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Italianization

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This is anold revisionof this page, as edited byLllalll2(talk|contribs)at23:16, 4 September 2024(added slightly more info - italianization was not just a process that affected "perceived foreign" communities but also indigenous communities like venetians, lombards, friulians etc.).The present address (URL) is apermanent linkto this revision, which may differ significantly from thecurrent revision.

Not to be confused withItalicization.
A leaflet from the period of Fascist Italianization prohibiting singing or speaking in the "Slavic language" in the streets and public places of Dignano (nowVodnjan,Croatia). Signed by theSquadristi(blackshirts), and threatening the use of "persuasive methods" in enforcement.

Italianization(Italian:italianizzazione[italjaniddzatˈtsjoːne];Croatian:talijanizacija;French:italianisation;Template:Lang-sl;German:Italianisierung;Greek:Ιταλοποίηση,romanized:Italopoíisi) is the spread ofItalian culture,languageandidentityby way of integration orassimilation.[1][2]It is also known for a process organized by theKingdom of Italyto force cultural and ethnic assimilation of the native populations living, primarily, in the formerAustro-Hungarianterritories that were transferred to Italy afterWorld War Iin exchange for Italy having joined theTriple Ententein 1915; this process was mainly conducted during the period ofFascist rulebetween 1922 and 1943.

Regions and populations affected

Between 1922 and the beginning ofWorld War II,the affected people were the German-speaking andLadin-speaking populations ofTrentino-Alto Adige,Friulians,and Slovenes and Croats in theJulian March.The program was later extended to areas annexed during World War II, affecting Slovenes in theProvince of Ljubljana,and Croats inGorski Kotarand coastalDalmatia,Greeks in theIonian islandsand, to a lesser extent, to the French- andArpitan-speaking regions of the western Alps (such as theAosta valley). On the other hand, other indigenous communities, such as inLombardy,Venetiaand the island ofSardinia,had already undergone cultural and linguistic Italianization starting from an earlier period.

Istria, Julian March and Dalmatia

Fascists burn the SlovenianNarodni dom( "National Home" ) in Trieste, 13 July 1920
Proportion ofIstrian ItaliansinIstriain 1910, per the Austro-Hungarian census.

The formerAustrian Littoral(later renamed theJulian March) was occupied by the Italian Army after theArmistice with Austria.Following the annexation of the March by Italy, 400[3]cultural, sporting (for exampleSokol), youth, social and professional Slavic organizations, and libraries ( "reading rooms" ), three political parties, 31 newspapers and journals, and 300 co-operatives and financial institutions had been forbidden, and specifically so later with the Law on Associations (1925), the Law on Public Demonstrations (1926) and the Law on Public Order (1926), the closure of the classical lyceum in Pazin, of the high school inVolosko(1918), the closure of the 488[3]Slovene and Croat primary schools followed.

The period of violent persecution of Slovenes inTriestebegan with riots on 13 April 1920, which were organised as a retaliation for the assault on the Italian occupying troops by the local Croatian population in the11 July Split incident.Many Slovene-owned shops and buildings were destroyed during the riots, which culminated in the burning down of theNarodni dom( "National Home" ), the community hall of the Triestine Slovenes, by a group of Italian Fascists, led byFrancesco Giunta.[4]Benito Mussolinipraised this action as a "masterpiece of the Triestine fascism". Two years later he became prime minister of Italy.[5]

In September 1920, Mussolini said:

When dealing with such a race as Slavic – inferior and barbaric – we must not pursue the carrot, but the stick policy. We should not be afraid of new victims. The Italian border should run across theBrenner Pass,Monte Nevosoand theDinaric Alps.I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians.

— Benito Mussolini,speech held inPola,20 September 1920[6]

This expressed a common Fascist opinion against the Croatian andSlovene minorityin the Julian March.[5]

Proportion ofDalmatian ItaliansinDalmatiain 1910, per the Austro-Hungarian census

Italian teachers were assigned to schools and the use ofCroatianandSlovenelanguages in the administration and in the courts restricted. After March 1923 these languages were prohibited in administration, and after October 1925 in law courts, as well. In 1923, in the context ofthe organic school reformprepared by the fascist ministerGiovanni Gentile,teaching in languages different from Italian was abolished. In the Julian March this meant the end of teaching in Croatian and Slovenian. Some 500 Slovene teachers, nearly half of all Slovene teachers in the Littoral region, were moved by the Italians from the area, to the interior of Italy, while Italian teachers were sent to teach Slovene children Italian.[7]However, inŠušnjevica(it: Valdarsa) the use ofIstro-Rumanian languagewas allowed after 1923.[8]

In 1926, claiming that it was restoring surnames to their original Italian form, the Italian government announced the Italianization of German, Slovene and Croat surnames.[9][10]In the Province of Trieste alone, 3,000 surnames were modified and 60,000 people had their surnames amended to an Italian-sounding form.[3]First or given names were also Italianized.

Slovene and Croat societies and sporting and cultural associations had to cease every activity in line with a decision of provincial Fascist secretaries dated 12 June 1927. On a specific order from the prefect of Trieste on 19 November 1928, theEdinostpolitical society was also dissolved. Croat and Slovene financial co-operatives in Istria, which at first were absorbed by the Pula or Trieste savings banks, were gradually liquidated.[11]

In 1927,Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli,the minister for public works infascistItaly, wrote inGerarchiamagazine, a Fascist publication, that "The Istrian muse named asFoibethose places suitable for burial of enemies of the national [Italian] characteristics of Istria ".[12][13][14][15]

The Slovenemilitant anti-FascistorganizationTIGRemerged in 1927. It co-ordinated the Slovene resistance against Fascist Italy until its dismantlement by theFascist secret policein 1941. At the time, some TIGR ex-members joined theSlovene Partisans.As a result of the repression, more than 100,000 Slovenes and Croats emigrated from Italian territory between the two world wars, the vast majority to Yugoslavia.[7]Among the notable Slovene émigrés from Trieste were the writersVladimir BartolandJosip Ribičič,the legal theoristBoris Furlan,and the architectViktor Sulčič.

During theItalian annexation of Dalmatia in World War II,Giuseppe Bastianiniimmediately gave way to a massive and violent Italianization of the annexed provinces: the political secretaries of the fascist party, of the after-work club, of the agricultural consortia and doctors, teachers, municipal employees, midwives were sent to administer them, immediately hated by those whose jobs they took away.[16]Italian was imposed as a compulsory language for officials and teachers, althoughSerbo-Croatianwas tolerated for communications within the civil administration.[17]In the major centres, various signs written in Croatian were replaced by writings in Italian, Croatian flags, newspapers and posters were prohibited except the bilingual ones published by the Italian civil and military authorities; cultural and sporting societies dissolved, the Roman salute imposed, some Italian surnames restored.[18]We also proceeded, as already inJulian MarchandSouth Tyrol,with the Italianization of geographical names, streets and squares.[17]A special office for the Adriatic lands offered loans and benefits to those willing to denationalize, and in the meantime purchased land to redistribute to former Italian combatants.[19]Scholarships were established for Dalmatians who wanted to continue their studies in Italy and 52 Dalmatian Italians and 211 Croatians and Serbs made use of them.[20]

South Tyrol

Main article:Italianization of South Tyrol
Ethnic distribution South Tyrol Census 1880. In green German majority, in blue Ladin majority and in red Italian majority

In 1919, at the time of its annexation,South Tyrolwas inhabited by almost 90%Germanspeakers.[21][22]In October 1923, the use of the Italian language became mandatory (although not exclusive) on all levels of federal, provincial and local government.[23]

Regulations by the fascist authorities required that all kinds of signs and public notices be in Italian only. Maps, postcards and other graphic material had to show Italian place names.[23]In September 1925, Italian became the sole permissible language in courts of law.[23]IllegalKatakombenschulen( "Catacomb schools" ) were set up by the local German-speaking majority to teach children the German language. The government created incentives to encourage immigration of native Italians to South Tyrol. Several factors limited the effects of the Italian policy, namely the adverse nature of the territory (mainly mountains and valleys of difficult access), the difficulty for the Italian-speaking individuals to adapt to a completely different environment and, later on, the alliance betweenGermanyand Italy: under the 1939South Tyrol Option Agreement,Adolf Hitlerand Benito Mussolini determined the status of theGerman peopleliving in the province. They either had to opt for emigration toGermanyor stay in Italy and become fully Italianized. Because of the outbreak ofWorld War II,this agreement was never fully implemented and most ethnic Germans remained or returned at the end of the war.

Following World War II, South Tyrol was one of the first regions to be granted autonomy on the ground of its peculiar linguistic situation; any further attempts at Italianization were formally abandoned.

In the 21st century, just over 100 years after the Italian annexation of the region,[24]64% of the population of South Tyrol speak German as theirfirstand everyday language.

Aosta Valley

Linguistic map of north-western Italy, of which the Aosta Valley is a part

Fascism tried to ItalianizeAosta Valley,suppressing the French-speaking schools, establishing the exclusive use of the Italian language in judicial offices (Royal Decree of 15 October 1925, n. 1796), suppressing the teaching of the French language (Royal Decree 22 November 1925, n. 2191), Italianizing toponyms (ordinance of 22 July 1939) and suppressing newspapers in French. Furthermore, with Royal Decree n. 1 of 2 January 1927, Aosta Valley became theprovince of Aostaincluding also part of the Italian-speakingCanavese.

A secret society was organized in the region for the defense of the Aosta Valley identity and the use of the French language, theLigue valdôtaine,whose founder was Anselme Réan, as well as apartisan activitywhich led to the Declaration ofChivasso,signed by the representatives of the communities Alpine in defense of their particularism. A member of the resistance, Émile Chanoux, arrested by the fascist militia, was assassinated in prison on the night of 18-19 May 1944.

Sardinia

In 1720, the island ofSardiniawas ceded toAlpineHouse of Savoy,which at the time already controlled a number of other states in the Italian mainland, most notablyPiedmont.The Savoyards had imposed the Italian language on Sardinia as part of a wider cultural policy designed to bind the island to the Mainland in such a way as to prevent either future attempts of political separation or curb a renewed interest on the part ofSpain.In fact, the complex linguistic composition of the nativeislanders,theretofore extraneous to Italian and its cultural sphere, had been previously roofed bySpanishas the prestige language of the upper class for centuries; in this context, Italianization, while difficult at first, was intended as a cultural policy whereby the social and economic structures of the island could become increasingly intertwined with the Mainland and expressly Piedmont, where the Kingdom's central power lay.[25]The 1847Perfect Fusion,performed with an assimilationist intent[26]and politically analogous to theActs of UnionbetweenBritainandIreland,determined the conventional moment wherefrom, according to Antonietta Dettori, theSardinian languageceased to be regarded as an identity marker of a specific ethnic group, and was instead lumped in with a dialectal conglomerate which, in the Mainland, had long been subordinate to the national language.[27][28]The jurist Carlo Baudi di Vesme, in his 1848 essayConsiderazioni politiche ed economiche sulla Sardegna,stated that Sardinian was one of the most significant barriers separating the islanders from the Italian Mainland, and only the suppression of their dialects could ensure that they might understand the governmental instructions, issued in Italian, and become properly "civilized" subjects of the Savoyard Kingdom.[29]

Sardinian languages

However, it was not until the rise of fascism that Sardinian was actively banned and/or excluded from any residual cultural activities to enforce a thoroughshiftto Italian.[30][31]According to Guido Melis, the resulting assimilation created "an intergenerational rift that could no longer be healed".[32]

After the end of the Second World War, efforts continued to be made to further Italianize the population, with the justification that by doing so, as the principles of themodernization theoryran, the island could rid itself of the "ancient traditional practices" which held it back, regarded as a legacy of barbarism to be disposed of at once in order to join the Mainland's economic growth;[33]Italianization had thus become a mass phenomenon, taking roots in the hitherto predominantly Sardinian-speaking villages.[34]To many Sardinians, abandoning their language and acquiring Italian as a cultural norm represented a means through which they could distance themselves from their original group, which they perceived as marginalized and lacking in prestige, and thereby incorporate themselves into an altogether different social group.[35]The Sardinians have been thus led to part with their language as it bore the mark of a stigmatized identity,[36]the embodiment of a long-suffered social and political subordination in a chained society, as opposed to the social advancement granted them by embracing Italian;[37]such social stigma went beyond the Sardinian language itself to also encompass the Sardinian-influenced accent when speaking Italian, which, unlike other accents, was equally considered uncouth and befitting criminals, or ignorance.[38]Research on ethnolinguistic prejudice has pointed to feelings of inferiority amongst the Sardinians in relation with mainlanders and the Italian language, perceived as a symbol of continental superiority and cultural dominance.[39]Many indigenous cultural practices were to go extinct, shifting towards other forms of socialization.[34]

Within a few generations Sardinian, as well asAlghero'sCatalan dialect,would become aminority languagespoken by fewer and fewer Sardinian families, the majority of whom have turned intomonolingualandmonoculturalItalians.[40][41]This process has been slower to take hold in the countryside than in the main cities, where it has become most evident instead.[42]

Nowadays, the Sardinians are linguistically and culturally assimilated into Italian and, despite the official recognition conferred to Sardinian by the national law in 1999, according to Giulio Paulis "identify with their language to lesser degree than other linguistic minorities in Italy, and instead seem to identify with Italian to a higher degree than other linguistic minorities in Italy".[43][28]It is estimated that around 10 to 13 percent of the young people born in Sardinia are still competent in Sardinian,[44][45]and the language is currently used exclusively by 0.6% of the total population.[46]A 2012 study conducted by theUniversity of CagliariandEdinburghfound that the interviewees from Sardinia with the strongest sense of Italian identity were also those expressing the most unfavourable opinion towards Sardinian.[47]

Dodecanese islands

The twelve major islands of theDodecanese,of which the largest is Rhodos, were ruled by Italy between 1912 and 1945. After a period of military rule, civil governors were appointed in 1923 shortly after Fascists began to rule Italy and Italians were settled on the islands. The first governor,Mario Lago,encouraged intermarriage between Italian settlers and Greeks, provided scholarships for young Greeks to study in Italy and set up a Dodecanese church to limit the influence of theGreek Orthodox Church.Fascist youth organizations were introduced on the islands, and the Italianization of names was encouraged by the Italian authorities. The islanders did not, however, receive full citizenship and were not required to serve in the Italian armed forces. The population was allowed to elect their own mayors. Lagos' successor,Cesare Maria De Vecchi,embarked on a forced Italianization campaign in 1936. TheItalian languagebecame compulsory in education and public life, with Greek being only an optional subject in schools. In 1937 the elected mayors were replaced by appointed loyal fascists. In 1938, the newItalian Racial Lawswere introduced to the islands.[48]

Ionian Islands

The cultural remnants of the Venetian period were Mussolini's pretext to incorporate the Ionian Islands into the Kingdom of Italy.[49]Even before the outbreak of World War II and theGreek-Italian 1940-1941 Winter War,Mussolini had expressed his wish to annex the Ionian Islands as an Italian province.[50]After the fall of Greece in early April 1941, the Italians occupied much of the country, including the Ionians. Mussolini informedGeneral Carlo Gelosothat the Ionian Islands would form a separate Italian province through a de facto annexation, but the Germans would not approve it. Nevertheless, the Italian authorities continued to prepare the ground for the annexation. Finally, on 22 April 1941, after discussions between the German and Italian rulers, Hitler agreed that Italy could proceed with a de facto annexation of the islands. Thus on 10 August 1941 the islands ofCorfu,Cephalonia,Zakynthos,Lefkadaand some minor islands were officially annexed by Italy as part of theGrande Communità del Nuovo Impero Romano(Great Community of the New Roman Empire).

As soon as the fascist governorPiero Parinihad installed himself onCorfuhe vigorously began a forced Italianization policy that lasted until the end of the war.[51]The islands passed through a phase of Italianization in all areas, from their administration to their economy. Italian was designated the islands' only official language; a new currency, the Ionian drachma, was introduced with the aim to hamper trade with the rest of Greece, which was forbidden by Parini. Transportation with continental Greece was limited; in the courts, judges had to apply Italian law, and schooling followed the educational model of the Italian mainland. Greek administrative officials were replaced by Italian ones, administrative officials of non-Ionic origin were expelled, the local gendarmes were partially replaced by ItalianCarabinieri,although Parini initially allowed the Greek judges to continue their work, they were ultimately replaced by an Italian Military Court based in Corfu. The "return to the Venetian order" and the Italianization as pursued by Parini were even more drastic than the Italianization policies elsewhere, as their aim was a forced and abrupt cessation of all cultural and historical ties with the old mother country. The only newspaper on the islands was the Italian language "Giornale del Popolo".[51][52][53][54]By early 1942 pre-war politicians in the Ionian Islands began to protest Parini's harsh policies. Parini reacted by opening a concentration camp on the island ofPaxi,to which two more camps were added onOthonoiandLazarettoislands. Parini's police troops arrested about 3,500 people, which were imprisoned at these three camps.[51]The Italianization efforts in the Ionian islands ended in September 1943, after thearmistice of Cassibile.

References

  1. ^"Processo di assimilazione alla cultura italiana.""Italianizzazione".Dizionario della Lingua Italiana Sabatini Coletti.
  2. ^«1) Trans.: Rendere italiano; comunicare, trasfondere la cultura, i sentimenti, gli ideali, le abitudini, le leggi e il linguaggio propri degli Italiani. 2) Far assumere una forma italiana a un nome, a un vocabolo, a una struttura letteraria; adattare secondo le leggi fonetiche, morfologiche, grammaticali della lingua italiana; tradurre in italiano. 3) Intr. con la particella pronom.: Diventare italiano; uniformarsi ai modi, alle tradizioni, alle abitudini, alle leggi degli Italiani; assimilarne i sentimenti, le aspirazioni, gli ideali.» Battaglia, Salvatore (1961).Grande dizionario della lingua italiana,UTET, Torino, V. VIII, p.625.
  3. ^abcCresciani, Gianfranco (2004)Clash of civilisationsArchived2020-05-06 at theWayback Machine,Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 4
  4. ^"90 let od požiga Narodnega doma v Trstu: Požig Narodnega doma ali šentjernejska noč tržaških Slovencev in Slovanov"[90 Years From the Arson of the National Hall in Trieste: Arson of the National Hall or the St. Bartholomew's Night of the Triestine Slovenes and Slavs].Primorski dnevnik[The Littoral Daily] (in Slovenian). 2010. pp. 14–15.COBISS11683661.Archived fromthe originalon 14 October 2012.Retrieved28 February2012.
  5. ^abSestani, Armando, ed. (10 February 2012)."Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi"[The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses].Gli esuli istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca[The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca] (in Italian). Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca. pp. 12–13.
  6. ^Verginella, Marta (2011)."Antislavismo, razzismo di frontiera?".Aut aut(in Italian). Il Saggiatore.ISBN9788865761069.
  7. ^ab"dLib.si – Izseljevanje iz Primorske med obema vojnama".www.dlib.si.Retrieved2020-04-08.
  8. ^PUŞCARIU, Sextil. Studii istroromâne. Vol. II, București: 1926
  9. ^Regio decreto legge 10 Gennaio 1926, n. 17: Restituzione in forma italiana dei cognomi delle famiglie della provincia di Trento
  10. ^Mezulić, Hrvoje; R. Jelić (2005) Fascism, baptiser and scorcher (O Talijanskoj upravi u Istri i Dalmaciji 1918–1943.: nasilno potalijančivanje prezimena, imena i mjesta), Dom i svijet, Zagreb,ISBN953-238-012-4
  11. ^A Historical Outline Of IstriaArchived2008-01-11 at theWayback Machine
  12. ^Gerarchia,vol. IX, 1927:"La musa istriana ha chiamato Foiba degno posto di sepoltura per chi nella provincia d'Istria minaccia le caratteristiche nazionali dell'Istria"(in Serbian)[1]
  13. ^(in Serbian)http://www.danas.rs/20050217/dijalog1.htmlArchived2012-03-03 at theWayback Machine
  14. ^(in Italian)http://www.lavocedifiore.org/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1692
  15. ^(in Italian)http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/3901/1/176/Archived2009-02-07 at theWayback Machine
  16. ^G. Zanussi,Guerra e catastrofe d'Italia,volume I, pagina 233
  17. ^abMarina Cattaruzza,L'Italia e il confine orientale, 1866-2006,Bologna, Il Mulino, 2007, pagina 213
  18. ^Giorgio Bocca,Storia d'Italia nella guerra fascista 1940-1943,Mondadori; pag. 404
  19. ^Giorgio Bocca,Storia d'Italia nella guerra fascista 1940-1943,Mondadori; pagg. 404-405
  20. ^Burgwy,Empire on the Adriatic,pag. 116
  21. ^Oscar Benvenuto (ed.): "South Tyrol in Figures 2008 ", Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol,Bozen/Bolzano 2007, p. 19, Table 11
  22. ^Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair (2017).A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015.Oxford, Bern, New York:Peter Lang.pp. 417+.ISBN978-3-0343-2240-9.
  23. ^abcSteininger, Rolf (2003)South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century,Routledge, pp. 23-24
  24. ^"astat info Nr. 38"(PDF).Table 1 — Declarations of which language group belong to/affiliated to — Population Census 2011.Retrieved2012-06-12.
  25. ^Omar Onnis (2015).La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo.Arkadia. p. 143.
  26. ^According to Pietro Martini, who stood at the forefront for the cause and rose to become one of its leading exponents, the Fusion may have opened the way to "the transplant, without any reserves and obstacles, of the culture and civilization of the Italian Mainland to Sardinia, and thereby form a single civil family under a Father better than a King, the great Charles Albert". (Pietro Martini (1847).Sull'unione civile della Sardegna colla Liguria, col Piemonte e colla Savoia.Cagliari: Timon. p. 4.)
  27. ^«...la 'lingua della sarda nazione' perse il valore di strumento di identificazione etnica di un popolo e della sua cultura, da codificare e valorizzare, per diventare uno dei tanti dialetti regionali subordinati alla lingua nazionale. "Dettori, Antonietta, 2001. Sardo e italiano: tappe fondamentali di un complesso rapporto, in Argiolas, Mario; Serra, Roberto. Limba lingua language: lingue locali, standardizzazione e identità in Sardegna nell'era della globalizzazione, Cagliari, CUEC, p. 88
  28. ^abNaomi Wells (2012).Multilinguismo nello Stato-Nazione, in Contarini, Silvia; Marras, Margherita; Pias, Giuliana. L'identità sarda del XXI secolo tra globale, locale e postcoloniale.Nuoro: Il Maestrale. p. 158.
  29. ^Carlo Baudi di Vesme (1848).Considerazioni politiche ed economiche sulla Sardegna.Dalla Stamperia Reale. pp. 49–51.
  30. ^"Dopo pisani e genovesi si erano susseguiti aragonesi di lingua catalana, spagnoli di lingua castigliana, austriaci, piemontesi ed, infine, italiani [...] Nonostante questi impatti linguistici, la" limba sarda "si mantiene relativamente intatta attraverso i secoli. [...] Fino al fascismo: che vietò l'uso del sardo non solo in chiesa, ma anche in tutte le manifestazioni folkloristiche.» De Concini, Wolftraud (2003).Gli altri d'Italia: minoranze linguistiche allo specchio,Pergine Valsugana: Comune, pp. 195-196.
  31. ^Omar Onnis (2015).La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo.Arkadia. p. 204.
  32. ^Guido Melis, La Sardegna contemporanea, in Manlio Brigaglia (1982).La Sardegna. La geografia, la storia, l'arte e la letteratura.1. Cagliari: Edizioni Della Torre. p. 132.
  33. ^Omar Onnis (2015).La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo.Arkadia. pp. 215–216.
  34. ^abOmar Onnis (2015).La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo.Arkadia. p. 216.
  35. ^"Come conseguenza dell'italianizzazione dell'isola – a partire dalla seconda metà del XVIII secolo ma con un'accelerazione dal secondo dopoguerra – si sono verificati i casi in cui, per un lungo periodo e in alcune fasce della popolazione, si è interrotta la trasmissione transgenerazionale delle varietà locali. [...] Potremmo aggiungere che in condizioni socioeconomiche di svantaggio l'atteggiamento linguistico dei parlanti si è posto in maniera negativa nei confronti della propria lingua, la quale veniva associata ad un'immagine negativa e di ostacolo per la promozione sociale. [...] Un gran numero di parlanti, per marcare la distanza dal gruppo sociale di appartenenza, ha piano piano abbandonato la propria lingua per servirsi della lingua dominante e identificarsi in un gruppo sociale differente e più prestigioso.» Gargiulo, Marco (2013). La politica e la storia linguistica della Sardegna raccontata dai parlanti, in Lingue e diritti. Lingua come fattore di integrazione politica e sociale, Minoranze storiche e nuove minoranze, Atti a cura di Paolo Caretti e Andrea Cardone, Accademia della Crusca, Firenze, pp. 132-133
  36. ^«La tendenza che caratterizza invece molti gruppi dominati è quella di gettare a mare i segni che indicano la propria appartenenza a un'identità stigmatizzata. È quello che accade in Sardegna con la sua lingua (capp. 8-9, in questo volume). "Mongili, Alessandro (2015).Topologie postcoloniali. Innovazione e modernizzazione in Sardegna,Chapt. 1:Indicible è il sardo
  37. ^"...Per la più gran parte dei parlanti, la lingua sarda è sinonimo o comunque connotato di un passato misero e miserabile che si vuole dimenticare e di cui ci si vuole liberare, è il segno della subordinazione sociale e politica; la lingua di classi più che subalterne e per di più legate a modalità di vita ormai ritenuta arcaica e pertanto non desiderabile, la lingua degli antichi e dei bifolchi, della ristrettezza e della chiusura paesane contro l'apertura, nazionale e internazionale, urbana e civile." Virdis, Maurizio (2003).La lingua sarda oggi: bilinguismo, problemi di identità culturale e realtà scolastica,cit. inConvegno dalla lingua materna al plurilinguismo,Gorizia, 4.
  38. ^For Sardinian language, (almost) all work is yet to be done
  39. ^"It turns out that the Italian: Sardinian dichotomy is not so much realized in the form of affective group-images, but that Italian is generally perceived as symbolizing continental superiority and cultural dominance. In her dissertation on ethnolinguistic prejudice, Diana (1981) points to the feelings of inferiority Sardinians have in relation to Italians.»Rebecca Posner, John N. Green (1993).Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance.De Gruyter Mouton. p. 279.
  40. ^«Gli effetti di una italianizzazione esasperata - iniziata e voluta dai Savoia fin dal lontano 1861 con l'Unità d'Italia - riprendevano fiato e vigore, mentre il vocabolario sardo andava ormai alleggerendosi, tagliando molti di quei termini perché non più appropriati alla tecnologia emergente o perché lontani dalla dalla mentalità e dall'azione delle nuove generazioni che andavano ormai identificandosi nella lingua e nella cultura imposte dal "sistema" italiano, che ignorava la lingua e la cultura dei nostri padri.» Melis Onnis, Giovanni (2014).Fueddariu sardu campidanesu-italianu,Domus de Janas, Presentazione
  41. ^«...se è vero che la lingua è memoria attiva, struttura del ragionamento, cosmo delle emozioni; altrimenti tutto ciò che ci appartiene rischia di esser visto, anche e proprio a casa nostra, da noi stessi voglio dire, con gli occhi dello straniero che guarda l'esotico: e non esagero nel dire ciò, nei centri urbani e nei ceti urbanizzati si pensa alle cose della tradizione o della specificità sarda con le parole della pubblicità di un agenzia turistica. [...] Bisogna partire dal constatare che il processo di 'desardizzazione' culturale ha trovato spunto e continua a trovare alimento nella desardizzazione linguistica, e che l'espropriazione culturale è venuta e viene a rimorchio dell'espropriazione linguistica. "Virdis, Maurizio (2003).La lingua sarda oggi: bilinguismo, problemi di identità culturale e realtà scolastica,cit. inConvegno dalla lingua materna al plurilinguismo,Gorizia, 5-6.
  42. ^"The results of the Oristano surveys seem to show that the change in the use of the two languages is taking place very quickly ([...]), while the detailed studies of Ottava and Bonorva (Province of Sassari) show that Italianization in the countryside is hampered by the lack of social mobility and by the normative pressure of the rural Sardinian-speaking community network."Rosita Rinler Shjerve (1997).Kontaktlinguistik / Contact Linguistics / Linguistique de contact, v. 2.Berlin & New-York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1379.
  43. ^"[I sardi] si identificano con loro lingua meno di quanto facciano altre minoranze linguistiche esistenti in Italia, e viceversa sembrano identificarsi con l'italiano più di quanto accada per altre minoranze linguistiche d'Italia." Paulis, Giulio (2001).Il sardo unificato e la teoria della panificazione linguistica,in Argiolas, Mario; Serra, Roberto,Limba lingua language: lingue locali, standardizzazione e identità in Sardegna nell'era della globalizzazione,Cagliari, CUEC, p. 16)
  44. ^Coretti, Paolo, 04/11/2010, La Nuova Sardegna,Per salvare i segni dell'identità
  45. ^Piras, Luciano, 05/02/2019, La Nuova Sardegna,Silanus diventa la capitale dei vocabolari dialettali
  46. ^ISTAT, lingue e dialetti, tavole
  47. ^Gianmario Demuro; Francesco Mola (2013). Ilenia Ruggiu (ed.).Identità e autonomia in Sardegna e Scozia.Santarcangelo di Romagna: Maggioli Editore. pp. 38–39.
  48. ^Aegeannet, The Dodecanese under Italian RuleArchived2011-07-21 at theWayback Machine
  49. ^Rodogno, Davide (2003).Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo: le politiche di occupazione dell'Italia fascista in Europa (1940 - 1943)(1. ed.). Torino: Bollati Boringhieri. p. 586.ISBN978-8833914329.
  50. ^MacGregor, Knox (1986).Mussolini Unleashed, 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War.Cambridge University Press. p. 140.ISBN978-0521338356.
  51. ^abcCommissione Italiana di Storia Militare (1993).L'Italia in Guerra - Il Terzo Anno 1942.Rome: Italian Ministry of Defense. p. 370.Retrieved5 November2016.
  52. ^Vallianatos, Markos (2014).The untold history of Greek collaboration with Nazi Germany (1941–1944).Lulu.com. p. 74.ISBN978-1304845795.
  53. ^Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare (1993).L'Italia in Guerra – Il Terzo Anno 1942.Rome: Italian Ministry of Defense. p. 370.Retrieved5 November2016.
  54. ^Rodogno, Davide (3 August 2006).Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521845151.
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