼손|| '''oe'''nson|| '''we'''d
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅜ ||구슬||g'''u'''seul|| r'''oo'''t
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅜ ||우물|| '''u'''mul|| r'''oo'''t
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|uː}}</big> ||웃다|| '''u'''tda|| r'''u'''de
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|uː}}</big> ||둘||d'''u'''l|| r'''u'''de
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɯ}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅡ ||음악|| '''eu'''mak|| f'''oo'''t
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɯ}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅡ ||버들||beod'''eu'''l|| f'''oo'''t
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɯː}}</big> ||음식|| '''eu'''msik|| g'''oo'''d
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɯː}}</big> ||그림||g'''eu'''rim|| g'''oo'''d
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɰ}}{{IPA|i}}</big> || ㅢ ||의사|| '''ui'''sa|| ''somewhat like'' '''we'''
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɰ}}{{IPA|i}}</big> || ㅢ ||민주주의||minjuju'''ui''' || ''somewhat like'' '''we'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅟ<ref name= "w" /> ||위험|| '''wi'''heom|| ''somewhat like'' s'''wee'''t
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big> || rowspan= "2" | ㅟ<ref name= "w" /> ||귀엣말||g'''wi'''enmal|| ''somewhat like'' s'''wee'''t
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|yː}}</big> ||뒤||d'''wi''' || ''somewhat like'' s'''we'''de
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|yː}}</big> ||쉰||s'''wi'''n|| ''somewhat like'' s'''we'''de
 |}
@@ Line 166: / Line 174: @@
 |+ Korean [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|suprasegmentals]]
 |-
-![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!![[Hangul]]!! width= "30px" |[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]!! Explanation
+![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!!'''Description'''
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ː}}</big> ||colspan= "2" |<ref>Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in [[regressive assimilation]].</ref>|| [[geminated consonant]]
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ː}}</big> ||[[Geminatedconsonant]]<ref>Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in [[regressive assimilation]].</ref>
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>|| colspan= "2" ||| [[primarystress]]
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big> || [[Primarystress]](placed before the stressed syllable)
 |-
-| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ˌ}}</big>|| colspan= "2" ||| [[secondarystress]]
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ˌ}}</big> || [[Secondarystress]](placed before the stressed syllable)
+|-
+| style= "text-align: center;" | <big>.</big> || Syllable break
 |}
 |}
 ==See also==
 * [[Revised Romanization of Korean]]

v t e International Phonetic Alphabetkeys
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Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Wikipedia pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation

Latest revision as of 01:15, 16 June 2024

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]