Ê
This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2023) |
E with circumflex | |
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Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | alphabetic |
Sound values | |
InUnicode | U+00CA, U+00EA |
History | |
Development | |
Transliterations | Єє,ﻉ |
Other | |
Ê,ê(e-circumflex) is a letter of theLatin alphabet,found in Afrikaans, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Chinese, Persian, and Ukrainian.
Usage in various languages
[edit]Afrikaans
[edit]Ê is not considered a separate letter inAfrikaansbut a variation of "E". The circumflex changes the pronunciation of "e" to be/ɛː/(or/æː/if the succeeding consonant is either a dorsal or a liquid)
Chinese
[edit]In thePinyinromanization ofStandard MandarinChinese,êrepresents/ɛ/.It corresponds toZhuyinㄝ. The circumflex occurs only ifêis the only vowel in a syllable:ề/ɛ̂/(Ai;Ai;"eh!" ). Without the circumflex,eas the only vowel represents/ɤ/:è/ɤ̂/(Ngạ;Ngạ;"hungry" ). Elsewhere,/ɛ/is written asa(afteriorübeforen) ore(before or after another vowel), with the appropriate tone mark,:xiān/ɕi̯ɛ́n/(Tiên;"first" ),xuǎn/ɕy̯ɛ̀n/(Tuyển;Tuyển;"to choose", noting thatüis writtenuafterx),xué/ɕy̯ɛ̌~ɕy̯ě/(Học;Học;"to learn" ),xièxie/ɕi̯ɛ̂.ɕi̯ɛ~ɕi̯ê.ɕi̯e/(Tạ tạ;Tạ tạ;"thanks" ).
InPe̍h-ōe-jī,êis the fifth tone ofe:ê(Đích;possessive, adjectival suffix).
French
[edit]Diacritics are not considered to be distinct letters of theFrench alphabet.In French, ê usually changes the pronunciation ofefrom /ə/ to /ɛ/. It is used instead of "è" for words that used to be written "es".
Friulian
[edit]Ê represents/eː/and/ɛː/.
Khmer
[edit]Ê is used inUNGEGNromanization system forKhmerto represent/ae/and/ɛː/,for exampleKhmêr(ខ្មែរ[kʰmae]) andDângrêk Mountains(ដងរែក[ɗɑːŋrɛːk]).
Kurdish
[edit]Ê is the 7th letter of theKurdish Kurmanji alphabetand represents /eː/.
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]In Nynorsk,êis used to represent the reduction of the Old Norse sequence <eð>, similar to the use ofêfor the historical sequence <es> in French. It is mostly used to differentiate words which otherwise would be spelled the same, e.g.vêr'weather' andver,imperative of 'to be'.[1]
Persian
[edit]Ê is used in thePersian Latin (Rumi) alphabet,equivalent toع.
Portuguese
[edit]In Portuguese, ê marks a stressed/e/only in words whose stressed syllable is in an otherwise unpredictable location in the word: "pêssego" (peach). The letter, pronounced/e/,can also contrast with é, pronounced/ɛ/,as inpé(foot).
Tibetan
[edit]Ê is used inTibetan pinyinto represent/e/,for exampleGêrzê County.
Ukrainian
[edit]Ê is used in theISO 9:1995system ofUkrainian transliterationas the letterЄ.
Vietnamese
[edit]Ê is the 9th letter of theVietnamese alphabetand represents/e/.InVietnamese phonology,diacriticscan be added to form five forms to represent five tones of ê:
- Ề ề
- Ể ể
- Ễ ễ
- Ế ế
- Ệ ệ
Welsh
[edit]InWelsh,êrepresents longstressede[eː]if the vowel would otherwise be pronounced as short[ɛ]:llên[ɬeːn]"literature", as opposed tollen[ɬɛn]"curtain", orgêm[ɡeːm]"game", as opposed togem[ɡɛm]"gem, jewel". That is useful for borrowed words with a final stress likeapêl[apˈeːl]"appeal".
Other
[edit]InPopido,a fictitious dialect ofEsperantomade byManuel Halvelikfor use in literature,êrepresents/ə/.It is only usedepentheticallyto break consonant clusters, especially before grammatical suffixes.
Character mappings
[edit]Unicode encoded 5 pairs ofprecomposed characters(Ề / ề, Ể / ể, Ễ / ễ, Ế / ế, Ệ / ệ) for the five tones of ê in Vietnamese. Two pairs of the five (Ế / ế and Ề / ề) can also be used as the second and fourth tones of ê in Pinyin. The first and third tones of ê in Pinyin have to be represented bycombining diacritical marks,like ê̄ (ê̄) and ê̌ (ê̌).
Preview | Ê | ê | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 202 | U+00CA | 234 | U+00EA |
UTF-8 | 195 138 | C3 8A | 195 170 | C3 AA |
Numeric character reference | Ê |
Ê |
ê |
ê |
Named character reference | Ê | ê | ||
EBCDICfamily | 114 | 72 | 82 | 52 |
ISO 8859-1/3/9/14/15/16 | 202 | CA | 234 | EA |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Danish and Norwegian alphabet",Wikipedia,2022-11-18,retrieved2023-02-19