Ériphyle(tragedy)

Frontispiece of the first unauthorised printing of Voltaire'sÉriphyle,Paris 1779

Frontispiece of the second unauthorised printing of VoltairesÉriphyle,Paris 1779

Jean-Michel Moreau:Illustration of Èriphyle 1786

Ériphyleis a tragedy in five acts byVoltaire.He began working on it in 1731 and it was completed and performed in 1732. The poor success of the stage premiere prompted Voltaire to cancel the printed version.

Action

Voltaire drew his material fromBayle'sDictionnaire historique et critiqueas well as from the classical original in theBibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus.The action takes place in the temple of Jupiter atArgos.Ériphyle,married to the king and commanderAmphiaraos,nevertheless maintains a relationship with his rival and enemy, Hermogide. Amphiaraos falls victim to a plot.

Alcméon, promoted to commander by Hermongide, falls in love with the queen. The spirit of his father appears to him to the temple, demanding revenge and the high priest proves to Alcméon that he is the son of Amphiaraos, long believed dead. In his struggle with Hermongide, Alcméon accidentally kills his mother.

Composition and reception

The play was written at great speed while Voltaire spent several months inRouento focus on his work.In June 1731 Voltaire said he had written it, together withLa Mort de CésarandHistoire de Charles XIIin just three months.In September of the same year he felt that despite further work the play was not yet worthy of the public, or of himself.He continued revising it intensively right up to the first performance. The numerous reworkings of the scene in which Alcméon kills his mother were intended to ensure the effect Voltaire sought as with his other scenes of matricide (inOresteandSémiramis); not to shock the audience but to reintroduce to French tragedy the element of 'terror' which Voltaire felt had been lost as a result of the taste for gallantry on stage.

Voltaire's correspondence in March 1732 withMoncrif,secretary to theComte de Clermont,indicates that the actors of theComédie-Françaisemay have been reluctant to perform the play: Voltaire wanted to dedicate the work to Clermont and urged Moncrif to ensure that his master recommended the work to them, so they knew it enjoyed his patronage.

The play premiered at the Comédie-Française on 7 March 1732. Voltaire made revisions to it until the beginning of May. The last of the total of twelve performances was on 1 May 1732. Critical reception, particularly inMercure de France,was lukewarm. Although box office receipts for the premiere of 3,970 livres do not indicate that the play was a flop, it did not meet Voltaire's own expectations.The appearance of a ghost in the play, unusual in French drama, was one element to which the public did not respond well.

Printed versions

Voltaire had already commissioned the printing of the work from a trusted publisher,fr:Claude-François Joreof Rouen, with whom he was to quarrel two years later. The last changes and corrections were sent to his friendCidevilleon 8 May, but the very next day he wrote again insisting that the printing be stopped and the manuscript returned.He continued to work on it for many months after this, while working on new projects,but for the rest of his life he refused to publish the play, but borrowed verses from the manuscript for his later tragediesMéropeandSémiramis.

Voltaire's final trip to Paris in 1778 and the staging ofIréneled to the printing, by an unknown publisher, of an error-filled stage version of the manuscript which had been retained by the actorLekain.This version was the basis for the laterKehledition. The 1877Molandedition derives from a different manuscript version, owned by Voltaire's secretary Sébastien G. Longchamps (1718–1793).

External links

• Ériphyle,digital version of first printing
• Literature onÉryphile,Société des Etudes Voltairiennes