Yodh

Not to be confused withyouth.

"Yudh" redirects here. For other uses, seeYudh (disambiguation).

← Teth Yodh Kaph →
Phoenician	𐤉
Hebrew	י
Aramaic	𐡉
Syriac	ܝ
Arabic	ي‎[note]
Phonemic representation	j,i,e
Position in alphabet	10
Numerical value	10
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
Greek	Ι
Latin	I,J
Cyrillic	І,Ј

Yodh(also spelledjodh,yod,orjod) is the tenthletterof the Semiticabjads,includingPhoenicianyōd𐤉,Hebrewyudי,Aramaicyod𐡉,Syriacyōḏܝ, andArabicyāʾي. Its sound value is/j/in all languages for which it is used; in many languages, it also serves as along vowel,representing/iː/.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to theGreekIota(Ι),LatinIandJ,CyrillicІ,Copticiauda(Ⲓ) andGothiceis.

The termyodis often used to refer to the speech sound[j],apalatal approximant,even in discussions of languages not written in Semitic abjads, as in phonological phenomena such as English "yod-dropping".

Origins

See full article:Proto-Sinaitic script

Yod originated from ahieroglyphic"hand", or*yad.

Before the late nineteenth century, the letter yāʼ was written without its two dots, especially those in theLevant.

Arabic yāʼ

Yāʾ
ي
Usage
Writing system	Arabic script
Type	Abjad
Language of origin	Arabic language
Sound values	[j],[iː]
Alphabetical position	4
History
Development	ي
Other
Writing direction	Right-to-left

The letterيis namedyāʼ(يَاء). It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ي‎	ـي‎	ـيـ‎	يـ‎

It is pronounced in four ways:

• As a consonant, it is pronounced as apalatal approximant/j/,typically at the beginnings of words in front of short or long vowels.
• Along/iː/usually in the middle or end of words. In this case it has no diacritic, but could be marked with akasrain the preceding letter in some traditions.
• Along/eː/In manydialects,as a result of themonophthongizationthat the diphthong/aj/underwent in most words.
• A part of adiphthong,/aj/.Then, it has no diacritic but could be marked with a sukun in some traditions. The preceding consonant could have no diacritic or havefatḥasign, hinting to the first vowel in the diphthong, i.e./a/.

As a vowel, yāʾ can serve as the "seat" of thehamza:ئ

Yāʾ serves several functions in the Arabic language. Yāʾ as a prefix is the marker for a singularimperfectiveverb, as inيَكْتُبyaktub"he writes" from the rootك-ت-بK-T-B ( "write, writing" ). Yāʾ with ashaddais particularly used to turn a noun into an adjective, called anisbah(نِسْبَة). For instance,مِصْرMiṣr(Egypt) →مِصْرِيّMiṣriyy(Egyptian). The transformation can be more abstract; for instance,مَوْضَوعmawḍūʿ(matter, object) →مَوْضُوعِيّmawḍūʿiyy(objective). Still other uses of this function can be a bit further from the root:اِشْتِرَاكishtirāk(cooperation) →اِشْتِرَاكِيّishtirākiyy(socialist). The common pronunciation of the final/-ijj/is most often pronounced as[i]or[iː].

A form similar to but distinguished from yāʾ is theʾalif maqṣūrah(أَلِف مَقْصُورَة) "limited/restrictedalif",with the formى.It indicates a final long/aː/.

Alif maqṣūrah

Further information:Aleph § alif_maqsura

In Arabic,alif maqṣūrahis the letteryāʼwithout its two dots, and it is thus written as:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ى‎	ـى‎	ـىـ‎	ىـ‎

However, this letter cannot be used intially or medially in Arabic. Thealif maqṣūrahwithhamzais thus written as:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ئ‎	ـئ‎	ـئـ‎	ئـ‎

Perso-Arabic ye

In thePersian alphabet,the letter is generally calledyefollowingPersian-languagecustom. In its final form, the letter does not have dots (ی), much like the ArabicAlif maqṣūrahor, more to the point, much like the custom in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes Maghreb. On account of this difference, Perso-Arabicyeis located at a differentUnicodecode pointthan both of the standard Arabic letters. In computers, the Persian version of the letter automatically appears with two dots initially and medially: (یـ ـیـ ـی).

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Naskhglyph form: (Help)	ی‎	ـی‎	ـیـ‎	یـ‎
Nastaʿlīqglyph form:	ی	ــــی	ــــیــــ	یــــ

InKashmiri,it uses a ring instead of dots below (ؠ) (ؠ ؠـ ـؠـ ـؠ‎).

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ؠ‎	ـؠ‎	ـؠـ‎	ؠـ‎

Returned yāʾ

In different calligraphic styles like theHijazi script,Kufic,andNastaʿlīq script,a finalyāʾmight have a particular shape with the descender turned to the right (ـے), calledal-yāʾ al-mardūdah/al-rājiʿah( "returned, recurredyāʾ"),either with two dots or without them.

InUrduthis is calledbaṛī ye( "big ye" ), but is an independent letter used for /ɛː, eː/ and differs from the basic ye (choṭī ye,"little ye" ). For this reason the letter has its owncode pointin Unicode. Nevertheless, its initial and medial forms are not different from the otherye(practicallybaṛī yeis not used in these positions).

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Naskhglyph form: (Help)	ے‎	ـے‎	ـے‎	ے‎
Nastaʿlīqglyph form:	ے	ــــے	ــــے	ے

Hebrew yod

Orthographicvariants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
י	י	י

Hebrew spelling:יוֹד;colloquialיוּד

The letter appears with or without a hook on different sans-serif fonts, for example

• Arial, DejaVu Sans, Arimo, Open Sans:י
• Tahoma, Alef, Heebo:י

Pronunciation

In bothBiblicalandModern Hebrew,Yod represents apalatal approximant([j]). As amater lectionis,it represents the vowel[i].At the end of words with a vowel or when it is marked with ash'va nach,it represents the formation of adiphthong,such as/ei/,/ai/,or/oi/.

Significance

Ingematria,Yod represents the number ten.

As aprefix,it designates the third person singular (or plural, with aVavas asuffix) in the future tense.

As asuffix,it indicates first person singular possessive;av(father) becomesavi(my father).

"Yod" inHebrewsignifiesiodine.Iodine is also called يودyodin Arabic.

In religion

Two Yods in a row designate the name of GodAdonaiand in pointed texts are written with the vowels of Adonai, which is done as well with theTetragrammaton.

As Yod is the smallest letter, muchkabbalisticand mystical significance is attached to it. According to theGospel of Matthew,Jesusmentioned it during theAntithesis of the Law,when he says: "One jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled." Jot, or iota, refers to the letter Yod; it was often overlooked by scribes because of its size and position as amater lectionis.In Modern Hebrew, the phrase "tip of the Yod" refers to a small and insignificant thing, and someone who "worries about the tip of a Yod" is someone who is picky and meticulous about small details.

Muchkabbalisticand mystical significance is also attached to it because of its gematria value as ten, which is an important number in Judaism, and its place in the name of God.

Yiddish

InYiddish,the letter yod is used for several orthographic purposes in native words:

• Alone, a single yod י may represent the vowel[i]or the consonant[j].When adjacent to another vowel, or another yod,[i]may be distinguished from[j]by the addition of a dot below. Thus the wordYidish'Yiddish' is spelled ייִדיש. The first yod represents [j]; the second yod represents [i] and is distinguished from the adjacent [j] by a dot; the third yod represents [i] as well, but no dot is necessary.
• Thedigraphיי, consisting of two yods, represents the diphthong [ej].
• A pair of yods with a horizontal line (pasekh) under them, ײַ, represents the diphthong [aj] in standard Yiddish.
• The digraph consisting of avovfollowed by a yod, וי, represents the diphthong [oj].

In traditional as well as inYIVOorthography,Loanwordsfrom Hebrew or Aramaic in Yiddish are spelled as they are in their language of origin. In Soviet orthography, they are written phonetically like other Yiddish words.

Character encodings

Character information

Preview	י		ي		ی		ܝ		ࠉ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER YOD		ARABIC LETTER YEH		ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH		SYRIAC LETTER YUDH		SAMARITAN LETTER YUT
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1497	U+05D9	1610	U+064A	1740	U+06CC	1821	U+071D	2057	U+0809
UTF-8	215 153	D7 99	217 138	D9 8A	219 140	DB 8C	220 157	DC 9D	224 160 137	E0 A0 89
Numeric character reference	י	י	ي	ي	ی	ی	ܝ	ܝ	ࠉ	ࠉ

Character information

Preview	𐎊		𐡉		𐤉
Unicode name	UGARITIC LETTER YOD		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER YODH		PHOENICIAN LETTER YOD
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	66442	U+1038A	67657	U+10849	67849	U+10909
UTF-8	240 144 142 138	F0 90 8E 8A	240 144 161 137	F0 90 A1 89	240 144 164 137	F0 90 A4 89
UTF-16	55296 57226	D800 DF8A	55298 56393	D802 DC49	55298 56585	D802 DD09
Numeric character reference	𐎊	𐎊	𐡉	𐡉	𐤉	𐤉