Lijiang
Lijiang
Lệ giang thị Likiang | |
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![]() | |
![]() Location of Lijiang City jurisdiction in Yunnan | |
Coordinates (Lijiang municipal government):26°51′19″N100°13′33″E/ 26.8552°N 100.2259°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Province | Yunnan |
Admin HQ | Gucheng |
Area | |
•Prefecture-level city | 20,557 km2(7,937 sq mi) |
• Urban | 1,264 km2(488 sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,264 km2(488 sq mi) |
Elevation | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) |
Population (2020 census)[1] | |
•Prefecture-level city | 1,253,878 |
• Density | 61/km2(160/sq mi) |
•Urban | 288,787 |
• Urban density | 230/km2(590/sq mi) |
•Metro | 288,787 |
• Metro density | 230/km2(590/sq mi) |
GDP[2] | |
•Prefecture-level city | CN¥62 billion US$9.1 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 49,768 US$ 7,340 |
Time zone | UTC+08:00(China Standard) |
Postal code | 674100 |
Area code | 0888 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-YN-07 |
Licence plate prefixes | Vân P |
Website | lijiang |
Lijiang | |||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() "Lijiang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | Lệ giang | ||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | Lệ giang | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Lijiang(Chinese:Lệ giang),formerly romanizedasLikiang,is aprefecture-level cityin the northwest ofYunnan Province,China. It has an area of 21,219 square kilometres (8,193 sq mi) and had a population of 1,253,878 at the 2020 census whom 288,787 lived in the built-up area (metro) made ofGucheng District.Lijiang is famous for itsUNESCO Heritage Site,theOld Town of Lijiang,which contains a mixture of different historical architecture styles and a complex, ancient water-supply system.[3]
History
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Schwarzer_Drachenteich_Park_-_Lijiang.png/220px-Schwarzer_Drachenteich_Park_-_Lijiang.png)
As far back as 100,000 years ago, people of the late Paleolithic were active in what is now Lijiang. The discovery of cave paintings in the Jinsha River Valley along with numerous neolithic stone tools and later artifacts of Bronze and Iron Age provenance prove Lijiang to have been one of the most important centres of ancient human activity in southwest China.
The Baisha Old Town was the political, commercial and cultural center for the localNaxipeople and other ethnic groups for 450 years from the year 658 AD to 1107AD. The Dabaoji Palace of the Baisha Fresco, very close to the Baisha Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute, was built in the year 658 AD in theTang dynasty(618 AD to 907 AD).
In ancient times, the Baisha Old Town used to be the center ofsilkembroidery in the southwest of China and the most important place of the Ancient SouthernSilk Road,also called the Ancient Tea and Horse Road orAncient tea route.[4]The Ancient Southern Silk Road started fromBurma,crossed Lijiang,Shangri-La County,Tibet,continued throughIran,theFertile Crescentbefore finally reaching theMediterranean Sea.
The Kingdom of Lijiang submitted toKhubilai Khanas he led his troops against theDali kingdomin 1253.[5]Though the kingdom was incorporated into theMongol empirethen theYuan dynasty,it was given the status oftusi,or indigenous office, which gave autonomy to the local Naxi rulers. During the Ming dynasty, the Naxi were one of the few border peoples to support the Ming immediately.[5]As the Naxi helped the Ming expand in Southwest China the ruler family was given the title of Mu. During this period the Kingdom of Lijiang was able to expand into Sichuan and Tibet bringing many Tibetan peoples into its territory as well as their cultural and religious influence.[5]It was under the rule of the Naxi ruling house of theMu family(Mộc thị) during the Yuan (not yet named Mu),Ming,andQing dynasties.[6]The Mu "held this position until 1723, when Lijiang became directly incorporated under the authority of the Qing central government."[5]
In 2002 Lijiang City was established, replacing the former Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County.
Geography and climate
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Geography
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Baoshan_%2850806418871%29.jpg/220px-Baoshan_%2850806418871%29.jpg)
Lijiang is located in the northwestern portion of Yunnan and bordersSichuan.It is within the region encompassed by theHengduan Mountains,where theQinghai-Tibet PlateauandYunnan-Guizhou Plateauconverge. It borders Sichuan Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua City to the east, and Jianchuan, Heqing and Binchuan three of the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in the south. County and Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture Dayao and Yongren counties, west and north are adjacent to Lanping County of Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Weixi County of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The city has a total area of 20,600 square kilometers and governs the ancient city, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Yongsheng County, Huaping County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County.[7]
Climate
Owing to its low latitude and high elevation, the city centre of Lijiang experiences a mildsubtropical highland climate(KöppenCwb). Winters are mild and very dry and sunny (>70% possible sunshine), although average lows in December and January are just below the freezing mark; January, the coolest month, with 24-hour average temperature of 6.7 °C (44.1 °F). Spring begins early and remains dry and sunny until late May, when there is a dramatic uptick in frequency and amount of rainfall that lasts until late September. Summers are warm, rainy (more so than it is sunny) and damp, with June, the warmest month, averaging 19.1 °C (66.4 °F). Autumn sees an abrupt reduction in rainfall and return to sunniness. The annual mean temperature is 13.3 °C (55.9 °F), while precipitation averages 968 mm (38.1 in), around 80% of which occurs from June to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29% in July to 80% in December, the city receives 2,412 hours of bright sunshine annually.
Climate data for Lijiang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
13.3 (56.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 5.0 (0.20) |
5.4 (0.21) |
12.9 (0.51) |
19.9 (0.78) |
68.8 (2.71) |
146.8 (5.78) |
253.4 (9.98) |
228.7 (9.00) |
157.1 (6.19) |
56.5 (2.22) |
11.6 (0.46) |
2.0 (0.08) |
968.1 (38.12) |
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.3 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 12.3 | 18.3 | 23.6 | 22.5 | 19.8 | 10.7 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 129.3 |
Average snowy days | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 3.9 |
Averagerelative humidity(%) | 44 | 43 | 45 | 49 | 58 | 70 | 80 | 82 | 82 | 72 | 60 | 51 | 61 |
Mean monthlysunshine hours | 256.7 | 233.3 | 246.0 | 235.1 | 212.8 | 159.9 | 119.6 | 134.8 | 125.5 | 192.4 | 236.3 | 259.3 | 2,411.7 |
Percentpossible sunshine | 78 | 73 | 66 | 61 | 51 | 39 | 29 | 34 | 34 | 55 | 74 | 80 | 56 |
Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[8][9] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather China[10] |
Administrative divisions
The government of Lijiang City sits in Gucheng District.
Lijiang City comprises onedistrictand fourcounties:
Map | ||||||
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# | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
1 | Gucheng District | Cổ thành khu | Gǔchéng Qū | 211,151 | 1,127 | 187 |
2 | Yongsheng County | Vĩnh thắng huyện | Yǒngshèng Xiàn | 392,024 | 5,099 | 77 |
3 | Huaping County | Hoa bình huyện | Huápíng Xiàn | 168,028 | 2,266 | 74 |
4 | Yulong Nakhi Autonomous County | Ngọc long nạp tây tộc tự trị huyện | Yùlóng Nàxīzú Zìzhìxiàn | 214,697 | 6,521 | 33 |
5 | Ninglang Yi Autonomous County | Ninh lang di tộc tự trị huyện | Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 258,869 | 6,206 | 42 |
Demography
Lijiang is a multi-ethnic settlement. TheNaxi(originally from northwestern China and with aTibeto-Burmanlanguage and pictographic characters of their own) are mainly distributed in Lijiang, with a population of about 230,000 (includingMosuo,which is different from most Naxi people. They belong to a matrilineal clan, and the locals call itwalking marriage). There are alsoYi,Lisu,Hua Lisu and other nationalities. Lijiang has the onlyNaxiautonomous county in China. The residents in the county are mainly Naxi, and there are alsoBai,Yi,Lisu,Pumiand other minorities. Among them, theDongbaof the Naxi nationality is known as the only "livingpictograph"in the world that has been preserved intact.
Among the resident population in 2010, theHanpopulation was 537,893, accounting for 43.21% of the total population; theethnic minoritiespopulation was 706,876, accounting for 56.79% of the total population.
National name | Han | Yi | Naxi | Lisu | Bai | Pumi | Dai | Miao | Tibetan | Hui | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 537893 | 243400 | 240580 | 115730 | 52071 | 20400 | 11236 | 6884 | 5199 | 4615 | 6761 |
Proportion of total population (%) | 43.21 | 19.55 | 19.33 | 9.30 | 4.18 | 1.64 | 0.90 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.54 |
Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 34.43 | 34.03 | 16.37 | 7.37 | 2.89 | 1.59 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.96 |
Local culture
![]() | This article mayrequirecleanupto meet Wikipedia'squality standards.The specific problem is:Unintelligible text, appears to have all been machine translated.(October 2018) |
Minority ethnic culture
The Naxi people have their own language. The Naxi language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is roughly divided into two dialects by the Jinsha River. The dialects cannot talk to each other. The standard language of Naxi language is based on the dialect of the western dialect of Naxi language, and the voice of Dayan Town of Lijiang City is the standard sound. In the long history of the Naxi people, there have been Dongbawen and Gobawen characters. "Dongbawen" is a hieroglyph created by the Naxi people more than a thousand years ago (before the Tang dynasty). It consists of pictographic symbols, phonetic symbols and additional symbols. It is the only living hieroglyph in the world that is still circulating in the folk. The Naxi people generally live in dam areas, river valleys and half-mountain areas. The private housing in the dam area is mostly a tiled house with civil structures. The pattern is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and the mountainous areas are mostly low wooden raft houses, which are covered with wooden boards. The Naxi people love singing and dancing, and there are often mass songs and dances in production labor and national festivals. The "Three Festivals" at the beginning of the lunar calendar in early February is the most traditional festival of the people of Lijiang Naxi.[12]
- Mosuo
Mosuois used to living in the mountains and waters. The houses are all made of wood. The traditional festivals of the Mosuo people include the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Chaoshan Festival, the Ancestor Festival, the Sacrifice God Festival, and the Festival of Land Festival. Among them, the Spring Festival and the Chaoshan Festival are the most solemn. Mosuo people can sing and dance.[12]
The Yi people have a long history, and their ancestors are "Kunming" people who have a relationship with them. They were called "Wu Man" in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Yi people have their own language and words. The language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are six dialects. The Xiaoliangshan Yi people belong to the northern dialect Shizha. Originally an ancient ideogram, some people think it is a pictographic syllable. In the history of the Yi people, they wrote historical, literary, astronomical and medical books, religious classics and so on. Most of the Yi villages are surrounded by mountains and waters, and the environment is beautiful. Generally, there are two or 30 households, and three or five households or single households are rare. The people living in Xiaoliangshan are generally low in order to avoid the cold of the mountains. Mostly, it is a timber frame with a multi-column landing structure. The four walls are made of wood or fenced with bamboo and wood. There are many festivals for the Yi people, such as the Lunar Festival, the 15th Festival, the February 8th, and the March 3rd Festival, especially the Torch Festival.[12]
The Lisu language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Lisu people live in a high-slope area. Due to the influence of the terrain and habits, there are no villages that live in dozens of houses. Generally, there are dozens of households on two or three hills as a village. The villages are far apart, and the houses are mainly wooden rafts. The Lisu people have oral songs and long poems, as well as many myths and legends. Every December, the people of Huaping and other places will hold a grand ceremony to celebrate the "Wide Season" (New Year's Day). There are also the Dragon Boat Festival "Hangshan Festival" and Lixia "Holy Water Festival" in Lijiang Dawn Township.[12]
The language of the Pumi people belongs to the Yi language branch of the Tibetan-Burmese language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The local dialects have little difference and generally can talk to each other. There are no words in the Pumi people. The Pumi people inNinglangandMuliused to spell the Pumi language in Tibetan language to record historical legends and songs, but they are not popular and are now widely used in Chinese. The Pumi people live in a multi-clan, mostly on the mountainside, and the houses are mostly the layout of the wooden courtyard. The Pumi people have their own unique culture and art. Among them, the myths, legends and stories are the most numerous. The Pumi people can sing and dance. In the event of a wedding or funeral festival, a "song to the song" competition is held. Pumi men also like sports such as shooting, archery, wrestling, and martial arts. The most popular national traditional festival of the Pumi is the "Ohwa Festival" (the New Year) on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition, there is the "Turning Sea Festival" on the 15th of the first month, and the "Taste of the New Festival" in the spring and autumn harvest season.[12]
Cuisine
- Salad of Jidou Pea Jelly (Kê đậu lương phấn)
Salad of Jidou pea jelly is a traditional food that Naxi loves. It is produced in Lijiangba and belongs to the yellow bean family. Because it is shaped like a chicken head, it is called chicken pea powder. The beans are milled into vermicelli, the color is gray-green, fried, the salad is very tasty, and the fragrance is delicious. It is a dish on the Naxi table.[13]
- Lijiang Baba (Lệ giang ba ba)
Lijiang Baba is the local fine wheat noodles, plus ham, chemical oil, sugar and other condiments, and mix thoroughly to form a layer. Eat a golden crisp, sweet and delicious, oily but not greasy.[13]
- Naxi Barbecue (Nạp tây thiêu khảo)
Naxi barbecue is a traditional carbace dish popular on Lijiang Tea Horse Road. The main ingredient is pork belly. The skin is golden and crisp, fat but not greasy, thin and not firewood, and the taste is crisp.[13]
- Crossing-the-Bridge Noodles (Quá kiều mễ tuyến)
Crossing-the-Bridge Noodles is a rice noodle soup from the Yunnan province, it has over 100 years of history. The dish is served with a large bowl of boiling hot broth and the soup ingredients. The soup is made with chicken, pork bone and seasoning, such as Chinese star anise and ginger. Also, using a layer of chicken fat to insulate the soup and therefore keep it warm for longer.[13]
- Erkuai (Nhị khối)
Erkuai is a type of rice cake, the name literally means "ear piece," a reference to the shape of one of its common forms. It is often served stir-fried with vegetables, and málà sauce, which is a mixture of dried red chilis, Sichuan pepper, and salt.[13]
Transportation
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lijiang_Sanyi_Airport_2016_5.jpg/220px-Lijiang_Sanyi_Airport_2016_5.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lijiang_Railway_Station%2C_Yunnan.jpg/220px-Lijiang_Railway_Station%2C_Yunnan.jpg)
Airport
- Lijiang Sanyi International Airport(LJG): Lijiang Airport is located in the south of Lijiang city, 28 km (17 mi) away from downtown. There is an airport shuttle bus service in downtown Lijiang. The airport was opened in July 1995 and has flights toKunming,Chengdu,Xishuangbanna,Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Wuhan,Shenzhen,Xiamen via Chongqing andGuiyang.It also offers chartered airplane service. There are flights from Kunming to Lijiang every day and is about 30 minutes flight time.
Road
- G5611 Dali–Lijiang Expressway
- There are bus services to, amongst others,Kunming(8 hrs),Dali(3 hrs), theTiger Leaping GorgeandShangri-La.
- Lijiang has severalbridges over the Jinsha River,including the Jinlong Bridge, built in 1936, the oldest over the Yangtze.
Railway
Lijiang railway stationis currently the terminus of theDali–Lijiang railway,which heads south. TheLijiang–Shangri-La railway,currently under construction, will extend this line north toShangri-La.
- There is a train service to Kunming with one overnight and two day trains, and one day train to Dali.
- As of early 2019, a high speed train linking Lijiang to Kunming was introduced. Three pairs of high speed trains are operated betweenLijiang railway stationandKunming railway station/Kunming South railway station.It takes around 3–3.5 hours to finish the journey and the ticket fare is CNY 197–220 for a second class seat.
- There are over 5 pairs of conventional speed trains running between Lijiang and Kunming. The distance is about 517 km (321 mi), requiring 8.5 – 9.5 hours for a one-way trip. A hard sleeper costs CNY 186.5.
- TheLijiang–Shangri-La railwayfrom Lijiang toShangri-Lais expected to open in late 2021.
Tram
- Line 1 of Lijiang Tram started construction in October 2019.[14]
Major tourist attractions
Old Town of Lijiang
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Old_Town_of_Lijiang_%2821183527932%29.jpg/220px-Old_Town_of_Lijiang_%2821183527932%29.jpg)
Old Town of Lijiang(Lệ giang cổ trấn) is a national historical and cultural city. It was built in the late Song dynasty (late 13th century AD). It is located in the middle of Lijiang Dam. It is the most preserved and most Naxi-style ancient town in China. It is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. At an altitude of 2,416 meters, the city covers an area of 3.8 square kilometers. In December 1997, it was included in the “World Cultural Heritage” list by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.[15]
Lugu Lake
Lugu Lake(Lô cô hồ) is 2,680 meters above sea level, with an area of more than 50 square kilometers. The average lake depth is 45 meters and the deepest is 93 meters. The lake is clear and blue, with a visibility of 12–14 meters. It is one of the deepest freshwater lakes in China.[16]
Jade Dragon Snow Mountain
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lijiang_roof_tops.jpg/220px-Lijiang_roof_tops.jpg)
Jade Dragon Snow Mountain(Ngọc long tuyết sơn) is located between 100°4′2” -100°16’30” east longitude and 27°3’2” -27°18’57” north latitude. The scenic area is 415 square kilometers. The main peak fan is 5,596 meters above sea level. It has snow all year round and develops the temperate maritime glaciers closest to the equator in the Eurasian continent. Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is called "Oulu" in Naxi, meaning silvery mountain rock. Its silver-packed, 13 snow peaks are endless, just like a "dragon" flying over the clouds, it is called "Jade Dragon." Because its lithology is mainly limestone and basalt, it is black and white, so it is also called "black and white snow mountain". She is the mountain of the hearts of the Naxi people. It is said that the Naxi people protect the gods of the "three more" incarnation.[17]
The Laojun Mountain
The Laojun Mountain (Lão quân sơn) is a combination of the three national-level scenic spots in the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, the Three Rivers Concurrent, and the Cangshan Erhai Lake. It is an important part of the Yulong Snow Mountain Scenic Area. This scenic spot is mainly composed of Laojunshan Jiujiu Longtan, Jinsi Factory Jinshan Yuhu, Dawn Meile Danxia Landform, New Main Natural Alpine Botanical Garden and other areas (attractions), with a total area of 715 square kilometers, which is under planning and development. Ecotourism resort. It echoes with the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and forms the east and west wings of Lijiang's tourism resources.[18]
Nearby
Some 35 kilometers north of Lijiang is theBaishui Terrace(Bạch thủy đài;bái shuǐ tái;'White Water Terrace'), an area where spring water flows over a sinter terrace, leaving behindtravertine.
Fifteen kilometers north of Lijiang is the village of Baisha, famous for the Baisha Fresco and the Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute. The Fresco was built in the Ming dynasty 600 years ago, the Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute was built 800 years ago, it is the headquarters of the Naxi embroideries and also, a school for the Naxi embroiderers. There are many Naxi embroidery masters, teachers, students and local farmers there. Their embroidery arts can be found there.
Education
Lijiang Teachers College (Chinese:Lệ giang sư phạm cao đẳng chuyên khoa học giáo;pinyin:Lìjiāng Shīfàn Gāoděng Zhuānkēxuéxiào) and Lijiang Culture and Tourism College (Lệ giang văn hóa lữ du học viện;Lìjiāng Wénhuà Lǚyóu Xuéyuàn) are located in Lijiang.[19][20]The latter was a branch ofYunnan University(YNU).[21]At one point the teacher's college merged into YNU.[22]
Sister cities
Kazan,Tatarstan,Russia[23]
Roanoke,Virginia,United States
New Westminster,British Columbia,Canada
Takayama, Gifu,Japan[citation needed]
Shepparton, Victoria,Australia
Whanganui,New Zealand
Preah Vihear Province,Cambodia[24]
See also
- Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles:a film byZhang Yimouwhich takes place in the Lijiang area
- Resort town
References
- ^"China: Yúnnán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^Vân nam tỉnh thống kế cục, quốc gia thống kế cục vân nam điều tra tổng đội (2023 niên 12 nguyệt ).《 vân nam thống kế niên giám -2023》.Trung quốc thống kế xuất bản xã.ISBN978-7-5037-9653-1.
{{cite book}}
:Check date values in:|year=
(help)}} - ^"Old Town of Lijiang".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.United Nations, Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Retrieved4 Apr2021.
- ^Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011).China's Ancient Tea Horse Road.Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
- ^abcdKapstein, Matthew (2009).Buddhism between Tibet and China.Boston: Wisdom Publications.
- ^Học thuật động thái — lệ giang mộc thị thổ tư dữ điền xuyên tàng giao giác khu vực lịch sử văn hóa nghiên thảo hội tổng thuật.iea.cass.cn.Archived fromthe originalon February 15, 2017.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^Lệ giang thị nhân dân chính phủ môn hộ võng trạm.Lijiang People's Government.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved10 April2023.
- ^ Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved10 April2023.
- ^Lệ giang - khí tượng sổ cư - trung quốc thiên khí võng(in Chinese). Weather China.Retrieved26 November2022.
- ^Yunnan Provincial Census Office, Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics (September 2012)."Yunnan Provincial Census Data in 2010".China Statistics Press.ISBN978-7-5037-6548-3.
- ^abcdeLệ giang thiếu sổ dân tộc - vân nam tỉnh lệ giang thị trung cấp nhân dân pháp viện.ljzy.chinacourt.gov.cn.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^abcdeLệ giang bất khả thác quá đích thập đại đặc sắc tiểu cật _ tân lãng lữ du _ tân lãng võng.travel.sina.com.cn.Jul 13, 2017.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^Duyên đồ thiết 5 tọa xa trạm, tối cao thời tốc 70 công lí... Lệ giang hữu quỹ điện xa khai kiến!.The Paper.2019-10-31.
- ^6 nguyệt ngã ái đích lệ giang cổ thành mỗi nhất cá xúc mục năng cập đích địa phương đô thịnh phóng trứ tam giác mai _ lữ du cảnh điểm _ lệ giang lữ du _ lệ giang võng.www.lijiang.cn.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^Lô cô hồ a, ngã tưởng dữ nhĩ đàm nhất tràng luyến ái ~_ lữ du cảnh điểm _ lệ giang lữ du _ lệ giang võng.www.lijiang.cn.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^Ngọc long tuyết sơn.52yulong.com.
- ^Thế giới tự nhiên di sản lệ giang lão quân sơn: Trọng sơn điệp lĩnh khí thế khôi hoành _ lữ du cảnh điểm _ lệ giang lữ du _ lệ giang võng.www.lijiang.cn.RetrievedMay 22,2019.
- ^"Home".Lijiang Teachers College.Retrieved2022-04-22.
Giáo chỉ: Vân nam tỉnh lệ giang thị cổ thành tân đoàn phiến khu bưu biên: 674199
- ^"Home".Lijiang Culture and Tourism College.Retrieved2022-04-22.
Học viện địa chỉ: Vân nam tỉnh lệ giang thị cổ thành khu ngọc tuyền lộ 1 hào bưu biên: 674199
- ^"Học viện giản giới".Lijiang Culture and Tourism College.Retrieved2022-04-22.
Lệ giang văn hóa lữ du học viện ( nguyên vân nam đại học lữ du văn hóa học viện ) [...]
- ^"Historic Perspectives".Yunnan University.2004-06-23. Archived fromthe originalon 23 June 2004.Retrieved2022-04-23.
- ^Successful use of heritage is the pledge of prosperous future of Euro-Asia Cities(DOC file). II International Conference of World Heritage Cities of Euro-Asia. Lijiang. 15–18 October 2006ArchivedFebruary 26, 2009, at theWayback Machine
- ^Lưu dung (2012-05-01).Lệ giang thị dữ giản bộ trại bách uy hạ tỉnh đế kết vi quốc tế hữu hảo thành thị[Lijiang establish international friendly city with Preah Vihear Province of Cambodia].yndaily.yunnan.cn.Yunnan Daily Newspaper.Retrieved2018-05-14.
External links
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Lijiang City Official website
Lijiangtravel guide from Wikivoyage
- Lijiang Overview and Travel Guide